Lesson 1-3 Bioethics PDF

Bioethics Bioethics, branch of applied ethics that studies the philosophical, social, and legal issues arising in medicine and the life sciences. It is chiefly concerned with human life and well-being. Ethics - moral philosophy; right and wr...

Bioethics Bioethics, branch of applied ethics that studies the philosophical, social, and legal issues arising in medicine and the life sciences. It is chiefly concerned with human life and well-being. Ethics - moral philosophy; right and wrong behaviors are being analyzed, defending with recommendations of principles. Ethical dilemma - A circumstance where at least two potential activities seem, by all accounts, to be similarly legitimate from a moral perspective, for example one must pick between the lesser of two wrongs or the more prominent of two merchandise. Ethical reasoning - Making a choice because of an ethical situation based a cautious and careful evaluation of the various alternatives considering the realities and conditions and moral contemplations. PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT: What is the main purpose of bioethics? 1. Early foundations are critical Ethical Guidance: Bioethics offers ethical guidance 2. Development and learning result from interaction in a particular field of human conduct. Clarification: of heredity and environment. Bioethics points to many novel complex cases, for 3. Development proceeds in definite and predictable example, gene technology, cloning, and human-animal directions. chimeras and facilitates the awareness of the particular 4. There are individual differences in development. problem in public discourse. 5. Each phase of development has hazards. 6. Development is aided by stimulation. Why is bioethics important in nursing 7. Domains of human development - physical, social, profession? emotional and cognitive- are closely related. 8. Development is affected by cultural changes. Bioethics in healthcare brings understanding and 9. There are social expectations for every stage of knowledge among healthcare professionals about development. medical practice. Stressing upon the ethical aspects of bioethics, medical professionals are capable of tagging NEEDS AND VALUES along ethical codes while practicing especially while dealing with issues Value – is a fundamental belief or practice about what is desirable, worthwhile, and important to an individual. GROWTH VS. DEVELOPMENT Examples: Growth is defined as the development of a person in Financial security weight, age, size, and habits. On the other hand, Family development is defined as the process wherein a Helping others person's growth is visible in relation to the physical, Education environmental, and social factors. Good health Development is defined as the growth process wherein Religious commitment a person develops in relation to physical, Honesty environmental, and social factors. Development can A successful and/or satisfying career have several meanings. In terms of children, the Human Needs development of a child depends upon several factors like physical, nutritional, genetic, and environmental. Self-actualization  Self-esteem EARLY EXPERIENCE VS. LATER EXPERIENCE Love and Belonging Early Experience - Experience acquired in the first 5 Safety and Security years of life, which is believed to have a significant Physiological Needs influence on a child's subsequent cognitive, social, and emotional development. Later Experience - A second important consideration in developmental psychology involves the relative CONFLICTING THEORIES ABOUT importance of early experiences versus those that DEVELOPMENT. occur later in life. Are we more affected by events that NATURE VS. NURTURE occur in early childhood, or do later events play an equally important role? Nature refers largely to our genetics. It includes the genes we are born with and other hereditary factors These theories are the foundations of studying human that can impact how our personality is formed and behavior of the 21st century. The major theories and influence the way that we develop from childhood its founder that are acknowledged internationally through adulthood. Nurture encompasses the include the following: environmental factors that impact who we are. THEORIES FOUNDER - Genes and Hereditary Factors Biological theory (Mendelian Law) - Gregor Mendel - Physical Appearance Mendel's laws of inheritance are statements about the way certain characteristics are - Personality Characteristics transmitted from one generation to another “Nurture” is defined as the many environmental in an organism. variables that affect a person, including their experiences in early childhood, family and social Psychoanalytic Theory - Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud relationships, culture, and community. Both nature and theory is a method of investigating and treating personality disorders that is nurture are linked to the philosophical concepts of commonly used in psychotherapy. empiricism and rationalism. - Environmental Variables Psychosocial Theory - Psychosocial Erik Erikson - Childhood Experiences theories address patterned changes in ego - How We Were Raised development, including self-understanding, identity formation, social relationships, and - Social Relationship worldview across the life span. - Surrounding Culture CONTINUITY VS. DISCONTINUITY Cognitive Theory - Cognitive theory Jean Piaget suggests that the human mind is like a The continuity view says that change is gradual. computer that is constantly processing and Children become more skillful in thinking, talking or encoding data. acting much the same way as they get taller. Social Development Theory - Lev Vygotsky The discontinuity view sees development as more socialization directly affects the process of abrupt-a succession of changes that produce different learning by an individual. By socializing behaviors in different age-specific life periods called with someone who has more knowledge of stages. the topic to be learned, i.e.: peers or an adult, we transfer knowledge and start the PASSIVITY VS. ACTIVITY learning process. Passive beings whose characteristics are molded either Social Learning Theory - The goal of the Albert Bandura by social influences (parents, other significant people, social learning theory is to show that an and outside events) or by biological changes beyond individual can learn in multiple ways. their control. People make choices based on self- Active beings who are the prime determiners of their reflection, but mainly the environment in which a person finds themselves influences own abilities and traits. the way they behave and learn. Ecological Theory - Ecological theory Urie suggests that overall trophic efficiency and Bronfenbrenner number of trophic levels in food webs are related to ecosystem production, and that ecosystem respiration reflects the summation of losses at all trophic steps (e.g., Lindeman, 1942; Williams and Martinez, 2004). Theory of Moral Reasoning - Moral Lawrence reasoning applies critical analysis to Kohlberg specific events to determine what is right or wrong, and what people ought to do in a particular situation. Both philosophers and psychologists study moral reasoning. Teological (Consequence-Oriented) Theories → In teleological ethics, consequences drive the moral decision. For example, most people believe that lying is wrong, but if telling a lie would do no harm and help to make a person happy or save someone, this action would be right in teleological ethics. Utilitarianism → Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Deontological (Duty-Oriented) Theories → Deontology is an ethical theory that says actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules. Its name comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty. Actions that align with these rules are ethical, while actions that don't aren't.