SOC 152A Final Study Guide PDF

FINAL REVIEW Note: This review session will not cover pgs. 292.0-293.6 and 322.2-323 (but these are still fair game for the final). This review also only covers information presented in DHS after the 2nd midterm. FORMAT OF FINAL The final will be Monday, December 9th from 4-6pm in Campbell Hal...

FINAL REVIEW Note: This review session will not cover pgs. 292.0-293.6 and 322.2-323 (but these are still fair game for the final). This review also only covers information presented in DHS after the 2nd midterm. FORMAT OF FINAL The final will be Monday, December 9th from 4-6pm in Campbell Hall. The final is double the length of a midterm: 10 short answer questions & 12 multiple choice questions. Skip 2 short answers. The final counts as 40% of your grade STUDY PLAN ❏ Vocab from DHS ❏ Reading in DHS ❏ Charts on Canvas (Contraception, STIs/STDs, Anatomy) ❏ Lists and studies presented in DHS or lecture ❏ Boxes in DHS MATERIAL ON THE FINAL On the final you will not be tested on Chapter 7 to p. 200 and Chapter 16. However, anything related to this information presented in lecture is still fair game for the final. ~2/3 of the final will be material covered on the 2 prior midterms. ○ Focus mainly on the charts and important topics thata were not covered on the midterms ○ The Baldwins will never repeat a question previously asked on a midterm. ~1/3 of the final will be material covered after the 2nd midterm. Chapter 2 - Erogenous zone: a region of the body where touch and other forms of stimulation cause or increase sexual arousal - Vulva: entire female external genital area - Mons: pad of fatty tissue covered by pubic hair - lies in front of pubic bone - the pubic hairs help vaporize the odors that arise in the specialized sweat glands - In one survey of college students, ½ women said they were usually hair free as did 1 in 5 men (reason: hygiene and sexual attractiveness) - Labia: two pairs of skin folds that extend down from the mons on either side of vulva - Labia majora (outer) - padded with fatty tissue and are hairy on their outer sides  - Skin is often darker than the skin nearby, the labia skin is erotically sensitive - Labia minora (inner): two thin folds of hairless skin that lie between the 2 outer labia - Meet at back of vulva where they form the clitoral hood - The left and right side touch each other in midline when she isnt aroused - During sexual arousal inner labia swell and darken as they fill with blood (vasocongestion) Some women and teen girls request labiaplasty (surgery to reduce inner labia or make more symmetrical) - Increasing desire for labial reduction is connected with increasing popularity of pubic hair removal - Labial adhesions (typical for girls age 2-7 where inner labia stick together) Vestibule - area surrounded by the labia Bartholin’s glands - 2 small glands at back end of vestibule Clitoris - complex organ, only a portion is visible from outside - External part is called glans (small but highly sensitive knob of tissue positioned at front of vestibule) Clitoral glans is covered by the clitoral hood (formed by the frontmost portion of the left and right labia minora in the midline) - Made up of corpora cavernosa Frenulum of the clitoris: fold of erotically sensitive tissue that attaches the underside of the clitoral glans and labia minora Corpus spongiosum: composed of erectile tissue- system of vascular spaces that becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal Shaft of clitoris: runs upward from glans, underneath the hood Corpora cavernosa: composed of erectile tissue and theres 2 of them The Crura of clitoris run backward and downward to either side of urethra and vagina giving entire clit a wishbone structure Vestibular bulbs: curved masses of erectile tissue that surround the vestibule and underlie the inner labia (considered internal portions of the clitoris) Smegma: pasty material that forms and collects until clitoral hood Clitoris has the recreational (pleasure generating) function and reproductive function The glans of clitoris is visible in the nonarousal state but may disappear under the clit hood during erection or increasing sexual arousal Introitus: vaginal opening, occupies the back portion of the vestibule Newborn girls have their vaginal openings covered by the hymen Imperforated hymen: rare condition where structure completely closes the vaginal opening Hymen may tear when woman has sexual intercourse Urethra: located between vaginal opening and clit, main function is to pass urine… sometimes women ejaculate from it during sexual climax (squirting) Perineum: erotically sensitive area between vaginal opening and anus - Women are advised to wipe backward not forward direction to prevent infections from anus Pelvic floor muscles, especially the pair of pubococcygeus muscles (referred as PC muscles) - Located either side of vagina, contraction of these muscles stiffens the walls of vagina during sex (making a tighter feeling) Vagina: collapsed tube that is about 3-4 inch deep: increases with sexual arousal - Plays role in sperm transport and forms the birth canal Vaginal wall is elastic and has layers, one being a thin cellular lining called mucosa (intermediate muscular layer and an outermost tough elastic layer Sometimes the natural fungal organisms that grow in the vagina overgrow and cause candidiasis (yeast infection) Lubrications has two purposes: one is that its near neutral pH so its sperm friendly and the other is it feels good Grafenberg spot (G spot): minority of women say they have it  - Heightened sensitivity on the front wall of vagina about 1 to 2 inches from vaginal entrance - Structural basis belief: that the spot consists of a pair of paraurethral glands that lie on either side of the urethra Anus can also be a sex organ - Anus is kept tightly closed by contraction of the external and internal anal sphincter muscles - External sphincter is under conscious control; internal is not under voluntary control - After sphincter comes the rectum (lowermost portion of the digestive tract - Empties the feces except immediately before a bowel movement - Much larger space than anus so most of the pleasurable sensations derive from the penetration of anus not rectum Both are lined by mucosa but are not as lubricated Uterus: inward continuation of the female reproductive tract beyond the vagina Penis: John Wayne cut his penis off Foreskin is also called prepuce - Some get circumsised and some do not Uncircumcised penises hide the glands and circumcised do not Smegma: cheesy substance that can be found under the foreskin (what you call a cheesy dick) Pleasure rings: new-found pleasure for men - Flexible rubber rings fit comfortably around the base of the penis for prolonged erections Many studies show that uncircumcised males are more likely to contract HIV 3x greater risks of contracting STDs - Chlamydia, warts, herpes, UTIs, gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS Shaft of penis contains 3 erectile structures: 2 corpora cavernosa (lie side by side and account for the bulk of penis’s erectile capacity and a single corpus spongiosum (runs along middle of undersurface of penis (forming visible ridge when erect) - C.S extends from shaft to glans, fills entire volume of glans Interstitial cells are where the hormones are made (testosterone) Cowper’s gland produces a basic (alkaline) fluid that neutralizes the acid of urine in the urethra before ejac (acid damages sperm) - Can contain sperm from the last ejac or wet dream) and can cause pregancy Secretions of CG can transmit STDs - Put condom on early Movie: After listrening to erotic sounds and reading erotic text, she had a heart rate of 85 Pulse decreased to about 55 beast per minute after organsm After autostimulation, vaginal canal gets a pear shape look and uterus is lifted up This phenomenon is called the tenting effect Color changed to purple Increase of the gland follows the erection ANATOMY 1. Mons - Can be used as a cushion of womans pubic area during sexual acvitiy 2. Labia majora - Extends down from the mons on either side of the vulva downward - C. padded with fatty tissue and partially covered with pubic hair - Contain nerve endings and its erotically sensitive 3. Labia minora - A. filled with sebaceous glands, blood vessels and nerve endings that make it very sensitive - During arousal, lips swell and darken as they fill with blood due to vasocongestion - Space between lips = vestibule - Hairless - Labial adhesion - condition in prepubertal girls whose inner labia stick together 4. perineum - Erotically sensitive area between vaginal opening and anus - Area cut during an episiotomy 5. Bartholin’s glands - Lie under outer labia, towards back of the vestibule - Their secretions help lubricate the vaginal opening 6. Vaginal opening “Introitus” - Located to the rear of the vestibule - May be covered by incomplete membranous folds of skin called the hymen 7. Hymen - a) has one or more openings to allow flow of menstrual blood - b) many have diff appearances - c) no known function but may have something to do with keeping bacteria and objects out of the vagina?? - d) can still be present after loss of virginity 8. clitoris - a) located where the labia minora meet, forming the tip of the vestibule - b) made up of the shaft and glans  - Both have erectile properties and are erotically sensitive - Continued stimulation will produce an orgasm - c) glans = made up of single corpus spongiosum - - covered by the clitoral hood - d) Shaft (internal portion) = made of two corpora cavernosa which are erectile tissues (men have similar structures) - e) cruca = internal extensions of clitoris - About 3 inches long and partially enwrap urethra (area where urine is dischared from bladder) - f) vestibular bulbs - Also associated with the clit - Curved erectile tissue that surrounds vestibule and underlie labia minora - Become erect during sexual arousal to lengthen and stiffen the vagina 9. Pelvic floor muscles a. Associated with internal portions of the clit b. Steady contractions during sex to stiffen the walls c. Contract more strongly at orgasms to increase pleasure, prevent urinary leakage, and keep semen in vagina d. PC Muscle = muscle of pelvic floors; increasing tone increases sexual satisfaction e. Kegel exercises increase muscle tone of PC Internal Anatomy 1. Vagina a. Outermost portion of the female reproductive tract b. Vaginal walls are highly elastic-consist of 3 layers i. Mucosa ii. Intermediate muscular iii. Elastic c. Functions to transport sperm and serve as passage of the fetus during childbirth (birth canal) d. Inhabited by large numbers of friendly bacteria e. Physiological changes during arousal include i. Vasocongestion ii. Lubrication f. “G spot” (Grafenberg spot) i. An area of heightened sensitivity within the front wall of the vagina ii. Not all women report this sensitivity 2. Uterus “the womb” a. Located within the pelvic cavity b. small hollow, upside-down, pear-shaped organ c. Has 3 layers:  i. Endometrium = inner layer, muscular wall ii. Myometrium = middle; contractions iii. Perimetrium = outer layer, separates the uterus from the pelvic cavity d. Functions to carry the developing fetus to term 3. Cervix a. Located at the back of vagina (bottom/small end of the uterus) b. 2 functions i. Separates uterus from the pelvic cavity ii. Holds the fetus in the uterus until delivery c. The Os = constricted opening of cervix that connects the vagina to short canal opening into the uterus 4. Oviducts “Fallopian tubes” a. Each about 4 in long; diameter of spaghetti b. Forms a pathway between the uterus and the left or right ovary c. Function: where fertilization happens d. Cilia = microscopic hair-like structures lining the internal surface of each oviduct i. Movement propels ovum from ovaries to oviducts e. Fimbria = fingerlike projections near oviducts to catch ovum 5. Ovaries “Female Gonads” a. Located on either side of the uterus b. Egg-shaped pair of organs c. Has 2 distinct functions i. Releases ova in process called ovulation ii. Produce and secrete female hormones (estrogens, progestins, and androgens) Menstruation Menstrual Cycle 1. Vaginal discharge of endometrial tissue and blood 2. Varies greatly among women of people with vulvas: most cycles last between 24 and 32 days 3. Attitudes towards menstruation vary 4. Tamponds, pads, alternatives 5. The menstrual cycle has three phases a. Menstural phase = menstrual flow b. Preovulatory phase = portion of the menstrual cycle between menstruation and ovulation c. Postovulatory phase = ovulation to menstruation Menstrual Problems a. Menstrual problems are very common, but treatable b. Menstrual cramps = sharp/dull pains in the lower abdomen or pelvis due to contractions of the myometrium  c. Lower back pain, nausea, headaches d. Dysmenorrhea = painful menstrual i. Severe enought to limit a women’s activities ii. There are two kinds: primary and secondary Breasts 1. Have both reproductive and erotic significance 2. Breast cancer affects 265k women and 2k men a year a. 1 out of 8 women will develop this disease b. Mastectomy = surgical removal of the affected breast c. Variety of factors increase/decrease the risk of developing breast cancer (pg 54) i. Age, reproductive history, alcohol, obesity d. Early detection is important! - breast exams, mammograms 1. Penis a. Developmentally equivalent to the clitoris b. Functionally corresponds to clitoris, urethra, and vagina i. Involved in arousal, urination, transfer of sperm c. Composed of 2 structures (like the clitoris): the shaft and the head (glans) d. Shaft has 3 erectile tissues which stem together to form root of penis i. 2 corpora cavernosa, lay side by side ii. 1 corpus spongiosum, lying at midline and extending to form the glans e. glans “head” i. Formed by corpus spongiosum ii. Corona = rim of glans iii. Frenulum = sexually stimulating, loose strip of skin that runs between glans and shaft (corona and frenulum are most erotically sensitive regions) 2. Scrotum “Scrotal Sac” a. 2 loose sacks of skin each containing a teste b. Lightly covered with hair and numerous sweat glands in most people with penises 1. Testicles a. Located in scrotum b. Twin egg shaped structures c. Have two main functions i. Produce sperm ii. Secrete sex hormones 2. Seminiferous tubules a. Majority of internal structure that occupy the testicles  b. Process of sperm production called spermatogenesis c. People will penises produce about 150 million sperm per day d. interstitial cells, which secrete sex hormones, lie between the tubules 3. Epididymis a. Shaped like a convoluted tube b. One attached to each testicle c. Functions as site of sperm maturation and storage 4. Spermatic Cord a. A bundle of structures that connect the testes to organ systems within the abdominal cavity b. Vas Deferens “vas” = the tube that carries mature sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct c. Ejaculatory duct: formed by the junction of the vas and duct of seminal vesicle, emptying into the urethra and prostate 5. Seminal Vesicles - ADD OWN SECRETION TO SEMEN a. Two glands located on either side of the prostate gland (behind bladder) b. NOT a storage area for sperm, but do add their own secretions to semen 6. Prostate gland - CLOUDY ALKALINE FLUIDS a. Located at the base of the urinary bladder, that surrounds the urethra b. Slightly larger than a walnut c. Prostate fluids (cloudy, alkaline secretions) are a major component of semen 7. Bulbourethral Glands “Cowper’s Glands” a. Two pea sized glands near the root of the penis (below prostate gland) b. Their secretions “pre-cum” are a clear, alkaline, mucous fluid which are excreted prior to ejaculation c. Pre-cum can contain residual semen from prior ejaculations Semen a. Thick, cloudy, off-white secretions b. Expelled from male urethra during ejaculation c. Sperm only occupy 1% of total volume of semen; the rest is a combination of fluids from the prostate and seminal vesicles i. Other secretions = -70% seminal vesicles and -30% prostate ATTRACTION Behavior incluences - Behaviro and personality influence attractiveness slower than appearance - Trust warmth and sense of humor are still important - People tend to underestimate their won physical attractiveness PERCEIVED ATTRACTIVENESS 1. Seein a face the second time is judges as more attractive a. Except heterosexual males seeing a female face again due to mating with them previously, called the Coolidge Effect i. The coolidge effect = the revival of sexual arousal caused by the presence of a novel (new) partner b. Habituation = the decreased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure i. Westermarck effect = lack of sexual attraction between individuals who lived together during childhood ii. Counteract habituation with novelty 2. Falling in love greatly increase the physical and behavioral attractiveness of a partner 1. Evolutionary psychology believes hetero women are more attracted to masculine men during ovulation a. They are more attracted to hetero men during ovulation 1. Asexual people can experience romantic attraction but not sexual attraction 2. Not the same thing as sexual abstinence - difference from a conscious decision not to engage in seuxal relationships 3. Self-identified asexual people say their lack of sexual attraction has both positive and negative effects on their lives 4. Most Do not enjoy the interpersonal aspect of sexual desire but some still act on genital stimulation 5. Demisexual = an individual who experiences sexual attraction only in the context of strong romantic relationship AROUSAL 1. Fantasy = an imagined experience, sexual or otherwise Content varies, usally behaviors people typically engage in Forbidden themes Of incest or rape pg 159 read it 2. Hetero people having homo fantasies can indicate a general openness TRENDS  1. Cisgender men engage in fantasy more than cis women 2. People who place a positive value on fantasy are more sexually assertive a. Asking for sex, refuisng unwanted sex 3. Asexual fantasies are less frequent and less likely to feature sexual interactions with others 4. Guided fantasy can play role in sex and relationship therapy a. Ppl who fantasize about partners have shown to be more motivated to have sex wieh them and engage in good relatuonshio Influence (hormones) 1. Testosterone has no shert term influence on sexual arousal (because of necessary immediate environmental stimuli and other psych factors) a. Long term influence on sexual arousabiity 2. Shown that during puberty higher levels of test increaae boys sexual feelings 3. Males can be hypogonadal = producing insuffiencet levels of sex hormons a. Leads to decrease in sexual desire 4. Women androgens and estrogens both contribute to sexual arousability BOX 5.2 Conditioning 1. classical/pavlovian condition: form of learning in which a novel stimulus is linked to pre existing reflex 2. Used to explain development of fetishes 3. Aversie classical conditioning: form of learning in which sexual arousal to a stimulus is reduced through a painful unconditioned stimulus Sexual Response Cycle 1. Excitement phase (1 min to 1 hour) Genital Response begins 2. Response in people with vulvas: a. swelling/opening/deepening in color of the labia minora/vaginal wall (vasocongestion) b. Vaginal lubrication c. Erection of clitoris and nipples d. Swelling of breasts, uterus swells and elevates 3. Response in M/people with penises:  a. Erection of penis (under min-10 sec) b. Elevation of testicles c. Nipples become erect 2. Plateau phase (1 min to several hours) 1. Arousal is maintained 2. Response in women a. Thickenting of walls of outer third of vagina - due to vasocongestion and engorgement of vagnial walls from blood flow i. Orgasmic platform b. Vaginal canal narrows - gripping tiger c. Glans of clit goes under clitoral hood d. Breasts swell e. Sex flush and myotonia 3. Penises a. Pre cum secretions from cowpers glands b. Erection stronger and testes mroe elevated c. Increased HR d. Increased myotonia Orgasm phase (10 sec to 1 min) 1. Orgasm is the climax found in nucleus accumbens 2. Felt as brief series of muscle contractions (0.8 sec apart) - starts in genitals and radiates to other parts of body a. Little difference felt between 2 sexes 3. RR HR BP peak 4. In males, organsm followed by emission and ejaculation Multiple v serial orgasms = series of orgasms, only descening back to plateau Serial: Resolution phase (15 min) 1. arousal subsides 2. Physiological responses reverse Refractory period (30 tp 90 min) (because of prolactin) 1. Period of reduced or absent sexual arousal after orgasm 2. Increases in lenggth as the man ages 3. Absolute v relative CH 6 PITUITARY HORMONES Levels of oxytocin in blood increases during excitment and plateu phase. Then surge before and during orgasm Hromone, prolactin has opposite effects Massive amounts Ch 7 sexual behavior Masturbation Negative attitude date back to 18th century Demographics influence attitude towards masturbation Men more than women, ppl over 50 masterbate less Various technique to use Women have more varied methods TRENDS Men experience orgasm during masturbation more frequently than womnen Women more likely ot orgasm from masturbation than sex Greater dissatisficaton w sex is strong predictor of frequence mast. gay s masterbate longer than hetero Ch 12 1. In contemporary western culture, children are insulated from sex 2. Ucla study, showed that young children who saw parents naked in sex were NO MORE LIKELY to have pyshc problem than those that dont a. They have fewer problems Restraints on childhood sexual behaviror are stronger in societies in which sexual restraint is expected in adult pop. Mangaia and chewa poeple are sex positive societies 1 in 10 children report a sexual encounter with adult 75 % female and 25 male From relative/fam friend Age 7-13 PTSD and disassociation from experience 12.2 BOX Puberty 1. Marked by increase in seuxal interest (8-13) 2. Info about sex is learned through peers 3. Years involve segrreation by sex a. Stricter gender roles can traumatize gays and trans b. Social exclusion Rapid maturation 1. Girls: pubic hair, labia become more prominent, vagina deepends, walls thickent, breast buds develop , menstruation 2. Bouys: enlargement of testes and screotum, pubic hiar, voice box a. Expeirence gynecosmastia: developpmnent of breast’ b. First ejaculation (age 13) during masturbation or sleeping 3. Growth spurt occurs eaerlier in girls 1. Proximate (immediate) causes of most puberty phenomena are hormones 2. Both androgens and estrogens play role a. Estrogen predominate in girls b. Androgen in boys 3. GnRH secretions seem to play key role in puberty What causes it? Critical body weight Girls: 66 Boy : 121 Menarche: av 103 pounds; girls who weigh more may experience it prior than others Primary amenorrhea: failure to begin menstruating at puberty Secondary: no more periods after the first Precocious pubety: early puberty (8-9) 4. Considered delayed if girl is 13 and boy is 14 CHAPTER 13: atypical sexuality Kink: colloquial term for unusual sexual desire or behavior (itts a paraphilia) Paraphilia: a persistent, intense sexual desire or behavior that is uncomon or unusual FETISHES 1. When sexual attractions play central role in sex life a. Sexual fixation on an inanimate object, material or part of body b. Can develop into a disorder 2. DHS PROMOTES THAT SOMEONE CAN BE FETISHIST WITHOUT MENTAL DISORDER Sadomasochism: infliction or acceptance of pain or humiliation as means of sexual arousal Spanking, whipping Sadism: sexualy arousal by infliction of pain, bondage, himilation Masochism: you like pain inflicted on you Includes dominance - Use of humilation or subservience - Dominatrix: woman who acts as the dominant partner BDSM: bondage, dominance, and sadomasochism Fetishes related to body Partialism: fetish focusing on part of body Media fetishism: towards material (rubber in box 13.3) Object fetishism: involve inanimate objects Crush fetishism: being crushed or crushing objects/animals Adult babies: obtain sexual satisfaction from acting as a baby Furries: those who socialize in animal costumes Cross-Dressing People cross dresses for many reasons Drag: wearing exaggerating feminine clothing by a man, or male clothing by woman often for nonsexual entertainment purposes More kinks Infantilism: sexual satisfaction by actin as an infant Cuckolding: when someone is seuxally aroused by watching tbheir partner haev sex with other people Paraphilic disorders: paraphilia that causes distress or harm to others Risk of harming others Pg. 429 Sexual sadism disorder Arousal by suffering of others viewed as paraphilic disorders Exhibitionism “Flasher”: exposing genitals to nonconsenting persons a. Crime b. Reaction is rewarding behavior to exhibitionsit c. Very common d. Defined behaviorally, not sexual preference Telephone scatalogia - arousal from making obscene telephobne calls a. Auditory version of exhibitionism b. Does not cover prank calls Voyeurism; “Peeper” - from watching others naked or engaging in sex a. Viewed as extension of conventional sexuality Frotteurism “Groper” - touching rubbing genitals against unconsenting a. In crowded spaces b. Viewed as an extension of conventional sexuality Pedophile v child molester Pedo: persistent sexual feelings directed towards prepubescent children generally under 11) 1. Considered disorder if distressing or at risk of expressing their sexual attraction Child molester actred on it Zoophilia: sexual contact with animals bestiality: sexual contact between person and animal - May be a farm animal or household pet - Occur during preadolescence and adolescent years and hardly be considered Necrophilia: arousal from viewing or having sexual contact with dead bodies a. Rare b. Main motivator = lack of resistence c. Some individuals are turned on by having parters play dead Autoerotic asphyxia - self strangulation for purpose of sexual arousal a. Necessary for spotter Sex offenders 1. Group, less likely to repeat offenses 2. Megans law: if sex offender moves to neighborhood, they have to ntofiy Theories on paraphilia 1. Biological factors: may run in fams, due to differences in brain structue 2. Learning processes: classical conditioning 3. Courtship disorders: normal courtship behaviro is 4 stage process, stage 1 is location and evaluation of potential sex partner 4. May represent sexual escape route 5. Cycle of abuse 6. Influence of other traits: personality traits or disorders can lead to paraphilic disorder a. Hypersexuality, ocd, adhd For kinds of treatments: aversion therapy: elimate unwanted desires by associating them with unwanted expeirences  - Masturbatory reconditions: change sexual attraction by controlling fantasy durin masturbation Cognitive therapy CHAPTER 14: SEXUAL DISORDERS Sexual problems differ between people with men and women, though there is also overlap between some problems Men's problems most commonly deal with sexual performance Women’s problems most commonly deal with sexual feelings a. Primary disorder – lifelong (never experienced normal healthy function) b. Secondary disorder – appears after some time of healthy function c. Situational disorder – appears in some circumstances but not others A multidisciplinary approach to treatment is preferred Combined insight from group of experts may be helpful ○ E.g., sex therapist, urologist, endocrinologist, sex surrogate *Read Box 14.1 on Sensate Focus PEOPLE WITH VULVAS: SEXUAL DISORDERS Female sexual arousal disorder – overlapping term for insufficient physiological arousal in W/ppl with vulvas, which makes sex unpleasurable and downright painful A common issue is insufficient lubrication OTC water-based lubricants do a good job as treatment W/ppl with vulvas can also experience erectile dysfunction (lack of clitoral erection) Eos Clitoral Therapy Device – a small, soft plastic cup placed over clitoris that increases blood flow into the clitoris and surrounding areas VIAGRA use in W/ppl with vulvas has not produced any significant results Persistent genital arousal disorder – frequent, unwanted, or near-continuous physiological arousal SEXUAL PAIN IN W/PPL WITH VULVAS Dyspareunia – pain during coitus Far more common in W/ppl with vulvas Many reasons for sexual pain in W/ppl with vulvas (see list on pg. 452) & can include:  ○ Insufficient arousal ○ Scarring to the genital area ○ Vulvodynia Vaginismus: tightening of the vagina when trying to Treatment for dyspareunia depends on the diagnosis: a. Antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals: Infections b. Lubrication and prolonged foreplay: vaginal dryness c. Cognitive behavioral therapy, massage, local anesthetics, estrogens, etc. Vulvodynia – chronic pain in the vulva with no clear cause Vaginismus – inability to experience coitus due to: a. Pain b. Fear of pain c. Pelvic muscle tension Anxiety seems to be primary; pain and tension are consequences Favored treatment – mix of psycho/sex therapy exercises Vaginal dilators – inserted into vagina in increasing sizes while doing relaxation exercises DIFFICULTY IN REACHING ORGASM Anorgasmia “female orgasmic disorder”– difficulty in reaching orgasm a. There may be numerous possible causes, including: psychological factors like anxiety, side effects of drugs, medical conditions, biological changes b. Variety of strategies to use are listed on pg. 454-457 c. Directed clitoral stimulation may be helpful: i. Coital alignment technique (CAT)— variation of the missionary (man above position) where the penis presses against the clitoris ii. Couples should communicate better about their sexual feelings and sexual activities that are most arousing *Read Box 14.2 on Kegel Exercises (and read lecture notes) LACK OF INTEREST IN SEX IS NOT NECESSARILY A PROBLEM Lack of interest in sex is common in W/ppl with vulvas, esp. as they age a. Many older w/ppl with vulvas who are uninterested in sex are not troubled by their lack of interest i. Thus, this is not considered hypoactive sexual desire disorder  Hypoactive sexual desire disorder — low or absent interest in sex, causing distress a. Not asexuality (lifelong absense of sexual attraction to others) There are a variety of treatments: Estrogen and androgen treatment may improve sexual desire in W/ppl with vulvas a. Postmenopausal W/ppl with vulvas receive estrogen i. Estrogen helps benefit both the brain and physiological arousal b. Using testosterone treatment for HSSD is controversial i. May be helpful in postmenopause as long as levels are controlled c. Sex therapy may be helpful for low sex desire in W/ppl with vulvas i. Therapists often use a combo of cognitive/behavioral approaches Discrepant sexual desire— one partner in a relationship has much more interest in sex than the other PEOPLE WITH PENISES: SEXUAL DISORDERS Premature ejaculation (PE) – ejaculation that occurs before the M/person with penis wants it to This is the most common sexual problem in M/ppl with penises Some define PE as ejaculation occurring within 1 minute after the onset of coitus i. Most healthy young M/people with penises will ejaculate after around 5 mins ii. This contradicts the common belief that a M/ppl with penises can continue coital thrusting without ejaculating for as long as he wishes There are different kinds of PE May be primary, secondary, or situational The causes of PE are not well understood ○ Traditional view was that it results from learning ○ Psych. theories are more plausible for situational PE ○ Biological theories more plausible for lifelong disorders There are various forms of treatment used for PE: i. Drug treatments may be effective — SSRIs (antidepressants), PDE5 inhibitors, or topical anesthetics ii. Sex therapy can help M/ppl with penises regulate excitation 1. Stop Start Method – alternating between stimulating and not stimulating the penis (See pgs. 463-464 and lecture notes) 2. Squeeze technique: Squeezing the penis hard enough to stop ejaculation, then repeating (see p. 463 and lecture notes) *Know the steps for each, including when performed alone or with a partner *Know the main difference between the two procedures DELAYED EJACULATION IS NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD Delayed Ejaculation - “male orgasmic disorder”— difficult or inability to achieve orgasm or ejaculation a. Opposite of PE b. Fairly uncommon c. Can be situational or lifelong d. May result from neurological damage, use of certain drugs, accustomed to masturbation, viewing of pronography, or sexual shamed. ERECTILE DISORDER Erectile disorder (ED) — persistent inability to achieve an adequate penile erection sufficient enough to accomplish a desired sexual behavior Common and prevalence increases as men/ppl with penises age Can be partial or complete Can be a primary, secondary, or situational disorder ED can have physical or psychological causes i. Behavioral/lifestyle factors, medication conditions, drugs, injuries, psychological factors, developmental issues There are a variety of treatments for ED: Simple measures may alleviate the problem i. Lifestyle changes (e.g., quitting smoking or losing weight) ii. “Cock ring” is used after an erection has developed Viagra and similar drugs have become the leading treatments i. There must be sexual excitement as well; simply swallowing a Viagra-like tablet does not produce an erection ii. Not helpful in M/ppl with penises where ED is due to neurological damage Locally applied drugs i. Require only that the erectile tissue be functional ii. Prostaglandin E – hormone injected into the penis to produce an erection ○ Delivered by self injection ED can be treated with devices and implants (know advantages and disadvantages) Vacuum constriction system – creates a partial vacuum around the penis, drawing blood into erectile tissue  Penile implants can be inflatable or permanent MANY MEN/PPL WITH PENISES HAVE LITTLE INTEREST IN SEX Not always considered a problem Hypoactive sexual desire disorder if it causes him distress Treatments can include psychotherapy, relationship counseling, behavior sex therapy, and testosterone supplementation SEXUAL PAIN IS UNCOMMON IN MEN/PPL WITH PENISES Sexual pain in M/ppl with penises may be associated with: a. acute/chronic prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate gland b. Peyronie’s Disease: internal penile scar tissue c. Phimosis: tight foreskin; inability to retract D. Allergic reactions (e.g., Latex condoms for some) TOO MUCH INTEREST IN SEX CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS This can be a problem, especially with discrepant sexual desire. Hypersexuality— excessive sexual desire or behavior Can take over people’s lives Often viewed as a disorder Some associate it with sexual addiction— addiction to sexual behaviors by a mechanism similar to that of substance addiction i. Follows stages: craving for sex, ritualizes search for sex, sexual behavior, and guilt/despair after sexual behavior Treatment depends on theoretical models i. Cognitive behavior therapy ii. Most common drug used: SSRIs iii. Sex addicts can join a supportive community LGBTQ+ FOLKS HAVE SPECIAL CONCERNS LGBTQ people may have culturally induced shame anal penetration can present performance difficulties for either the receptive or the insertive partner Transgender people can have special concerns about sexual practices, such as dissatisfaction with their genitals Some fear they are will receiving understanding treatment from their therapist *More on pgs. 473-475 Others – anal beads, erotic dolls, etc. HIV- infection means you have the virus and attakcing immune system - Antiretroviral treatments AIDS- immune system is already destroyed by HIV - Cant give someone with AIDS antiviral treatments Inner lining of anus is thinner than inner lining of vagina which is why it is more common to transmit an STI 203.1-211 | CHAPTER 7: SEXUAL BEHAVIORS SEXUAL BEHAVIORS AND ATTITUDES VARY ACROSS CULTURES American culture is in a state of transition Sex education in schools is a controversial topic Kama Sutra – classic “love guide” on how to make love a. Emphasis of partner’s genital sizes “matching” (pg. 204) b. Detailed description of coital positions c. Several chapters discuss foreplay with increasing degrees of passion d. No notion of homosexuality as a stable orientation i. Though other sources suggest both M and F homosexuality were known in ancient India Traditional Taoists recommend avoidance of ----ejaculation a. Loss of semen was seen as “drained life energy” b. W were seen as donors who lost life energy overtime, causing older M to engage in coitus with younger (typically virgin) W The Aka People is an example of a sex positive society Taoist and Aka people had opposing viewpoints… Seminal nurture—The belief that fetuses require repeated infusions of semen to grow The main motivation for sex is the need to produce numerous children. Thus,  many do not practice masturbation or homosexual behavior Engage in sex about 3x a week (on each of these 3 nights, they engage in coitus an average of 3 times) Attach no value to masturbation *Read Box 7.4 on Dry Sex - basically when men in souther africa prefer their women to use substances to dry out their vaginas using crushed stones, tobacco, and herbs to therefore allow for swelling, hot, and dry sex. Typically hurts the woman which shows that they lack power MANY DISABLED PEOPLE HAVE ACTIVE SEX LIVES Devotee—colloquial term for a person whose sexual interests are focused on disabilities Quadriplegia—paralysis affecting almost the entire body below the neck Paraplegia—paralysis affecting the lower half of the body Disabilities do not generally interfere with sexual desire a. Many intellectually disabled people are competent to make sexual choices b. Spinal cord injuries present a major challenge to sexual expression i. Typically partners will use parts of the body whose movement and sensation are not impaired ii. Injuries in the lowest portion of the spinal cord mean a man is unlikely to obtain an erection c. Arthritis is the number one disability affecting sex (22% of US adults) i. Planning can make lovemaking a much more positive experience PP. 327.8-335 | CHAPTER 10: CONTRACEPTION AND ABORTION AMERICANS ARE DIVIDED ON ABORTION Roe v. Wade (1973) — Supreme court said you cannot enact an outright ban on abortions before the age of fetal viability Before the end of second trimester of pregnancy Abortion debate: often portrayed as being divided between two opposing camps However people often find their beliefs fall in between the two extremes Pro-life — Elective abortion is wrong and should be illegal in all or most cases Pro-Choice — People who are pregnant should be allowed to make all or most abortion decisions for themselves ABORTION DEBATE Majority of Americans tend to be more moderate in their views towards abortion Much of the “pro-choice” vs. “pro-life” debate revolves around specific issues (see page 307) Two main issues of debate: 1. Timing of abortion: most agree that abortion should be permissible in the first trimester 2. The core of a W’s decision for an abortion: most do not agree with Roe v. Wade that a W can have an abortion for any reason (i.e. Mere convenience) EFFECTS OF ANTI-ABORTION ACTIVISTS 1. Availability of abortion is decreasing Mandatory 24 or 72-hour waiting periods Parental consent for minors Limiting the use of public funds to pay for abortion services More listed on pages 308-309) 2. “Crisis pregnancy centers” make false claims of providing abortions Centers expose W to misinformation and shame intended to change a W’s mind about having an abortion Box 10.4 on Crisis Pregnancy Centers TRIGGER WARNING work something out. CHAPTER 10: ABORTION PP. 324.8-327.8 SEVERAL SAFE ABORTION PROCEDURES ARE AVAILABLE Induced abortion - An abortion performed intentionally by medical or surgical means. Therapeutic abortion - An abortion performed to safeguard a woman’s life or health. Elective abortion - An abortion performed in circumstances when the woman’s health is not at risk (ex. the pregnancy is not wanted ). Surgical abortion - An abortion induced by a surgical procedure. Medical abortion - An abortion induced with drugs. Also called medication abortion. VACUUM ASPIRATION IS THE STANDARD FIRST TRIMESTER SURGICAL METHOD Vacuum aspiration - An abortion procedure in which the conceptus is destroyed and removed by suction. A. Accounts for the majority of all abortions in the US B. Can be performed up to 14 weeks of pregnancy C. See pgs. 325 for procedure specifics D. Complications are rare DILATION AND EVACUATION IS USED EARLY IN THE 2ND TRIMESTER Dilation and evacuation (D&E) - A procedure involving the opening of the cervix and the scraping out of the contents of the uterus with a curette (a metal loop). 1. majority of 2nd trimester abortions are called dilation and evacuation (D&E) 2. Most are done in the period from 13-16 weeks, but sometimes done up to 20 weeks late 3. Procedure is fairly similar to vacuum aspiration, but cervix has to be dilated more widely 4. See pg. 325 for specific procedure 5. Very safe procedure, but slightly more complications possible than vacuum aspiration. INDUCED LABOR AND HYSTEROTOMY ARE PERFORMED LATE IN SECOND TRIMESTER Late in the 2nd trimester, D&E becomes more complicated so some other procedures are usually done. 1. One method is inducing premature labor Saline-induced abortion - An abortion induced by use of a strong salt solution. i. Commonly done with the administration of prostaglandin ii. Fetus usually expelled within 48 hours 2. hysterotomy - An abortion performed via a surgical incision in the abdominal wall and the uterus If the woman’s health is such that labor seems risky Neither are performed often, they account for less than 1% of abortions in US  MEDICAL ABORTIONS ARE TWO-STEP PROCEDURES Medical abortions can be performed anytime up to 7-9 weeks after the start of the last menstrual period. 39% of all non-hospital abortions in the US are medical Drug most commonly used is mifepristone ○ Mifepristone: An anti-progesterone drug used to induce abortion. Also known as RU-486 ○ In most cases, this one drug is not enough and a second drug, misoprostol, is used to induce contractions. Misoprostol: A prostaglandin used in medical abortions. ABORTIONS DO NOT CAUSE LONG LASTING ILL EFFECTS Neither medical or surgical abortions impair a woman’s, person with vulva’s fertility or cause any future issues with pregnancies. There may be some increased risk of spontaneous abortion during pregnancies subsequent to a second-trimester D&E abortion. Post-abortion, a variety of emotions are very normal to experience. CHAPTER 11 | SEXUAL ORIENTATION THERE IS A SPECTRUM OF SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS Sexual orientation – the direction of a P’s sexual feelings toward persons of the same sex (homosexual), other sex (heterosexual), or both sexes (bisexual). Alfred Kinsey’s seven point scale of sexual orientation Ranges from group 0-6 “Group 0” = exclusively attracted to the opposite sex “Group 6” = exclusively attracted to the same sex Many people fall in between groups 0 and 6 Studies measuring genital arousal while viewing erotic images showed: M are generally more attracted to one sex W generally are aroused by both sexes SURVEY DATA? In most random sample tests, at least 80% to 90% of American men and women say that they are attracted sexually only to persons of the other sex. Only about 1% of people in these surveys say they are exclusively attracted to the same sex. BUT… these surveys likely underestimate the number of queer people because some respondents may be unwilling or reluctant to admit their same sex attraction. Due to this, the percentage of gay Americans is probably closer to 5% SEXUAL ORIENTATION IS NOT AN ISOLATED TRAIT Gender Variant — atypical in gender characteristics Not all gay M are “effeminate” and not all lesbians are “mannish” — these are stereotypes! But, gay people, on average, are found to be gender variant In childhood gay M display less conventionally masculine characteristics (e.g., aggression, target accuracy); in lesbian W, the opposite is true Box 11.1: UCLA study on feminine acting boys’ sexual orientation in adulthood DIVERSE THEORIES ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN SEXUAL ORIENTATION Two main theories: 1. Psychodynamic theories— Focus on internal mental processes A. Freud B. Socialization C. None of these ideas have been supported by science 2. Biological theories — Focus on brain circuitry, hormones, genes, and evolution A. Prenatal hormone levels B. Look over Simon LeVay’s lecture notes C. More evidence to support these theories D. INAH3 PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES Freud Theories — Believed that sexual orientation began with an early childhood homosexual phase, “normally” culminating in heterosexuality Thought that the “normal” development process could be disrupted by abnormal relationships within the family Socialization 1. Has been shown to have ----little effect on sexual orientation, at least during the teen years 2. Could be the result of early sexual experiences/assaults a. For example, consensual same-sex experiences in boarding schools, molestation during childhood, rape, etc. b. However, evidence does not support these ideas 3. Socialization effects are more likely subtle a. Socialization can strongly influence how homosexual people think about themselves and live their lives BIOLOGICAL THEORIES Prenatal hormone hypothesis: Sexual orientation reflects sexual differentiation of the brain under the influence of prenatal sex hormones Everything depends on androgen levels during a sensitive period of prenatal development! Fetuses exposed to high levels of androgens will be sexually attracted to W and lower levels attracted to men ○ For example, W with CAH (congenital androgen hyperplasia) are more likely to experience same-sex attraction INAH3 is a cell group in the hypothalamus that differs in size between men and women, and homosexual men and straight men THE GAY COMMUNITY HAS STRUGGLED FOR EQUAL RIGHTS World’s Gay rights movement began in Germany (Scientific Humanitarian Committee) “Stonewall Rebellion” – often viewed as the starting point of the modern gay rights movement, but many protests/fights for equal rights came far earlier Rioters protested police raids, such as those on gay bars Before the rebellion, homosexuality was officially listed as a mental disorder and gay people had no legal protection 1970s was a period of rapid change 1973: Homosexuality was removed as a mental disorder 1974: First openly gay person elected to office 1977: Cities enacted some kind of anti-discrimination ordinance AIDS epidemic (1980s) was seen as a “gay disease” In response, many gay men got involved in AIDS activism and gay activism Important judicial and legislative decisions: 1. In 2002, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws banning gay sex were unconstitutional 2. In 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Court paved the way for gay marriage in that state. 3. In 2011, the U.S. Armed Forces accepted openly gay and lesbian recruits into their ranks for the first time. 4. In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws banning same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. 5. By 2017, 22 states had enacted laws banning discrimination against gay people, and in states without such laws 87 cities had passed comparable ordinances. GAY RIGHTS ARE A GLOBAL ISSUE The status of lesbians and gay men varies greatly around the world Western Europe: tradition of social intolerance, which is not as prevalent in the U.S. Most countries in Africa, the Middle East, and South(east) Asia ban gay sex and lack legal protections Read pages 349-351 for specific examples of how different countries treat homosexuality Read Box 11.3 “Being Gay in Afghanistan” READ IT GROWING UP GAY PRESENTS CHALLENGES Kids may be excluded from friendship groups and subject to verbal abuse Due to rigorous enforcement of gender norms Some are rejected by their parents, run away from home, attempt suicide About 40% of homeless youth in the US are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender Gay youth are 3x more likely to attempt suicide Growing up gay can be a -positive experience for some Importance of role models, discussions on gay issues, support organizations, teacher efforts, parent acceptance COMING OUT PROCESS Coming out is a lifelong process and is outlined in DHS as follows: 1. Coming out to oneself (hardest step for many) 2. Coming out to others (a gradual process) 3. Joining a gay or lesbian community Moving to a “gay mecca” used to be popular, but this has lost its significance today due to ease of finding other gay people 4. Important for some to integrate their sexuality with other aspects of who they are Lesbians & gays are well represented in certain occupations They are typically overrepresented in jobs: i. Dominated by persons of the other sex ii. Requiring high levels of social perceptiveness iii. That don’t require reliance on others Gay people who belong to minorities have special concerns (pg. 355) Some deal with cultural traditions that make heterosexual marriage into a near sacred obligation Gay minorities also have to deal with rejection from white gay people Ethnic members of sexual minorities may develop their own cultural institutions The ballroom community i. See Paris is Burning, Pose, Legendary, etc. GAY SEX HAS ITS OWN STYLE Physical pleasure and emotional intimacy as primary goals Since they don’t procreate Same-sex couples take their time over sex Lesbian women may spend a great deal of time on breast and nipple stimulation, for example, before focusing on the genitals and may extend the entire sexual interaction for well over an hour Gay men often bring each other close to orgasm and then back off, thus prolonging sexual pleasure and causing a more intense orgasm when it finally arrives, called edging Some use ‘cruising sites’ Grindr THERE IS DIVERSITY AMONG GAY PEOPLE May be divided into subtypes on the basis of gender characteristics Butch (masculine-acting) and femme (feminine acting) Tops, bottoms, or versatiles Other subtypes based on sexual and social subcultures e.g., bears, cubs, otters, twinks, etc. The term queer has been reclaimed by the community and may be used as a self identifier Note: Some individuals prefer to use these terms to define themselves and their partners while others find these definitions offensive. HOMOSEXUAL PARENTS Some gay people are parents despite the inability to procreate Can adopt a child Artificial insemination or finding a surrogate Most children come from opposite-sex relationships before parents came out Becoming a parent is usually an expensive proposition for most gay male couples  Gay adoption laws vary by state, but gay couples are legally allowed to adopt in all states In some countries, it is illegal for gay parents to adopt, making it much harder for them to have kids. Children of gay parents generally thrive No scientific basis for concluding that gay and lesbian parents are any less fit than heterosexual parents, or that their children are any less psychologically healthy and well adjusted CHANGING ONE’S SEXUAL ORIENTATION IS DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE Generally, conversion treatments are ineffective and potentially harmful Harmful effects include depression and suicide HOMOPHOBIA HAS MULTIPLE ROOTS Homophobia - includes an entire spectrum of anti-gay attitudes and behaviors Gay bashing - hate crimes against gay people. Sometimes includes verbal abuse as well as physical violence (acting on their homophobic beliefs) Heterosexism - the cultural establishment of heterosexuality as the normal and preferred form of sexual expression. Femiphobia - Prejudice against femininity, especially of males. CULTURAL INDOCTRINATION Cultural indoctrination transmits homophobia across generations Receiving anti-gay messages from parents, teachers, religious authorities, etc. Regular participation in organized worship = strongest demographic predictor that a person disapproves of gay sex People who think that being gay is a choice that people make are far more likely to espouse anti-gay attitudes than those who think of homosexuality as a trait that people are born with. VIEWING HOMOSEXUALITY AS TRANSGRESSIVE Some homophobic people view homosexuality as transgressive  Gays are seen by some as rule breakers/disrupt the natural order of things Strongly homophobic attitudes may be associated with homosexual feelings that the person denies or is unaware of Internalized homophobia = anti-gay feelings that some gay people absorb from the larger community Even some gay men are femiphobic OVERCOMING HOMOPHOBIA Reduction of homophobia can be done through legislation and other policy measures People’s attitudes towards gays and lesbians are most readily influenced by interactions with relatives, friends, coworkers, etc. who are homosexual Anti-gay attitudes have been dramatically easing over the last two decades This has benefited both gay youth and non-gay youth A. Increased physical and emotional intimacy among straight youth and a greater willingness to include gay peers BISEXUAL PEOPLE ARE CAUGHT BETWEEN TWO WORLDS The prevalence of bisexuality depends on definitions used If defined as any degree of sexual attraction to both men and women, then it is more prevalent If defined as roughly equal attraction to both sexes then it is much less common, esp in M When observed at the level of genital arousal, most W respond to both male and female videos Pansexuality - sexual or romantic attraction to persons of any sex or gender identity, including those with nonstandard identities. “Gender-blind” Can be considered broader term for bisexuality Bisexuals face skepticism Some doubt whether male bisexuality exists But evidence supports that it does (Pg. 365) Studies suggest that there is not always a straightforward connection between patterns of physiological arousal and the W’s sexual orientation  Complicated to define bisexuality because not all bisexual people are attracted to men and women in the same way (some use ‘ratios’ to define how attracted they are to M:F) BISEXUAL PEOPLE FACE PREJUDICES Biphobia - prejudice against bisexuals Especially for bi men, who are perceived more negatively than any other minority sexual orientation Some people consider them confused, untrustworthy, less monogamous, etc. Bisexual erasure - ignoring or denying the existence of bisexual people Commonly shown when people believe bisexual people are only ‘halfway out of the closet’ These negative views are starting to change, especially among young and well educated people Increasing numbers of well-educated youth will define themselves as ‘mostly heterosexual Thus, they are likely to reject the negative stereotypes about bisexual people when they see it in themselves Bisexual role models help promote acceptance Despite this, the bisexual community has lagged behind gays and lesbians in developing a community identity 381-386 | CHAPTER 12: SEXUALITY ACROSS THE LIFESPAN: FROM BIRTH TO ADOLESCENCE ADOLESCENCE IS A TIME OF SEXUAL EXPLORATION Beginning of adolescence a. May correspond to puberty (menarche, first ejaculation) b. testosterone level = strong predictor of when P will begin to engage in partnered sex (along with social factors) Many cultures have puberty rites a. Puberty is often marked by special coming-of-age ceremonies b. Breast ironing, bar mitzvah, bat mitzvah, quinceañera INFLUENCES ON ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Adolescents are likely to initiate sexual activity early if...  i. Their community has a low average income, few college graduates, a high crime rate, or high unemployment ii. They have a significantly older boyfriend or girlfriend Television promotes early entry into sex by glamorizing sexual relationships and activities Pluralistic ignorance — a mistaken belief that one’s values, opinions, or behaviors differ from those of one’s peers Cultural and social forces may attempt to dissuade teens from engaging in sexual behaviors (e.g. virginity pledge and abstinence-only programs) Research demonstrates that these programs are ineffective Comprehensive sex-education programs are more successful than virginity-pledge or abstinence-only programs TRENDS IN ADOLESCENT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 1. Males masturbate more than females 2. Sexual activity of American teens increased then decreased The incr. is likely due to oral contraceptives and legalization of abortion 3. Oral sex is common among US teens For most, oral sex is done in addition to coitus, not as a substitute THE MEANING OF “VIRGINITY LOSS” VARIES 1. Virginity loss is a gift 2. Virginity loss is the erasure of a stigma 3. Virginity loss is part of a process 4. Virginity loss is a sacrament DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY Ethnic differences African American adolescents are more likely to engage in coitus, but less likely to have engaged in oral sex Far less Asian American and Pacific Islander adolescents have ever engaged in coitus More listed on p. 386 Academic differences High school students with lower grades are twice as likely to have experienced coitus as those who earn mostly A’s *take all of this with a grain of salt TEEN RELATIONSHIPS 1. The development of a sense of self is vital to practical sexual concerns 2. Teen relationships are often short-lived Many engage in serial monogamy: involvement in series of monogamous relationships Rise of “hookup culture” or casual sex is weakly supported 3. Increasing interest in issues of gender and sexual orientation 4. Teen pregnancy is declining, but still too common CHAPTER 17 | SEX WORK SEX IS AN INDUSTRY Sex worker—a person who engages in prostitution, pornography, or another sex-related occupation (such as recruiting prostitutes) Hustler—a male prostitute who provides ----homosexual services for M Gigolo – A well-presentable male prostitute who caters to women Uncommon in the U.S. Sex trafficker - Someone who makes a minor or non-consenting adult available for prostitution. PROSTITUTION IS ON THE DECLINE Prostitution – The practice of engaging in sex for pay Historically prostitution viewed as a “necessary evil” “The oldest profession” Courtesan—historically a high-status prostitute attached to a princely court Only way in which unattached W could support themselves Lead to the development of red-light districts in late 19th Century There are moral and practical reasons for the decline A. Introduction of oral contraception let W have safer sex M less inclined to visit prostitutes B. illegal everywhere in U.S., except parts of Nevada  Engaging in prostitution is usually a misdemeanor WHO DO PROSTITUTES WORK FOR? Pimp—a man (usually) who manages prostitutes in exchange for part of their earnings Typically utilized by many prostitutes Can introduce a W to the business, promotes her, arranges assignments and provides security Pimps who coerce a W to engage in prostitution = sex trafficker Madam—a W who manages a brothel or an escort service Have access to affluent (wealthy) society THERE IS A HIERARCHY OF PROSTITUTION 1. Street Walking (working corner) 2. Working out of a fixed commercial location 3. Escort service (nicest place) STREET WALKING Most visible and familiar part of the industry Lowest rank and charge lowest prices Some experience a lifetime a social degradation Majority of female prostitutes are mothers M prostitutes tend to be independent workers where as W often work for pimps WORKING OUT OF A FIXED COMMERCIAL LOCATION Massage parlors or strip joints Services vary, but hand-genital ‘massages’ are most common Brothels are uncommon but exist in rural Nevada ESCORT SERVICES Escort service prostitution—A service that provide prostitutes, generally contacted by telephones Escort, “Call girl”—Euphemism of a prostitute who advertises by print, word of mouth, or the internet Clients sometimes want the ‘girlfriend experience’ Premier escorts – Well-presented cell girls that a client can take to dinner or a show without embarrassment  Often work for madams or prostitution rings Main form of prostitution in U.S. Much safer for both the escort and the client M who use escorts have liberal attitudes Sugaring (Box 17.1) straddles the boundary between prostitution and legitimate sexual relationships SEX WORK OCCURS WORLDWIDE Sex Tourism—traveling to a foreign country to find a sex partner (usually a prostitute) Sex trafficker—someone who makes a minor or non-consenting adult available for prostitution Sex trafficking is present in developing countries Usually taking a W from a poor country to a rich one Variation in how willingly a W will participate in transnational sex trafficking (pg. 563) The opposite of transnational trafficking is sex tourism Juvenile sex work is a global problem An example of juvenile prostitution is the Japanese ‘JK’ services **Look over movie notes from: The Day My God Died THE PROSTITUTES RIGHTS MOVEMENT Decriminalization—Removal of laws that criminalize activities such as prostitution Legalization with regulation – prostitutes would be allowed to work in prescribed locations and under defined conditions (i.e. Nevada) Nordic model— Prostitution is a crime for the client, but not for the prostitute If enacted, prostitutes might be less exposed to extortion and more willing to seek medical care THERE IS MORE TO SEX WORK THAN PROSTITUTION Stripping is going mainstream However, there are trends towards greater restraint Phone sex has diversified Operators give impression that they are motivated by sex, not money Variant of phone sex is sexual webcamming PORNOGRAPHY HAS ALWAYS BEEN PART OF HUMAN CULTURE Pornography – depictions of people/behaviors that are intended to be sexually arousing Erotica – Sexually themed works deemed to have literary or artistic merit Sexually explicit material— non-judgemental, general term denoting pornography Pornography has battled censorship with claims that it is… Obscene – The belief that sexually themed publications or behaviors are deemed offensive to public morals Has no artistic merit New technologies mean new kinds of pornography Magazines such as Playboy Stylistic changes in porn videos allow for “gonzo pornography” which intends to make the viewer feel like a participant AI introduced “deepfake porn” by substituting the faces of well-known celebrities PORNOGRAPHY FOR WOMEN Soft-core—Related to relatively nonexplicit pornography Usually more soft-core in nature, with more romantic storylines along with sex a. Romance novels (see lecture notes!) b. However, minority of W search for porn including violence against W THERE ARE CONFLICTING PERSPECTIVES ON THE VALUE OR HARM OF PORNOGRAPHY Radical feminist perspective Believes that pornography promotes physical or sexual violence, or other forms of harm against W Liberal perspective Downplays any harmful effects of pornography on W  Believes pornography is protected by first amendment Research has not resolved the question of pornography’s effects Most M are not rendered more likely to harm W by exposure to any kind of pornography Some suggest that sex crimes become fewer when pornography consumption increases Does porn use cause performance problems or sex addiction? Does porn harm actors? With all that being said, pornography does have some benefits! (pg. 580). SEX IS PART OF THE MASS MEDIA Sex is sometimes subtly used in advertisement May be an educational opportunity CHAPTER 12 continued (389-END) | SEXUALITY ACROSS THE LIFESPAN: ADULTHOOD YOUNG ADULTHOOD Most young M and W have only a few sexual partners Dating relationships are short-lived Believe in establishing relationship to find soul mate and that being in love is enough for a relationship to succeed COHABITATION IS AN INCREASINGLY PREVALENT LIFESTYLE Cohabitation— Live-in sexual relationship between two persons who are not married to each other Those who cohabitate have less traditional views of marriage and divorce More likely to cohabit rather than marry if: Economic disadvantage People whose parents separated when they were children Limited education Cohabitation is typically short-lived After 3 years, most have either gotten married or split up Cohabitation has diverse meanings  Breaking up is easier than ending marriage Treated as a marriage in legal terms, but denied rights many married couples are automatically granted Alternative to dating rather than marriage Cohabitation does not harm a subsequent marriage Little difference in divorce rates between cohabiters and “direct marriers” MARRIAGE TAKES DIVERSE FORMS Traditional marriages has social and personal functions of formalized sexual unions (marriage) Can create a favorable environment for having children Bringing the couple’s extended families together Intended to stabilize their union Even some conservative cultures around the world have sanctioned impermanent sexual relationships (e.g., Mut’a – Shi’ite contract of temporary marriage) MANY SOCIETIES HAVE PERMITTED POLYGAMY Bigamy—the crime of marrying someone while already being married to another spouse Monogamy commonplace in the U.S., but not everywhere Polygamy – Marriage to more than one spouse at a time. Permitted in many societies Polyandry – marriage of one mating female with more than one man (very uncommon) (one women with multiple husbands) Polygyny—marriage of one mating male with more than one female Attached to the idea that W are the property of M Concubine—A W who cohabits with a M, but is not his wife Harem—the quarters for wives and children in polygamous Muslim households ○ Often watched over by Eunuchs (castrated M) Polyamory – people who openly and intentionally participate in non-monogamous relationships Some are swingers – Couples who agree to engage in casual sex with other couples Some engage in group marriage “polyfidelity”– three of more people living together in a marriage-like relationship THE INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE IS EVOLVING Western institution of marriage has evolved 1. Companionate marriage— marriage seen as an emotional and practical partnership a. Companionate marriage makes the availability of divorce a necessity b. Prenuptial/postnuptial agreements increasingly common c. Covenant marriage in some states—optional form of marriage that does not allow for no-fault divorce d. Companionate marriage implies equivalence between two spouses Studies show that married people are still happier than unmarried people Marriage is becoming a minority status Relationship options have diversified 1. Domestic partnership—offers some of the rights of marriage 2. Civil union—offers most of the right of marriage, Except for the name of “marriage” a. Formally used prior to same-sex marriage becoming legalized MOST MARRIED COUPLES ARE SATISFIED WITH THEIR SEX LIVES W’s physical satisfaction is much greater in long term relationships than in short-term relationships Despite less sexual exploration and lower chance of orgasm Due to higher emotional satisfaction in marriages Frequency of sex declines during marriage Can be due to: habituation (getting used to something), housework, increasing age Marital satisfaction declines during middle age Biggest decline follows the birth of a child Second decline follows the entry of the oldest child into adolescence MANY FACTORS BRING RELATIONSHIPS TO AN END *Understand the factors which increase and decrease the likelihood of divorce Three major factors (pg. 400-401): 1. Age at marriage 2. Ethnicity 3. educational level Overall divorce rate is around 45% Divorce rate for people with college degrees is less than half what it is for those without Dissimilarity between husbands and wives shortens marriages Look at Table 11.1 to learn more about how personal problems can decr. the risk of divorce MARITAL DISRUPTIONS Divorced M and W can suffer physical, psychological and economic damage children can face many risks such as depression Marital disruption may also have positive consequences: ending a toxic relationship, or forming a better one Later marriages (i.e. 2nd marriage, 3rd, etc. are somewhat less durable INFERTILITY Climacteric— transition to infertility marked by menopause Perimenopause— phase prior to menopause Marked by irregular menstrual cycles Menopause— total cessation of menstruation Menopause may be caused by the depletion of ova W typically experience some decrease in hormone levels at menopause Lower hormones levels affect some W’s sexual functions ○ Lowered vaginal lubrication, a thinning of the vaginal walls May lead to painful coitus ○ Lowered estrogen levels Hot flashes, night sweats, headaches…. Osteoporosis—loss of bone density Menopausal hormone therapy can reduce menopausal symptoms MHT (Menstrual Hormone Therapy) is the most common therapy More “natural” therapies, such as the use of isoflavones, is being explored MEN’S FERTILITY DECLINES GRADUALLY WITH AGE 1. Gradual reduction in fertility and sexual functioning ↑ likelihood of ED, ↓ decreased sexual desire and frequency of sex 2. May be referred to as male menopause (or andropause) but misleading since  these changes are NOT a total cessation but a gradual process ELDERLY FACE CHALLENGES TO THEIR SEX LIVES Aging is accompanied by physiological changes in the sexual response Medical conditions, drugs, and social factors can impair the sexuality of old people 1. Arthritis, heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, obesity… 2. Prescription drugs can interfere with sexual performance 3. psychological and social factors impair sexual expression Coping strategies may require flexibility May practice oral sex instead Some old people remain sexually active Plenty of old W and M masterbate CHAPTER 8 – 231.5 | SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS There are two main factors: 1. physical attraction 2. Romantic love Demographic factors influence sexual relationships: 1. The more affectionate, intimate, or committed the relationship the more likely people are to consider sexual acts morally acceptable 2. Demographic factors can be due to: sex, age, education, region, race/ethnicity, religion (read on pg. 215). Long-term changes in societal opinion is why anti-miscegenation statutes have been terminated a. Anti-miscengenation statutes—state laws prohibiting marriage (and sometimes cohabitation or sex) between persons of different races *Read Box 8.1 “Who May Marry?” AMERICANS’ ATTITUDES HAVE CHANGED OVER TIME 1. Decline in % who think sex before marriage is “always wrong” 2.  Decline in % who think homosexual sex is “morally wrong” 3. Increase in % who think extramarital sex is “always wrong” CASUAL SEX HAS MORE APPEAL TO MEN THAN WOMEN M more likely to consider one night stands morally acceptable Hooking up - the new norm? Many young W are becoming much open open to engaging in casual, uncommitted sexual intimacy with acquaintances Casual sex is more accepted in the gay male community Negotiating sex involves flirting Heterosexual M and W respond to flirtation signals differently W prefer emotional commitment M prefer sexual availability Flirting is best expressed through prosociality (a positive interest in and concern for others) DATING RELATIONSHIPS ARE OFTEN SHORT-LIVED 1. First dates may follow an interpersonal script Traditional script demands M take leading/active role 2. Dating relationships usually involve some degree of physical intimacy; sexual exclusivity be expected. I.e., serial monogamy 3. Same-sex relationships have their own skipts 4. Non-cohabiting relationships may evolve rapidly Tendency to idealize partner (ignore their shortcomings) GOOD LUCK ON YOUR FINAL!