Skeletal System PDF

Skeletal System https://www.thoughtco.com/skeletal-system-373584 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 1  Functions 1. Support  Rigid strong bones – for bea...

Skeletal System https://www.thoughtco.com/skeletal-system-373584 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 1  Functions 1. Support  Rigid strong bones – for bearing weight and is the major supporting tissue of the body.  Cartilage – provides a firm yet flexible support within certain structures (ex. nose and external ears).  Ligaments – are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach to bone and hold them together. 2. Protection  The hardness of the bone contributes to its ability to protect the vital organs of the body from injury (ex.cranial bones protect the brain). CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 2  Functions 3. Movement  Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons. When muscles contract, they pull on bones and together they produce movement. 4. Storage  Fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones.  Stores several minerals especially calcium and phosphorus.  Important in maintaining homeostasis of minerals in the blood with minerals stored in the bone are released in response to body’s demand. 5. Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)  Many bones contain cavities filled with bone marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 3  Functions https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/6-1-the-functions-of-the-skeletal-system/ CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 4 OSTEOLOGY  The study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorder. BONE OSSIFICATION (OSTEOGENESIS)  It refers to the formation of bone by osteoblast. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 5 Two Types: Intramembranous Ossification  A process of bone development from fibrous membrane.  It is involved in the formation of the flat bones of the skull, the mandible and clavicles. Endochondral Ossification A process of bone development from hyaline cartilage. All of the bones of the body, except for the flat bones of the skull, mandible and clavicles are formed through endochondral ossification. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 6  Intramembranous Ossification CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 7  Intramembranous Ossification CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 8  Intramembranous Ossification CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 9  Intramembranous Ossification https://www.slideshare.net/alubajessabeth/ossification-59923444 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 10  Endochondral Ossification CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 11  Bone Growth Bone growth occur by: Appositional Growth  It refers to the formation of new bone on the surface of existing bone.  Appositional growth results as osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix.  Responsible for the increase in width or diameter of long bones and most growth of other bones. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 12  Appositional Growth https://slide-finder.com/match/WEB-113-Web-User.11213.5.html CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 13  Bone Growth Endochondral Growth  It refers to the growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate and its eventual replacement by bone.  Responsible for the increase in the length of the bone.  Bones continue to grow in length until early childhood, the rate of growth is controlled by hormones. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 14  Endochondral Growth https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Epiphyseal-plate-growth-Five-zones-of-epiphyseal-growth-plate-includes-1-resting-zone_fig5_330944846 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 15  Bone Remodeling  It involves the removal of old bone by cells called osteoclast and the deposition of new bone by osteoblast.  It occurs in all bone.  Remodeling is responsible for: 1.Bone growth 2.Changes in bone shape 3.Adjustment of bone to stress 4.Bone repair 5.Calcium ion regulation CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 16  Bone Remodeling  Consists of three consecutive phases: 1. Resorption – during which osteoclasts digest old bone. 2. Reversal – when mononuclear cells appear on the bone surface. 3. Formation – when osteoblasts lay down new bone until the resorbed bone is completely replaced. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 17  Bone Repair (Healing)  A process in which a bone repairs itself following a bone fracture.  When a bone is broken, a clot forms in the damaged area.  Callus forms, the zone of tissue repair between the two bone fragments.  Osteoblasts enter the callus and form cancellous bone.  The cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form compact bone and the repair is complete. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 18  Bone Repair (Healing) https://slideplayer.com/slide/9259791/ CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 19 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis  Bone serves as the major storage site for calcium.  The movement of calcium in and out of bone helps determine blood calcium levels.  Calcium moves into bone as osteoblasts build new bone.  Calcium move out of bone as osteoclasts break down bone.  Calcium homeostasis is maintained by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 20 Bone and Calcium Homeostasis CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 21  Bone and Joint Disorders ACHONDROPLASIA A form of short-limbed dwarfism. Achondroplasia literally means “without cartilage formation”. In achondroplasia the problem is not in forming cartilage but in converting it to bone. https://netterimages.com/achondroplasia-labeled-ronner-1e-orthopaedics-frank-h-netter-75169.html CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 22  Bone and Joint Disorders OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA Also known as brittle bone disease. A genetic disorder that results from a lack of protein collagen producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured. https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/lab-report/osteogenesis- imperfecta-poses-vision-risks-too CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 23  Bone and Joint Disorders RICKETS  Bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones.  Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common.  Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency. OSTEOMALACIA  Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones.  Main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone.  Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency. OSTEOMYELITIS  Infection in bone caused by Staphylococcus bacteria.  The bacteria can enter a bone by : the bloodstream, injuries and surgery. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 24  Bone and Joint Disorders OSTEOPOROSIS  Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit.  Spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable.  Occurs most often in postmenopausal women.  Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures. https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/osteoporosis/oste oporosis-overview CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 25  Bone and Joint Disorders SCOLIOSIS  Lateral curvature of the central part of the spine.  The condition is brought on by: 1. congenitally malformed vertebra 2. chronic sciatica 3. paralysis of muscles on one side of the backbone 4. poor posture https://www.spineuniverse.com/conditions/scoliosis/symptoms-scoliosis CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 26  Fracture It refers to a break in a bone. Common types of fractures include simple, compound, compression, comminuted and greenstick CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 27  Bone and Joint Disorders ARTHRITIS It literally means “joint inflammation”, however some forms could affect the skin and internal organs. It is marked by pain, stiffness and swelling of the affected joint. It may include one or several joints. CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 28  Bone and Joint Disorders OSTEOARTHRITIS Commonly known as “wear and tear” arthritis A degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the joint deteriorates. Symptoms include: pain, restriction of movement, formation of hard nobs. https://www.slideshare.net/dins125/osteoarthritis-57561447 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 29  Bone and Joint Disorders RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS An active chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting synovial membrane. https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient- information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/rheumatoid-arthritis CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 30  Bone and Joint Disorders GOUTY ARTHRITIS A disease associated with an inborn error of uric acid metabolism. https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/ss/slideshow-gout https://www.sciencephoto.com/keyword/gouty-arthritis https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/765682374126999875/ CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 31  Bone and Joint Disorders BURSITIS An acute or chronic inflammation of the bursa (a small sac filled with fluid and located at friction points). https://regenexxpittsburgh.com/bursitis-of-the-hip/ CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 32  Rosario C. Salazar CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 33