Human Anatomy: Joint Classifications Quiz

Skeletal System Overview

• The adult human skeleton contains 206 bones.
• The skeletal system is divided into axial and appendicular skeletons.
• The axial skeleton comprises the skull, vertebrae, thorax, and hyoid bone, forming the central structure to which the appendicular skeleton is attached.
• The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones, including the pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities.
• Skull (22 bones + 6 ear ossicles)
• Hyoid bone
• Vertebrae (26 bones)
• Sternum (1 bone)
• Ribs (24 bones)
• Upper extremities + pectoral girdle (64 bones)
• Lower extremities + pelvic girdle (62 bones)

Learning Objectives

• Identify the major subdivisions of the skeletal system, including individual bones, their numbers, and their important functions.
• Compare and contrast the different categories of articulations, listing examples of each system.

Terminology - Basics

• Axial skeleton: The 80 bones composing the skull, vertebrae, thorax, and hyoid bone; the central structure to which the appendicular skeleton is attached.
• Appendicular skeleton: The 126 bones comprising the pectoral girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, and lower extremities.

Terminology - Joints

• Articulation: The connection between two or more bones (a joint).
• Joint: The connection between two bones; an articulation.
• Sutural: Relating to the line of union in an immovable articulation, such as between the cranial bones.
• Symphysis: A joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage, for example, the pubic symphysis.

Terminology - Bone Features

• Condyle: A curved protuberance at the end of a bone, forming part of an articulation.
• Epicondyle: A protuberance on or above a condyle of a long bone.
• Eminence: A prominence or projection of a bone.
• Fossa: A shallow depression.
• Meatus: A passage or opening through a bone.
• Protuberance: An anatomic landmark appearing as a blunt projection (like a knob).

Terminology - Specific Structures

• Carotid canal: A canal or passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery passes.
• External auditory meatus: The lateral, outer opening of the ear (auditory canal).
• Mandibular fossa: The depression in the temporal bone where the mandible's condyle fits.
• Pubic symphysis: The slightly movable junction of the anterior portion of the os coxae.
• Zygomatic: Pertaining to the cheek bone.

Terminology - Other Terms

• Conchae: Ridges within the nasal cavity walls.
• Fontanel: A temporarily unossified area on the surface of an infant's cranium.
• Ossicles: Any small bones, such as the three bones of the middle ear.
• Malleolus: Bony prominence on either side of the ankle.
• Prominence: A bony prominence close to the skin's surface (superficial).
• Sesamoid bone: A bone shaped like a sesame seed, embedded in a tendon (e.g., the patella).

Tissue Types

• Cancellous (spongy) bone: Porous bone tissue inside bones.
• Spongy tissue (Bone marrow): Contains stem cells and produces blood cells.
• Compact bone: The hard, dense outer layer of bone, containing osteocytes (bone cells) in tiny spaces called lacunae.
• Cartilage: Flexible but firm connective tissue providing structure and support.

Functions of Bone

• Support: The framework for the body.
• Protection: Safeguarding internal organs.
• Movement: Lever system for muscles.
• Storage: Storing minerals (calcium and phosphorus).
• Hemopoiesis: Blood cell formation.

Types of Bones

• Long bones: Examples include the humerus.
• Short bones: Examples include carpals.
• Irregular bones: Examples include vertebrae.
• Sesamoid bones: Examples include the patella.
• Sutural bones: Examples include cranial bones.

The Axial Skeleton - 80 Bones

• Skull: The cranium (8 bones) and facial bones (14).
• Spine: Cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (1 bone), coccyx (1 bone).
• Chest: Sternum (1 bone) and Ribs (24 bones).
• Hyoid: (1 bone)

The Skull (22 bones + 6 ear ossicles)

• Features: Calvaria - top part of skull, Orbit – cavity holding eyes and appendages.
• Cranium (8 bones):
• Frontal bone (1)
• Parietal bones (2)
• Occipital bone (1)
• Temporal bones (2)
• Sphenoid bone (1)
• Ethmoid bone (1)
• Facial bones (14):
• Nasal bones (2)
• Lacrimal bones (2)
• Zygomatic bones (2)
• Palatine bones (2)
• Maxilla (2)
• Vomer (1)
• Inferior nasal conchae (2)
• Mandible (1)

The Appendicular Skeleton - 126 Bones (Details omitted for brevity due to lengthy list)

• Upper extremities + pectoral girdle (64 bones): Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
• Lower extremities + pelvic girdle (62 bones): Os Coxae, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges

Arthrology - The Study of Joints

• Joint: The connection between two or more bones.
• Types of Joints:
• Synarthrosis: Immovable joints (e.g., cranial sutures).
• Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints (e.g., pubic symphysis).
• Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints (e.g., shoulder, elbow, wrist).

Vocabulary Check (List of terms)

• List of major terms and their definitions.

Concept Review (Summary of key topics)

• Summary of different topics covered.

Lesson Objectives (Summary of learning goals)

• Define the learning objectives.