HGAP 4.1,4.2,4.3 Review PDF

yTOPIC 4.1 Introduction to Political Geography Mr. Sinns 4.1 Please watch Learning Objective: For world political maps: 1) Define the different types of political entities. 2) Identify a contemporary example of political entities. Pages 309-316 in Red Textbook Module 25 terms to...

yTOPIC 4.1 Introduction to Political Geography Mr. Sinns 4.1 Please watch Learning Objective: For world political maps: 1) Define the different types of political entities. 2) Identify a contemporary example of political entities. Pages 309-316 in Red Textbook Module 25 terms to definitions and descriptions know Political geography Political map State/Country Independent state Sovereign state nation nation-state Nation-state ideal  nationalism Stateless nation Multinational state Multistate nations Autonomous region Semi-Autonomous region AP© HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TOPIC 4.1 Introduction To Political Geography States & Nations 1.​ What does a state consist of? Defined area, a permanent population, government, sovereignty, recognized by other states. 2.​ What does it mean for a state to have sovereignty? The government has control over its domestic affairs and also international affairs. 3.​ Explain how a nation differs from a state. A state references a government and land, while a nation references a group of people with a shared culture and history. 4.​ Define self-determination. Right or desire of a nation, or a group of people, to govern themselves. Political Entities  1.​ What is a nation-state? A sovereign state that has a homogenous population that has a shared language, culture, and history. Ex: Iceland or Japan 2.​ Describe two characteristics of a nation-state. - Isolated in history - geographically smaller, centered around one nation 3.​ Identify an example of a nation-state. Japan, Iceland, Denmark 4.​ What is a multinational state? A state that has more than one nation within its borders. 5.​ Describe two characteristics of a multinational state. - One cultural group that is the dominant group and is in control over the political economic and social structures of the state 6.​ Identify an example of a multinational state. Soviet Union modern-day Russia and the United States 7.​ What is a multistate nation? A nation that has a state of its own, but also resides in other states. Political Entities 8.​ Identify an example of a multistate nation. North Korea and South Korea, Kurds 9.​ Explain the concept of a stateless nation. A group of people or a nation that doesn't have its own independent country. 10.​Describe why the Kurds are an example of a stateless nation. They don’t have any land that is legally theirs. 11.​Identify two other examples of a stateless nation. Basques, Flemish, Catalonians, Palestinians Political Entities: Regions  1.​ What is an autonomous region? A geographic area that is located within a state and has a high degree of autonomy from a state. 2.​ What are the two characteristics of an autonomous region? Can govern themselves, a high degree of freedom 3.​ Identify an example of an autonomous region. Native American reservations in America 4.​ What is a semi-autonomous region? A geographic region that is controlled by another state, but only has a moderate degree of self-governance. 5.​ What are two characteristics of a semi-autonomous region? Semi-autonomous regions have less control over their policy 6.​ Identify an example of a semi-autonomous region. China and Hong Kong 7.​ Explain the difference between an autonomous and semi-autonomous region. Control and Power 8.​ What is a city-state? A sovereign state with political and economic control over the surronding countryside Summarize (2-4 sentences) Write down the main points! This will help with your retention. What is the relationship between States and Nations? Directions: In groups, determine which image correlates with which definition. Make sure you can explain your thinking. State Illustration Real-world example(s) Nation-state Borders of one national group coincide with the borders of one country. South Korea, Iceland, Japan, and Portugal Bi-National State A single country that is home to two distinct nations/national groups Israelis and Palestinians Multinational State One country is home to several national groups Indonesia, Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Belgium. Multi-State Nation One national group is spread over Canada, India, Russia, South several adjacstatestate and is the Africa, Spain, and the United majority in one of th.ose states. Kingdom Irridentism A national group controls one country Nazi Germany's while also seeking control of an adjacent area of a second country. Ethnic Enclave A small national group is surrounded Cubans in Miami, New by a larger national group inside another country. York's Chinatown, Japanese and Korean enclaves in California, and Jewish communities in Manhattan Ethnic Exclave A national group not only controls its Exclave of Azerbaijan own country but members of that group are clustered into areas of other countries as well. Stateless Nation One national group is spread over Kurds (Kurdistan), several states and is NOT the majority in any of these states. Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba Questions:​ 1.​ What is an autonomous or semi-autonomous region? Provide an example.​ ​ A geographic region that is controlled by another state, but only has a moderate degree of self-governance. A geographic region that is controlled by another state, but only has a moderate degree of self-governance. ​ 2.​ What is the importance of understanding a state’s relationship to its people? ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3.​ After watching the videos, describe why the creation of a Kurdish state is challenging. Discuss the role of colonization, sovereignty, nationalism,m and/or Kurdish state identity in your answer. Because The Jurds are in other people's places but they don’t have their land. ____________________________________________________________________________ LEARNING OBJECTIVE PSO-4.B Explain the processes that have shaped contemporary political geography. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE PSO-4.B.1 The concepts of sovereignty, nation-states, and self-determination shape the contemporary world. PSO-4.B.2 Colonialism, imperialism, independence movements, and devolution along national lines have influenced contemporary political boundaries. Mr. Sinns 4.2 Video-Please Watch Module 26 (pages 319-329) ​ Define each term below in at least one sentence. Module 26 terms to definitions and descriptions know Self-determination A nation’s ability to determine its statehood and form its statehood and form its allegiances and government; the freedom of culturally distinct groups to themselves in their territories and form their states Core area A small territorial nucleus is the area from which a country grows over time. escarpments Abrupt slopes that break up the general continuity of the terrain. Effective The idea that a state’s power to enforce its sovereignty may extend beyond its sovereignty territory and varies over time and from country to country. devolution The power movement from the central government to regional governments within the state. ethnonationalism​ A form of nationalism in which the nations are defined in terms of ethnic identity. Territorial forces Occur on the margins of states or islands. Berlin Conference Colonialism Imperialism Decolonization Devolution  Balkanization Learning Objective: Explain the processes that have shaped contemporary political geography. Colonial Era 1.​ What is colonialism? The idea of acquiring territories and settling there to exert political, economic, and social control over the area. 2.​ Explain how imperialism differs from colonialism. Colonialism is about claiming territories and settling, whereas imperialism does not involve creating a colony. Often, imperialism is the ideology or driving force behind colonialism. 3.​ Identify two ways in which colonialism and imperialism positively reshaped the world. This led to the global diffusion of different religions, languages, cultures, resources, people, and ideas that created new countries. Reshaped political boundaries and reshaped different political and economic systems. 4.​ Identify two ways in which colonialism and imperialism negatively reshaped the world. - This led to the forced migration of enslaved people across the. It also created an imbalance in power between core countries in the world. 5.​ Describe what happened at the Berlin Conference. European powers colonized the continent: settle disputes between the European powers with interests in Africa to create borders of ownership. 6.​ Explain how the Berlin Conference impacted the continent of Africa. Established the legal claim by Europeans that all of Africa could be occupied by whoever could take it. 7.​ Why were many African states still dependent on their former colonial rules after gaining independence? After gaining independence, many African countries still depended on their former colonial rulers because their economies were controlled by them, and they lacked strong political systems. This made it hard for the new countries to be fully independent. 8.​ Write down two observations you have when comparing the Conflicts in Africa by state borders map with the Conflicts in Africa by Ethnic region map. The maps show that conflicts often happen along borders created during colonial times that ignore ethnic groups, and many ethnic groups are divided by these borders, causing more tension.  9.​ Define decolonization. Decolonization is when a country that was once a colony becomes independent and starts to govern itself. 10.​How does the United Nations define a Non-self governing territory? The UN defines Non-Self-Governing Territories as areas that are not fully independent and are still controlled by another country. Name: ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period: Unit 4: Political Geography 4.2- Decolonization Through Maps Activity LEARNING OBJECTIVE PSO-4.B Explain the processes that have shaped contemporary Essential Questions: A.​ How did colonialism and imperialism lead to independence movements? In what way does this influence political boundaries and shape the political map since WWII? B.​ Why do political boundaries not always coincide with patterns of language, religion, ethnicity, & nationality? Step 1: Introduction to Decolonization through Maps Reading Jigsaw Directions: In the same years that the Cold War was developing, there was a great political change – decolonization. Read each of the following paragraphs, answer the questions at the end of each section in order to understand what decolonization was and how it relates to the Cold War. Questions reflect FRQ format. Part 1 - Background Since the age of imperialism in the 19th century, imperialist nations owned almost all the lands in Africa, South Asia, Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands as colonies. The Western imperialists had dominated the governments of their colonies, introduced western laws, schools, and religions and tried to change the cultures of the people in the colonies in order to “civilize” them. In other areas, such as Latin America and China, the imperialists had spheres of influence. Countries in the spheres of influence had their own governments, but their economies were dominated by the imperialists. Five imperialist powers, Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan and Russia, held spheres of influence in China. The economic and military power of the US had a domineering effect on the nations in the Caribbean and Latin America. The imperialist nations used their colonies and the countries in their spheres of influence as sources of raw materials to fuel Western factories, and as markets for Western manufactured goods. This system made the imperialists nations extremely wealthy. 1.​ Compare and contrast a colony with a sphere of influence​ __A colony is directly controlled by an imperial power, while a sphere of influence is where the imperial power controls the economy but lets the local government stay in charge. 2.​ Explain two reasons how western imperialist nations benefit from colonies and spheres of influence. __Economic Gain: Colonies and spheres gave Western countries raw materials for their factories. Market Access: They provided places to sell the goods made in Western factories. _______ Part 2 - Colonial Independence In almost all the colonies, there were anti-colonial, nationalist movements which worked for independence. Between World War I and World War II, the Indian National Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, built up a mass movement in India to resist British rule through boycotts, strikes, and other methods of nonviolent protest. The British colony of India became two independent nations, India and Pakistan, in 1947. The success of the Indian anti-colonists inspired ant-colonial leaders across Africa and Asia. During World War II, Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, Italy, and Japan all lost control of their colonies. They also emerged from the war greatly weakened in power. The Western colonizers faced increased national resistance in colonies in the decade after 1945, and their leaders realized that maintaining control with larger and larger armies was too expensive. In some imperialist nations, many people had come to believe that the colonies should become independent. 3.​ Identify and explain one-way colonization and imperialism led to nationalism.​ ______Colonization and imperialism made people in colonized countries want independence  because they were being treated unfairly and wanted to control their land and culture. This anger and desire for freedom led to movements for self-rule and nationalism. 4.​ Discuss why the end of WWII marked the beginning of the many independence movements.​ _After WWII, European countries were weakened and couldn’t afford to control their colonies anymore, which made it easier for colonized nations to demand independence. Also, ideas about self-determination spread, encouraging people to fight for the right to choose their government. Part 3 - Impact of WWII The US, for example, planned to free the Philippines before that colony was taken over by the Japanese in 1942. When American, Filipino, and other allied soldiers freed the Philippines from Japanese control in 1945, the US granted it formal independence in 1946. In the Atlantic Charter of 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill pledged that the US and Great Britain would not take over any territory after the war and that all people had a right to self-determination, that is, to decide for themselves what their government should be. Although Western nations agreed that the colonies should be free, they assumed that the new nations made from those colonies should continue to follow the leadership of the West. Western leaders assumed the colonies should form nation-states, copying the European and American model, and allow Western business and people to continue to own their properties in the former colonies. The nation-state model presented big problems for the new nations, which were often created out of many different ethnic and religious groups who had no shared past. With no much of the former colony’s best land and most important resources owned by foreign imperialists, the new nations found themselves poor and dependent producers of raw materials in the Western-dominated world market. 5.​ Define self-determination.​ ____Self-determination is the right of people to choose their own government and make decisions about how they want to be ruled. 6.​ Identify and explain two issues related to the creation of the political boundaries of newly independent states. ___Ethnic and Religious Divisions: New countries often had many different ethnic and religious groups, leading to conflicts because they had no shared history or culture. Arbitrary Borders: Colonial powers created borders without considering local groups, which sometimes forced enemies to live together or split up people from the same group, causing problems. Part 4 - Decolonization and Nationalism  Decolonization, or the end of foreign domination and the formation of new independent nations, happened in three general ways. First, some colonies won their freedom without serious violence. Great Britain granted independence to Nigeria and Uganda because the nationalist movements in those counties were willing to let British and other Western businesses to hold on to the plantations and mines they owned. However, in a second group of colonies, such as Kenya, Algeria and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), there were many white settlers, who fought hard to prevent decolonization and hold on to the land and business they held under colonial rule. Nationalist movements in those colonies had to fight long and bloody wars to win their freedom. The third type of decolonization occurred when there was a nationalist movement that followed Marxism. These nationalists wanted to change their entire economy and society based on the principles of socialism and to get rid of ownership of property or resources by Western foreigners. The Marxist Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, fought against the Chinese Nationalist Party for control of China both before and after World War II. The US supported the Nationalist Party, and the Soviet Union supported the Communists. In 1949, the Chinese Communist Party won the civil war and the Nationalists retreated to the island of Taiwan, where they set up the “Republic of China” with Jaing Jeishi as their first president. Mao Zedong became the “premier” of the “People’s Republic of China.” While the Communists on the mainland confiscated all property, the Nationalists on Taiwan welcomed free enterprise and US business and aid. 7.​ Discuss three ways nations decolonized. Provide an example for each.​ Peaceful Decolonization: Some countries gained independence through negotiations, like Nigeria and Uganda, where nationalist groups worked with the British. Violent Decolonization: Countries with many white settlers, like Kenya and Algeria, had to fight wars to gain independence. Marxist Decolonization: Some nationalist movements, like China’s Communist Party, wanted to change their economy and remove foreign control, leading to the Communists winning in 1949.__________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 8.​ Taiwan is still considered a part of China despite the fact that it seeks to be recognized as an independent and sovereign nation. Explain how the history of China’s independence contributes to China’s unwillingness to grant Taiwan independence. __China sees Taiwan as part of its territory because the Nationalists fled there after losing the civil war in 1949, and they believe Taiwan should be reunified with the mainland. Taiwan’s  independence challenges China's idea of national unity, which is why they don’t want to recognize it as separate.________________________ Part 5 - The US and the Soviet Union Both the US and the Soviet Union wanted to influence the new independent nations. Because each superpower believed that its principle should guide the new nations’ policies each tried to block the influence of the other superpower. In addition to their opposing principles of liberal democracy and capitalism (US) and communism (Soviet Union), both superpowers had practical interests; each wanted access to the resources and raw materials in the new nations. The Soviet Union strongly opposed colonialism, offered support to nationalist movements and sometimes provided weapons to nationalist groups. The Soviets also gave economic aid to some nations in Asia and Africa which had strategic locations or valuable resources. The US used its influence to encourage the Dutch to leave Indonesia and the British to free some of their African colonies. However, the US did not want to see any Marxist nationalists movements come to power in a new nation, speculating that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect. This became known as the Domino Theory and shaped US foreign policy during the Cold War. For that reason, the US refused to support the Vietnamese nationalist movement, whose leader, Ho Chi Minh, was a communist. Instead the US gave aid and military support to the French, who were the imperialists. The US was motivated by opposition to communism and by a desire to protect American business in the colonies. As both superpowers offered aid money to new nations and supported opposite sides in civil war, they opened up new battlefields for the Cold War. 9.​ Define Domino Theory​ _The Domino Theory was the idea that if one country became communist, nearby countries would follow, like a chain reaction.____________ 10.​Compare and contrast the competing political interests of the US and the Soviets with regard to new independent states. __The US wanted new nations to be democratic and capitalist, while the Soviets supported communist movements and wanted to spread communism______________ 11.​Describe the consequence of Cold War politics on newly created states. ____Newly independent states became places where the US and Soviets fought for influence, often giving aid or supporting different sides in wars to push their ideas.________ Step 2: Analyze and Interpret Maps Link to Maps Directions: You have been giving a number of maps detailing the fate of former colonies in the Cold War era. In small groups, review each map and answer the accompanying question. Map 1: The Three World Order, 1947 – 1991 1.​ What nations were in the First World? Which side of the Cold War did the First World take?​ The First World included democratic and capitalist countries like the United States, Canada, countries in Western Europe (like the UK, France, and Germany), and Japan. During the Cold War, these countries sided with the US and supported capitalism and democracy, opposing the Soviet Union and communism.______ 2.​ What nations were in the Second World? Which side did the Second World take?​ The Second World was made up of communist countries, mainly the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe (like Poland, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia), as well as China and other communist nations. During the Cold War, the Second World sided with the Soviet Union and supported communism against the democratic and capitalist nations of the First World.__________ 3.​ What nations were in the third world? Predict which side these nations would have taken. Explain your reasoning.​ ___The Third World included newly independent countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were not aligned with either the First World or the Second World. Many of these nations leaned towards the Soviet Union or communism due to anti-colonial struggles, while others supported the United States for aid and development._________ 4.​ In which of the three worlds were most of the imperialist nations?​ _Most of the imperialist nations were in the First World, including countries like the United States, Great Britain, France, and Japan, which were democratic and capitalist. These nations controlled colonies and exerted influence over many parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.__________ Map 2: Decolonization in Africa 5.​ In what decade did most of the African nations become independent?​ ______Most African nations became independent in the 1960s, as many gained freedom from European colonial powers during this time._________ 6.​ Which colonizer had the largest empire?​ ____The British had the largest empire, controlling vast territories in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and other parts of the world.______________  7.​ List five states that had anti-colonial revolts or wars after World War II.​ ________Algeria (against France) Vietnam (against France, later the US) Kenya (against Britain) India (against Britain) Angola (against Portugal)_________________________ Map 3: Linguistic groups of Nigeria 8.​ How many linguistic (ethnic) groups were combined in the state of Nigeria? What problems might this cause? _The state of Nigeria is made up of over 250 ethnic groups. This can cause problems like ethnic tensions, competition for resources, and difficulty in creating a unified national identity.______________ Map 4: Ethno Political Africa Map Comparison 9.​ In the reading it states, that ” the nation-state model presented big problems for the new nations, which were often created out of many different ethnic and religious groups who had no shared past.”​ How does this map support the statement above? Can you think of any “big problems” that might result from these types of superimposed boundaries? ____The map shows that many new nations were created with borders that divided or combined different ethnic and religious groups. This supports the statement because it can lead to conflicts, ethnic tensions, and struggles for power, as groups with no shared history are forced to live together under one government.______________________ Map 5: Decolonization in Asia and the Middle East 10.​Which colonies became independent before the end of World War II in 1945?​ ______Some colonies that became independent before the end of World War II in 1945 include India (from Britain in 1947) and the Philippines (from the US in 1946).____________ 11.​Which colonies became independent between 1945 and 1950?​ __Colonies that became independent between 1945 and 1950 include Indonesia (from the Netherlands in 1945) and Vietnam (from France in 1954)._____ 12.​Which states had anti-colonial revolts or civil wars?​ __States with anti-colonial revolts or civil wars include Algeria, Vietnam, Kenya, Angola, and Congo._______ Map 6, 7, 8, 9: India Use the four maps listed to answer the questions below.  13.​When the British freed their colony of India in 1947, it was divided into two nations, India and Pakistan, based on the religious identification of the majority of the population in each area. What areas of India became Pakistan? ____When Britain freed India in 1947, Pakistan was created from the areas with a Muslim majority, including West Punjab, East Bengal (now Bangladesh), and North-West Frontier Province.___________ 14.​What problems might this division of South Asia into two nation-states cause?​ ___The division of South Asia into India and Pakistan caused problems like religious conflict, mass migration, and border disputes, particularly over Kashmir.________ Colonies Map 15.​Who Colonized what? List the modern-day countries that were once controlled by the following nations. A.​ United Kingdom/Great Britain - India, Pakistan, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Egypt, Jamaica, Malaysia B.​ France- Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Algeria, Senegal, Mali, Tunisia, Madagascar, Ivory Coast C.​ Portugal- Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde D.​ Spain- Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Argentina, Philippines, Cuba E.​ Russia- Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania F.​ Turkey- Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, Greece, Albania, Palestine G.​ United States- Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, Panama H.​ The Netherlands- Indonesia, Suriname, Aruba I.​ Japan- Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, Guam J.​ Germany- Namibia, Tanzania, Cameroon, Rwanda, Burundi, China K.​ Belgium- Congo, Rwanda, Burundi ________________________________________________________________________  TOPIC 4.3 Political Power and Territoriality LEARNING OBJECTIVES PSO-4.C Describe the concepts of political power and territoriality as used by geographers. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE PSO-4.C.1 Political power is expressed geographically as control over people, land, and resources, as illustrated by neocolonialism, shatterbelts, and choke points. PSO-4.C.2 Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems tothe land. Mr. Sinns 4.3 Must watch. Learning Objective: Describe the concepts of political power and territoriality as used by geographers. LEARNING OBJECTIVE PSO-4.C Describe the concepts of political power and territoriality as used by geographers. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE PSO-4.C.1 Political power is expressed geographically as control over people, land, and resources, as illustrated by neocolonialism, shatter belts, and choke points. PSO-4.C.2 Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land. Vocabulary (pages 333-347) Define each term below in at least one sentence Module 27 terms to definitions and descriptions know Neocolonialism The set of economic and political strategies by which wealthy and powerful countries indirectly maintain or extend their influence o Wealthy areas. Peripheral states States that have relatively little industrial development, simple produc focused mostly on agriculture and raw materials, and low levels of con Manufactured goods. Core States States that have relatively little industrial development, simple produc Focused mostly on agriculture and raw materials, and low consumptio manufactured goods. Shatterbelt Region of continuing and persistent fragmentation due to devolution a centrifugal Forces Eastern Europe Shatterbelt choke point A narrow passage that restricts to another region Strait A narrow body of water connects two larger bodies of water. Boundary A clearly demarcated line that marks both the limits of territory and di between territories, often called a border at the global scale.  Median line An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the midpoint betw principle places. Borderland A region straddling both sides of an international boundary where nat overlap and blend to varying degrees. Frontier A region at the margins of state control and settlement. Enclave A territory surrounded by a country but not ruled by it. Exclave Part of a national territory separated from the main body of the count belongs Territoriality Territoriality & Political Power 1.​ Explain the concept of territoriality. How people communicate to convey ownership or occupy a geographic area. Territoriality is when people or groups claim control over a certain area, like marking their home or land as "theirs." They might show this by putting up fences, displaying flags, or using certain spaces for themselves. 2.​ How might you express territoriality in your life? You might express territoriality by having a personal space at home or school, keeping your things separate from others, or marking your room as your own. 3.​ Define neocolonialism. Using your political and economic influence over another country to control it indirectly. Neocolonialism is when a powerful country or company controls another country, not by taking over directly, but by using things like money, trade, or loans to make the weaker country follow its rules or help it out.  4.​ What is a multinational company? A multinational company is a business that operates in more than one country. Its main office might be in one country, but it has stores, factories, or offices in others, influencing the global economy. 5.​ Identify two ways in which a multinational company impacts the global community. Economic Impact: They drive trade and investments, affecting jobs and economies worldwide. Cultural Impact: They spread cultural products and ideas, like movies, food, or fashion, making cultures around the world more similar. Neocolonialism 1.​ Describe how a country could use loans to gain more political power over the country? A country can give another country a loan and attach conditions that make the borrower country follow its rules. By controlling the loan terms, the lender can gain political power over the borrowing country. 2.​ How does the diffusion of modern culture impact countries around the world? Modern culture spreads globally, through things like movies, TV, and the internet. While this can bring new ideas, it may also cause local cultures to fade or change. 3.​ Define decolonization. Decolonization is when a country that was once controlled by a colonial power gains its independence and becomes its nation. 4.​ Briefly describe who benefits the most from the current global trade. Multinational companies and developed countries benefit the most from global trade because they control the production and distribution of goods. Developing countries often get less and face challenges in global markets. Africa & China 1.​ Briefly describe what China is doing in Africa. China is investing heavily in Africa, building infrastructure, making trade deals, and securing resources like oil and minerals. This helps China grow its economy and gain political influence. 2.​ Identify two infrastructure projects that China has helped fund in Africa. Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway: A railroad funded by China that connects Ethiopia to the coast, helping with trade. Mombasa-Nairobi Railway: A rail project in Kenya funded by China to make transportation and trade easier. 3.​ Explain why China would give low-interest loans to African countries. China gives low-interest loans to African countries to build relationships, secure resources, and increase its influence. This is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative to expand trade and investment. 4.​ Why would China be interested in investing in Africa? China wants access to Africa’s natural resources like oil and minerals, and also sees it as a place to sell products and grow its economy. 5.​ Explain how China advancing in the demographic transition model and countries in Africa advancing in the model influences China’s decision to move manufacturing and resources to Africa. As China becomes more industrialized and its labor costs rise, it is shifting some of its manufacturing to Africa, where labor is cheaper and there is a younger workforce. 6.​ How has China been using its political power to influence countries in Africa? China uses its investments and loans to influence African countries, making it easier for China to access resources and secure political alliances. 7.​ In two sentences explain how China is using neocolonialism in Africa. China is using loans to build infrastructure in Africa, which sometimes makes African countries unable to pay back their debts. This gives China control over key resources and projects. Choke Points & Shatterbelts 1.​ Choke points What is a choke point? Where are they located? How wide is this choke point? Why is it important (how much oil passes through it, etc.)? Choke Point Map More Choke Point Maps a.​ Strait of Gibraltar b.​ Strait of Hormuz c.​ Strait of Malacca d.​ Bosporus and Dardanelles (Turkish Straits) e.​ Panama Canal f.​ Suez Canal g.​ Strait of Dover h.​Bab-el-Mandeb  2.​ Why would controlling a choke point increase a country's political and economic power? If a country controls a choke point, it can limit or control the flow of goods like oil, which gives it power over global trade. This can also help them influence other countries. 3.​ Explain how the events that happened in the Suez Canal in May 2021 impacted the global community. When the Ever Given container ship blocked the Suez Canal in 2021, it caused huge delays in global shipping. It showed how important choke points are to international trade and how a small disruption can have a big impact. Choke Points Complete all tasks in order and as instructed. Task One: Locate the following choke points on the world map. *This is a drawing. You should be able to double-click on the image and it will open a Google Drawing document. From there, you should be able to label the choke points. Reach out with any issues. a.​ Panama Canal b.​ Suez Canal c.​ Strait of Malacca d.​ Strait of Hormuz e.​ Strait of Bab el-Mandeb f.​ Turkish Straits g.​ Dover Strait h.​ Strait of Gibraltar Task Two: Answer the following questions using this resource. i.​ Identify the total tonnage of goods passed through the Panama Canal in 2019. j.​ Identify the waterway connecting the continents of Europe and Asia. k.​ Identify the world’s narrowest choke point. l.​ Identify the choke point serving as the “primary vein of the world’s oil source’. m.​ Identify the choke point connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. n.​ Describe the difference between a structural risk and a geopolitical risk. Task Three: The Ever Given and the weaponisation of choke-points o.​ Take 15 minutes and read the article above. p.​ After reading, complete the following:: i.​ Construct a 20-Word abstract of the article. ii.​ Compare a geographic choke point to a digital choke point.  iii.​ Explain what is meant by weaponizing a choke point. iv.​ Explain the following: “In a future, states will likely become more transactional and try to force changes in behaviour from others in exchange for the use of a platform or supply chain.” 4.​ What is a shatterbelt? A shatterbelt is a region where there is a lot of conflict and instability, often because of ethnic, religious, or political divisions. These regions can experience foreign intervention and changes in borders. 5.​ Explain how countries located inside a shatterbelt region are impacted. Countries often face war, political unrest, and economic problems. 6.​ Identify and example three examples of a shatterbelt region. The Balkans: In Eastern Europe, where countries like Yugoslavia split apart due to ethnic and political conflict. The Caucasus: Between Europe and Asia, where countries like Armenia and Azerbaijan have territorial disputes. The Middle East: A region filled with religious and political conflicts, such as the Israeli-Palestinian issue. Objective: (4.3) Describe the concepts of political power and territoriality as used by geographers. Directions: Use the ESRI activity to answer the following questions. Part A- Eastern Europe: Use the ESRI maps to answer the following: 1.​ Define Balkanization. Balkanization is when a large country splits into smaller, often hostile, parts because of ethnic, political, or cultural differences. This happened when Yugoslavia broke up in the 1990s. 2.​ Identify the states that were formed from Yugoslavia. The countries formed after Yugoslavia's breakup are Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Kosovo. Part B- East Asia: Use the ESRI maps & watch “The Domino Theory” video 3.​ Compare the outcomes of the Korean Conflict and the Vietnam War. The Korean War ended in a ceasefire, keeping North and South Korea divided into communist and non-communist countries. The Vietnam War ended with North Vietnam taking over South Vietnam and uniting the country under communism. Part C: The Middle East: Use the ESRI maps & watch “The Middle East’s Cold War Explained” 4.​ Define proxy war. A proxy war is when countries support opposing sides in a conflict without directly fighting, using local groups to do the fighting. 5.​ Identify the TWO main states involved in Middle East Conflicts. The United States Iran  Part D-Ukraine: Use the ESRI maps & watch “What most people miss about the war in Ukraine” 6.​ Explain the cultural impact of Ukraine’s history. Ukraine’s history of foreign control, especially by Russia, has made Ukrainians value their independence and culture, which influences their struggle for sovereignty today. Part E- Caucasus Region: Use the ESRI maps & watch “Dispatch: The Significance of the Caucasus” 7.​ Compare the Eastern European and Caucasus shatterbelts. Eastern European Shatterbelt: Marked by ethnic and political conflicts, especially after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Caucasus Shatterbelt: Features ethnic conflicts, like the Nagorno-Karabakh war between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and outside powers getting involved. ____________________________________________________________________________ 4.1-4.3 Review 1.​ Terms you must know Nations Nation- states Stateless nations Multinational states Multistate nations Autonomous regions Semi Autonomous regions Colonialism Imperialism Independence movements Independent State Devolution Nationalism Neocolonialism Shatterbelts Chokepoints Self determinism Sovereignty Ethnonationalism TOPIC 4.1: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY ✓ Learning Objective For world political maps: 1. Define the different types of political entities. 2. Identify a contemporary example of political entities ✓ Essential Knowledge Independent states are the primary building blocks of the world political map. Types of political entities include nations, nation-states, stateless nations, multinational states, multistate regions, and autonomous and semi autonomous regions, such as American Indian Reservations. 1. Examples of a nation:______________________________________________________________________________ 2. Examples of nation states:________________________________________________________________________ 3. Examples of multinational states:_________________________________________________________________ 4. Examples of multi-state nations:__________________________________________________________________ 5. Examples of autonomous regions:_________________________________________________________________ 6. Examples of stateless nations:____________________________________________________________________ TOPIC 4.2: POLITICAL PROCESSES ✓ Learning Objective Explain the processes that have shaped contemporary political geography ✓ Essential Knowledge The concepts of sovereignty, nation-states, and self-determination shape the contemporary world. Colonialism, imperialism, independence, and devolution along national lines have influenced contemporary political boundaries. -​ List which countries held colonies in different parts of the world (feel free to add others). Colonizing Country Colony/Territory England American colonies, South Africa, Australia France Spain Portugal Italy United States ​ ​ ​ What concepts does this political cartoon show? What laws or agreements can be associated with this? ​ TOPIC 4.3: POLITICAL POWER AND TERRITORIALITY ✓ Learning Objective Describe the concepts of political power and territoriality as used by geographers. ✓ Essential Knowledge Political power is expressed geographically as control over people, land, and resources, as illustrated by neocolonialism, shatterbelts, and choke points. Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land.​  The map above shows the countries in Africa where private investors and foreign governments have leased farmland for large-scale commercial farming. Usually much of the food produced is bound for wealthier nations. This is consistent with which practice? Create a list of major shatterbelt regions and explain the conflict. List the major Chokepoints and explain their importance. AP© HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TOPIC 4.1 Introduction To Political Geography 2.​ Which of the following best describes the concept of self-determination? a.​ The right or desire for a nation, or group of people, to govern themselves b.​ A geographic area that is controlled by another state, but only has a moderate degree of self governance c.​ A group of people with a shared culture, language, history , and homeland d.​ A sovereign state with a relatively homogenous population that has a shared  language, culture, and history e.​ A government that has a right to pass its own laws and control its borders 3.​ The image in the video is an example of a ________ a.​ Multinational state b.​ Multistate nation c.​ Stateless nation d.​ City-state e.​ Territoriality 4.​ ______ is often located within a state and has a high degree of autonomy from the state. People here see little input and interference from the national government. a.​ Semi-autonomous region b.​ Autonomous region c.​ Nation-state d.​ Multinational state e.​ Self-determination 5.​ The Kurdish nation is an example of a ________, since they are currently located in Iran, Syria, Turkey, and Iraq. a.​ Multinational state b.​ Autonomous region c.​ Semi-autonomous region d.​ Multistate nation e.​ Nation state 6.​ Which of the following is not one of the main characteristics of a state? a.​ A geographic area with a permanent population b.​ Set defined borders c.​ A sovereign government d.​ Recognition from other states e.​ People with a shared culture and self-determination 7.​ Which of the following is not an example of a stateless nation? a.​ The Basques b.​ The Catalonians c.​ The Israelis d.​ The Kurds e.​ The Palestinians 8.​ Describe the characteristics of a multinational state and a semi-autonomous region. 9.​ 4.2 AP© HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TOPIC 4.2  Political Processes 1.​ Which of the following best describes how African states were created? a.​ African tribes created their own countries based on their cultural boundaries b.​ Cartographers from Europe created boundaries that disregarded the local populations c.​ The United Nations created boundaries to resolve tribal conflicts d.​ The United States worked with different ethnic groups to help them gain their independence e.​ Nations with self-determination created their own nation states 2.​ _______ is the process in which a state breaks down due to cultural conflicts between different ethnic groups or nations a.​ Self-determination b.​ Colonization c.​ Territoriality d.​ Devolution e.​ Balkanization 3.​ When a state transfers power from the national government and spreads it out to the different regional governments it is known as _________ a.​ Devolution b.​ Balkanization c.​ Centripetal force d.​ Decolonization e.​ Self-determination 4.​ Identify four different ways in which colonialism and imperialism reshaped the world. AP© HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TOPIC 4.3 Political Power and Territoriality 10.​ 11.​ 1.Which of the following best describes neocolonialism? a.​ A region where outside governments seek to influence a state’s internal government and people to start a revolution b.​ Developing countries trying to fight for independence from a foreign state that has direct control over the state c.​ The process in which countries expand their political and economic influence through settlements and colonies d.​ The practice of a more developed country or multinational company trying to control or influence a less developed country e.​ When a state creates a colony in another state to exert their political and economic control over the people of the geographic area 12.​2.Which of the following best explains the concept of a shatterbelt region? a.​ A region that is caught between larger external powers who are currently fighting b.​ A region where different cultures come into conflict with one another in a peaceful and respectful way  c.​ Developing countries trying to fight for independence from a foreign state that has direct control over the state d.​ The practice of a more developed country or multinational company trying to control or influence a less developed country e.​ A region where outside governments seek to influence a state’s internal government and people to start a revolution 13.​3.The Strait of Hormuz and the Strait of Malacca are examples ________ a.​ Neocolonialism b.​ Choke points c.​ Shatterbelt regions d.​ Territoriality e.​ Centrifugal locations 14.​4.Which of the following would not be an example of a shatterbelt region? a.​ Israel and Palestine b.​ Sudan and South Sudan c.​ Kashmir d.​ Korean peninsula during the Cold War e.​ United States and Canada 15.​5.Explain how China is using neocolonialism in Africa. Things to ask Teacher: ​ Difference between Balkanization and Devolution ​ Difference between Imperialism and Colonialism