Skeletal System PDF - Human Anatomy

The Skeletal System Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science Human Anatomy COURSE OBJECTIVE Demonstrate technical skills in embalming and restorative art that are necessary for the preparation and handling of human remains  LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify the major subdivisions of the...

The Skeletal System Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science Human Anatomy COURSE OBJECTIVE Demonstrate technical skills in embalming and restorative art that are necessary for the preparation and handling of human remains  LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify the major subdivisions of the skeletal system, including individual bones, their numbers, and their important functions Compare and contrast the different categories of articulations, listing examples of each system Skeletal – pertaining to the bones of the body “Skeletons are proof that beauty is more than skin deep.” - Unknown 01. OVERVIEW OVERVIEW 206 bones in the adult human skeleton o Skull (22 bones + 6 ear ossicles) o Hyoid bone o Vertebrae (26 bones) o Sternum (1 bone) o Ribs (24 bones) o Upper extremities + pectoral girdle (64 bones) o Lower extremities + pelvic girdle (62 bones) Broken down into the axial and appendicular skeleton TERMINOLOGY - BASICS Axial skeleton – the 80 bones composing the skull, vertebrae, thorax, and hyoid bone; the central structure to which the appendicular skeleton is attached Appendicular skeleton – the 126 bones that make up the pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities TERMINOLOGY – JOINTS Articulation – the connection between two or more bones; a joint Joint – the connection between two bones; an articulation Sutural – relating to the line of union in an immovable articulation, such as between the cranial bones Symphysis – a joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage, e.g., the pubic symphysis TERMINOLOGY – BONE FEATURES Condyle – a curved protuberance at the end of a bone forming part of an articulation Epicondyle – protuberance on or above a condyle of a long bone Eminence – a prominence or projection, i.e., of a bone TERMINOLOGY – BONE FEATURES, CONT’D Fossa – a shallow depression Meatus – a passage or opening through a bone Protuberance – an anatomic landmark that appears as a blunt projection, like a knob TERMINOLOGY – SPECIFIC STRUCTURES Carotid canal – the canal or passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery passes External auditory meatus – the lateral, outer opening of the ear or auditory canal TERMINOLOGY – SPECIFIC STRUCTURES, CONT’D Mandibular fossa – the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits Pubic symphysis – the slightly movable junction of the anterior portion of the os coxae Zygomatic – pertaining to the cheek bone TERMINOLOGY – OTHER TERMS Conchae – ridges in the walls of the nasal cavity Fontanel – a temporarily unossified area on the surface of the cranium of an infant Ossicles – any small bone, e.g., the three bones of the middle ear Malleolus – bony prominence on either side of the ankle TERMINOLOGY – OTHER TERMS Prominence (bony prominence) – area where bone is close to the surface of the skin (superficial) Sesamoid bone – bone shaped like a sesame seed; a bone embedded in a tendon. The patella is the largest of these TISSUE TYPES Cancellous (spongy) bone is porous bone tissue on the inside of bones Spongy tissue is bone marrow which contains stem cells and produces blood cells Compact bone is the outer layer of bone that is hard and dense Contains osteocytes, or bone cells, in tiny spaces called lacunae Cartilage is flexible but firm connective tissue that helps to provide structure and support COMPACT BONE CANCELLOUS (SPONGY) BONE  FUNCTIONS OF BONE 01. 02. 03. SUPPORT PROTECTION MOVEMENT 04. 05. STORAGE HEMATOPOIESIS  TYPES OF BONES LONG BONES SHORT BONES IRREGULAR BONES i.e. humerus i.e. carpals i.e. vertebrae  TYPES OF BONES SESAMOID BONES SUTURAL BONES i.e. patella i.e. cranial bones 02. THE AXIAL SKELETON – 80 BONES 01. SKULL 02. SPINE 03. CHEST 04. HYOID THE SKULL (22 BONES + 6 EAR OSSICLES) Comprised of the cranium, facial bones, and the ear ossicles Features: Calvaria – top part of the skull Orbit – cavity that holds the eyes and their appendages  CRANIUM (8 BONES) 1 2 1 FRONTAL BONE PARIETAL BONES OCCIPITAL BONE 2 1 1 TEMPORAL BONES SPHENOID BONE ETHMOID BONE FRONTAL BONE (1) Forehead bone Forms the upper portion of the eye sockets FRONTAL BONE – NOTABLE FEATURES Supraorbital margin – superior boundary of the orbit Superciliary arch – ridge superior to the eye sockets Glabella – slight depression that joins the brow ridges Frontal eminence – rounded elevation on the frontal bone Frontal sinus – sinus within the frontal bone PARIETAL BONES (2) Form the top sides of the cranium Parietal eminence – slight eminence in the center of each parietal bone OCCIPITAL BONE (1) Forms the back of the skull OCCIPITAL BONE – NOTABLE FEATURES Occipital condyles – rounded knobs that form a joint with the first cervical vertebrae Foramen magnum – opening where the spinal cord enters the cranium External occipital protuberance – bony prominence in the middle of the occipital bone where the posterior wall meets the base of the skull TEMPORAL BONES (2) Inferior and lateral portion of the cranium TEMPORAL BONES - DIVISIONS Anterior/superior portion is the squamous portion Posterior/inferior portion between the sphenoid and occipital bones is the petrous portion Houses inner ear components Carotid canal – the canal or passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery passes TEMPORAL BONES – INNER EAR OSSICLES Malleus (2) – hammer shaped bones Incus (2) – anvil shaped bones Stapes (2) – stirrup shaped bones TEMPORAL BONES – NOTABLE FEATURES Mastoid process – projection at the base of the temporal bone Mandibular fossa – the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits TEMPORAL BONES – NOTABLE FEATURES, CONT’D External auditory meatus – the lateral, outer opening of the ear or auditory canal Zygomatic process – process projecting from the lower squamous portion articulating with the temporal process on the zygomatic bone forming the zygomatic arch SPHENOID BONE (1) Forms the central part of the cranial floor SPHENOID BONE – NOTABLE FEATURES Sella turcica – depression in the floor of the sphenoid bone Contains the pituitary gland Sphenoidal sinuses – sinuses within the sphenoid bone ETHMOID BONE (1) Anterior skull bone that forms parts of the cranial floor, nasal septum, and parts of the nasal cavity ETHMOID BONE – NOTABLE FEATURES Cribriform plate – forms the roof of the nasal cavity Crista Galli – anterior triangular wedge projecting superiorly into the cranial cavity Perpendicular plate – flat plate extending from under the cribriform plate Ethmoidal sinuses - sinuses within the ethmoid bone  FACIAL BONES (14) 2 2 2 NASAL BONES LACRIMAL BONES ZYGOMATIC BONES 2 2 1 PALATINE BONES MAXILLA VOMER 2 1 INFERIOR NASAL MANDIBLE CONCHAE NASAL BONES (2) Form the upper part of the bridge of the nose LACRIMAL BONES (2) Inner-cranial bone that forms the medial wall of the eye socket ZYGOMATIC BONES (2) Cheek bones Temporal processes – projection that articulates with temporal bone at the zygomatic process forming the zygomatic arch PALATINE BONES (2) Form the posterior roof of the mouth and part of the nasal cavity and eye orbit MAXILLA (2) Upper jawbone forming part of the roof of the mouth, the floor and side walls of the nasal cavity, and the floor of the orbit Nasal spine of the maxilla marks the base of the nose Frontal process of the maxilla forms the lateral boundary of the nose MAXILLA – NOTABLE FEATURES Palatine processes – bony blade-like processes on the nasal surface of the maxilla that connect with the palatine bone Alveolar processes – thick ridges of bone that contain the tooth sockets Maxillary sinuses – sinuses within the maxillary bones INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE (2) Ridges in the walls of the nasal cavity VOMER (1) Forms the posterior portion of the nasal septum MANDIBLE (1) Lower jawbone Mental eminence – where the left and right sides of the body of the mandible meet Alveolar processes – thick ridges of bone that contain the tooth sockets MANDIBLE - DIVISIONS Ramus (vertical portion) Coronoid process is an attachment point for masseter and temporalis muscles Mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone Angle Body  HYOID BONE (1) 1 HYOID BONE HYOID BONE (1) U-shaped bone in the neck Anchor for tongue muscles Unarticulated  VERTEBRAL COLUMN (26) 7 12 5 CERVICAL THORACIC LUMBAR VERTEBRAE VERTEBRAE VERTEBRAE 1 1 SACRUM COCCYX VERTEBRAL COLUMN Cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7) C-1 – Atlas C-2 – Axis Thoracic vertebrae (T1 – T12) Lumbar vertebrae (L1 – L5) Sacrum – bone of the lower vertebral column between L5 and the coccyx Coccyx – last bone of the vertebral column  STERNUM (1) + RIBS (24 BONES) 1 14 (7 P) 10 (5P) STERNUM TRUE RIBS FALSE RIBS STERNUM Breastbone Manubrium – superior portion Body – main portion Xiphoid process – small, inferior portion that points downward TRUE RIBS (14 BONES / 7 PAIRS) Connect to the spine posteriorly and directly to the sternum anteriorly FALSE RIBS (10 BONES / 5 PAIRS) Ribs 8 – 10 connect to the spine posteriorly and to the costal cartilage anteriorly Ribs 11 + 12 are false “floating ribs” – they connect to the spine posteriorly and have no attachment anteriorly 03. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON – 126 BONES 01. UPPER EXTREMITIES 02. PECTORAL GIRDLE 03. LOWER EXTREMITIES 04. PELVIC GIRDLE UPPER EXTREMITIES + PECTORAL GIRDLE (64 BONES) 2 2 2 CLAVICLE SCAPULA HUMERUS 2 2 16 ULNA RADIUS CARPALS 10 28 METACARPALS PHALANGES PECTORAL GIRDLE 01. CLAVICLE 02. SCAPULA CLAVICLE (2) Collarbone SCAPULA (2) Shoulder blade bone Acromion – bony process that extends laterally from the superior and posterior portion of the scapula Coracoid process – bony process that extends laterally from the superior and anterior portion of the scapula Glenoid cavity (fossa) – a depression in the lateral portion of the scapula where the humerus joins the scapula HUMERUS (2) Long bone of the upper arm Attached to the scapula at the proximal end and the radius and ulna at the distal end Head of the humerus articulates with the scapula (at the glenoid cavity) Radius and ulna articulate at the lateral and medial condyles/epicondyles Lateral, distal condyle is the capitulum and it articulates with the radius Medial, distal condyle is the trochlea and it articulates with the ulna ULNA (2) Medial forearm bone Olecranon process – eminence at the proximal, posterior end of the ulna Styloid process – eminence on the distal end of the ulna RADIUS (2) Lateral forearm bone Styloid process – eminence on the distal end of the radius BONES OF THE WRISTS & HANDS Carpals (16) – bones of the wrists Metacarpals (10) – bones of the palms Phalanges (28) – bones of the fingers LOWER EXTREMITIES + PELVIC GIRDLE (62 BONES) 2 2 2 OS COXAE FEMUR PATELLA 2 2 14 TIBIA FIBULA TARSALS 10 28 METATARSALS PHALANGES OS COXAE / PELVIC GIRDLE (2) Hip or pelvic bones Ilium – superior region Iliac crest – superior anterior border of the ilium Anterior superior iliac spine – anterior portion of the iliac crest Ischium – inferior, posterior region Pubis – inferior, anterior portion Acetabulum – articulation point for femur FEMUR (2) Thigh bone Head – ball shaped joint that articulates with the os coxae at the acetabulum Condyles articulate with the tibia and fibula at the distal end Epicondyles sit above the condyles and attach to the muscles and ligaments of the knee joint PATELLA (2) Knee bone or “kneecap” TIBIA (2) Weight-bearing medial lower leg bone “Shinbone” Slightly anterior to the fibula Medial malleolus – rounded projection at the inferior end of the medial tibia that articulates with the talus (ankle bone) FIBULA (2) Non-weight bearing lateral lower leg bone Lateral malleolus – rounded projection at the inferior end of the fibula that articulates with the talus (ankle bone) BONES OF THE FOOT / ANKLE Tarsals (14) – bones of the heel, ankle, and posterior foot Talus – superior tarsal bone (ankle bone) Calcaneus – heel bone (under the talus) Metatarsals (10) – bones of the foot Make up the main arches of the foot Phalanges (28) – bones of the toes 04. ARTHROLOGY ARTHROLOGY – the study of joints JOINT – the connection between two bones; an articulation Three types of joints – immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable 01. SYNARTHROSIS (PL. SYNARTHROSES) Immovable joint Connected by fibrous tissue Examples include the cranial sutures (fontanels) and sternocostal joint 02. AMPHIARTHROSIS (PL. AMPHIARTHROSES) Slightly movable joint Generally held together by cartilage Examples include the pubic symphysis, sacroiliac articulation, and intervertebral joints 03. DIARTHROSIS (PL. DIARTHROSES) Freely movable joint Sometimes called a synovial joint Connected by cartilage in a cavity containing fluid (synovial fluid) Synovial fluid allows for the bones to move appropriately together Examples include the shoulder, elbow, and wrist 05. LECTURE REVIEW VOCABULARY CHECK Axial skeleton Mandibular fossa Appendicular Meatus skeleton Ossicles Articulation Protuberance Carotid canal Pubic symphysis Conchae Sesamoid bone Condyle Sinus Eminence Skeletal External auditory Sutural meatus Symphysis Fontanel Zygomatic Fossa Joint  CONCEPT REVIEW Associated terminology Functions of the skeletal system Types of bones An in-depth view of the axial skeleton components An in-depth view of the appendicular skeleton components Types of joints LESSON OBJECTIVES Demonstrate technical skills in embalming and restorative art that are necessary for the preparation and handling of human remains Identify the major subdivisions of the skeletal system, including individual bones, their numbers, and their important functions Compare and contrast the different categories of articulations, listing examples of each system