Political Geography PDF

Academically, what does the word \"political\" refer to? -Structures and functions of government\ -Issues related to territoriality\ -Power structures in various societies\ \*\Political geography is concerned with the analysis and spatial expression of these ideas\\* New cards 2 World system ana...

Academically, what does the word \"political\" refer to? -Structures and functions of government\ -Issues related to territoriality\ -Power structures in various societies\ \*\Political geography is concerned with the analysis and spatial expression of these ideas\\* New cards 2 World system analysis identifies what three types of political social and economic organization in history? -Mini Systems- most of humans times on earth; tribal-ethnicity;\ -World-empires\ -Capitalist world economies- one in history; everyone participates; global; competing entities New cards 3 What are the 5 types of political organizations identified by political organizations? -Bands\ -Tribal societies\ -Chiefdoms\ -The state\ -The National State New cards 4 Describe bands -There is no formal position of power\ -Members are united by ethnicity, cultural traditions and kinship\ -Order based on a relatively small number\ -No formal political claim of territory, with the exception of hunting territory\ -Strong Territorial identity that is associated with cultural identity\ -Considered a mini-system (mode of production is reciprocal in nature)\ -EX: San People of Namibia New cards 5 Describe Tribal Societies (similar to bands but bigger)\ -Several bands of people united together by common descent, linguistic similarity, cultural values, and traditions\ -largely egalitarian in nature in terms of use of resources and class structures\ -A very strong identity with specific territory considered as homeland Almost done 6 What type of leadership does a tribal society have? Political leadership is usually transitory(not genetic) and determined by such thing as courage, bravery, or wisdom New cards 7 Are there there still tribal societies today? Where? -Many such societies in today\'s world, mostly in the semiperiphery and periphery\ -Much of Sub Saharan Africa. Nigeria has 300 tribes all of which have their own language. Creates political instability\ -But today, such societies are irrevocably influenced by the capitalist world economy\ EX- the Masai, Kenya; The Inuit People, Canada/north america\ Zulu Village, South Africa; Aboriginal Children, Australia\ Amerindian Festival, Mexico; The Hmong, Cambodia Still learning 8 What are tribal societies considered in the world system analysis? Considered mini-system in the world-system analysis (mode of production is reciprocal in nature) New cards 9 What are chiefdom\'s considered in the world system analysis? World system analysis characterize this as the redistributive-tributary mode of production and a world empire form of political organization\ -World empire; feudalism Mastered 10 Describe the structure of a chiefdom A feudal social and economic order in which powerful royal and aristocratic elite in a centralized control center controls the production and redistribution of agricultural products from different parts of a claimed political territory (King of bloodline has peasants that work the land and give the king what they produce. The king will then have his army protect the kingdom and help them in times of need. Coerced labor. Sharecropping) New cards freestar 11 How is leadership claimed in a chiefdom? Leadership is hereditary and divined authority to rule is often claimed Almost done 12 Describe chiefdoms as they related to geographical land and agriculture? -Large political territories are claimed and organized militaries are raised to defend it\ -Developed in the so-called \'culture hearths\' with the development of plants and animal domestication\ -Highly stratified societies agricultural surpluses generated by coercion of large peasant class\ -The center feature of such societies was the city state New cards 13 Are there any examples of chiefdoms today? Where? No surviving example today, but once they were widespread (Mesoamerica, Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, Indus Valley, northern China, west and southeast Asia) New cards 14 What is a state? -An independent political unit occupying a well-defined, well-populated territory whose borders are recognized by surrounding states; militarily defended.\ -What americans call countries. A territory on the map. Has its own military. New cards 15 Are there any example of states today? All of the countries in the world today are in this sense states New cards  16 What is the basis of organization in states? Territory rather than culture or ethnic affiliation is the basis of organization\ -All states have a government that exerts control over the state\'s population, imposes laws, extract taxes, wages war, ect. New cards 17 Describe a unitary state In unitary states (most states) power and authority is centralized in a very strong central government operating from the capital city. Almost done 18 Describe a federal state In Federal states power and authority is vested in several different levels, from the national down to the local New cards 19 What must states have in order to achieve political legitimacy? governments must have some sort of ideology behind it that unites disparate groups in order for it to achieve political legitimacy\ The borders between 2 countries often relflect the relationship between the 2 states Mastered 20 Give examples of boarders and what they say about the relationship between the countries -The Swedish Finish boarder- open; no clear line. Suggests a very peaceful relationship\ -Dutch-Belgian boarder- runs through the middle of a town. Suggests a very peaceful relationship\ US-Mexico Boarder- Clear line. Suggests a brutal relationship\ Isreali-palestine boarder- Has a literal wall. Suggests a harsh relationship. New cards freestar 21 Describe a national state A state (a territory) that is inhabited by a group of people (a nation) bound together by a general sense of cohesion resulting from a common history, ancestry, language, religion, and political philosophy New cards 22 What characteristic does a national state posses? Involves a very strong allegiance to nationality and to territory (America has NEVER been a nation state because people colonized from many different nationalities. Still learning 23 When/Where did national states originate -Probably first emerged in Europe after the Industrial revolution as improved communication and transportation enabled more effective political control of large territories.\ -Budapest, Hungary\ -All of the major European powers developed a strong nation-state ideal in the 18th and 19th centuries and exported this ideal around the world Almost done 24 Where do we see national states today? -Today, it can be argued that most states aspire to the ideal of the nation-state\ -But in practice, there are very few true nation states as the term is defined: one people; one state New cards 25 Why are there so few examples of national states? -Threats to national cohesion such as economic inequality, racial and or/ethnic injustices, disenfranchisement of certain groups\ -Increasing scale of globalization since the merchant capitalist revolution\ -Large scale migration since the colonial period (and continuing today) having resulted in states that are fundamentally plural, multiethnic, national societies all around the world. New cards  26 What is a multinational state? Having developed a strong sense of nationality despite the plural nature of the society; sometimes a result of happenstance due to occupation of a place for a very long time; sometimes a result of overt effects to fostre nationality through public education systems and the development of a strong sense of patriotism. New cards 27 What is an example of a multinational state? Such examples are most common in the core regions of the world-economy\ EX- China Still learning 28 Describe a multinational state which lacks central organization. At the other end of the spectrum, multinational states without a central organizing \'principle\' can sometimes degenerate into civil war or ethnic conflict over struggle on the part of various nations in a state of political power (E.g. the former Yugoslavia, many areas of sub saharan africa)\ \--Such examples are most common in the semiperiphery of the world-economy Mastered 29 What is a nation without a state? Nations of people without or denied their own state sometimes engage in violence in order to achieve their own political power Almost done 30 What are some examples of nations without states? Ex- Palestinians, Kurds, Basques Almost done freestar 31 Where are most nations without states? Most (but not all) struggles occur in the periphery and semiperiphery of the world-economy today New cards 32 How does the core settle issues about nations without states. In the core, such conflicts are usually worked out through democratic processes or public debate rather than civil wars or military coups or terrorism Almost done 33 Solutions to nations without states Ethnic Separatist movement in Europe\ Ex- Catalonia; Scotland; South Tirol; Whales\ EX in US- Native American Reservation\ Zuni Reservation, New Mexico New cards 34 What are centripetal forces? \--Those factors that bring together disparate groups in multiethnic, multinational states\ \--Nationalism\ \--Institutions\ \--Effective State Organization and Administration\ God and country\ Fostering nationality in plural societies\ Ext- Chairman Mao, China; Pledge of Allegiance, USA\ Identification with the state New cards 35 What are centrifugal political forces? \--Forces that tend to destabilize a society and pull disparate groups apart in multiethnic and multinational societies\ \--Cause\ \-\-\--Internal Discord and instability\ \-\-\--Political Devolution\ \-\-\--Blankanization Still learning  36 What is political devolution? \--Internal discord and challenge to the authority of the state- political devolution in which ethnic groups seek separate political authority New cards 37 What is balkanization? \--Ethnic separatism and regionalism in states where disparate populations have not been fully integrated (nations without states) this can lead to Balkanization in which multinational states break apart along ethnic lines. New cards 38 What is nationalism? (\"identification\" with the state) Tend to be stronger\ Iconography (symbols of unification) Almost done 39 What are institutions? (Common language, education system, armed forces, ect.) New cards 40 What are effective state organizations? Effective State Organization and Administration (public confidence in the state, equal opportunity to participate, law and order, ect.) New cards freestar 41 What are the 5 classifications of economic activity and how are they utilized? -Primary Sector, Secondary Sector, Tertiary Sector, Quaternary Sector,\ Quinary Sector\ -This classification will be used to compare and contrast economic activities, modes of production, and social relations of production in various regions of the capitalist world economy. New cards 42 Describe the primary sector Fishing, hunting, lumbering, mining, agriculture. Almost done 43 Describe the secondary sector -Heavy \'blue collar\' manufacturing that involves processing of raw materials into a finished products (steel, auto assembly, chemicals, food processing) New cards 44 Describe the tertiary sector -Services-\ -Financial, business, professional, and clerical services, retail and wholesale trade\ Ex- cashier, walmart, kmart, kroger workers; bank teller. New cards 45 Describe the quaternary sector -Jobs and industries that involve the processing, admin., and dissemination of information; \"white collar\" jobs, government, education, healthcare, information management\ \*\*\*\Account for a large amount of working force\\*\* Almost done  46 Describe the Quinary Sector -High level management and decision making in large organizing and corporations\ \-\-\--Nike (based in Oregon) but takes place in many nations Almost done 47 The location of various types of industrial activities is influenced by a variety of geographical factors at the local, regional, national, and globals sales. What are the top 8 factors? \#1.Costs of Production\ \#2.Capitalist Ideology and Logic\ \#3.Complexity of the Manufacturing Process\ \#4.Types of Raw Materials Involved\ \#5.Source of Power\ \#6.Costs of Labor\ \#7.The Market for the Product\ \#8.Costs of Transportation New cards 48 The cost of production is a factor of industrial location. What is the difference between geographically fixed and variable coasts? -Geographically fixed cost: costs relatively unaffected by location of the enterprise (eg capital, interest)\ -Geographically variable Costs: costs that vary spatially ( ex: labor, land, power, transportation) New cards 49 Describe capitalist ideology and logic as it is a factor of industrial location. Because the goal of almost all industries is the minimization of profits, the location of an industry is most likely to be where the total cost or production are limited\ A good example is steel production and industries dependent upon steel (like automobile assemble) New cards 50 Describe the complexity of the Manufacturing Process as it is a factor of industrial location. The more interdependent a manufacturing process is, the more its coast of production are affected by location (again, steel production is a good example\ Ex- early industrial regions in Europe New cards freestar 51 How do types of raw materials involved in the manufacturing process relate to industrial location? Raw materials that are bulky or heavy, perishable, or undergo great weight gain or loss during the process have a great effect on the siting (eg paper mills, fruit and vegetable canning, meat processing, soft drink canning) New cards 52 How does source of power relate to industrial location? \--Important when a source of power is immovable or expensive to move (e.g. the aluminum industry)\ \--Most aluminum smelters located near large power plants or dams (hydroelectric power) New cards 53 How do labor costs (wages) affect industrial location? -Cost of labor vary spatially at the nations and international scale.\ -Lower costs of labor have affected the movement of labor- intensive industries from the core to the semi periphery regions since 1970s and resulted in a pronounced international division of labor, especially in the textile industry (shoes, clothes) and in the electronic manufacturing industry. New cards 54 \*\What does Prof. Anderson consider the most important factor in shaping industrial location at the international level?\\* Labor costs!! Jobs are being outsourced from the core the the semi-periphery! Still learning 55 What is division of labor and some examples? -Division of labor in an economy means who does what type of jobs. \Can be\\ \--Gender based\ \--Class based\ \--Geographically based (Is what we are shifting towards today Almost done  56 What largely determines what you do for a living? Where you live in the world New cards 57 Why is so much of the clothes and toys we buy made in semi-periphery places like China? -Cost of labor often trumps the cost of transportation (this is why much clothing is made in china and the philippines and then shipped all the way to the US)\ - Companies would have to pay workers WAY more to produce things in core places like the US than they do in places like China and Mexico\ -People \'Outsource\' to the semiperiphery where there are lower costs of labor\ Ex- Converse factory, Reynosa, Mexica\ Ex- AT&T Telephone manufacturing in Mexico Almost done 58 The market for production is a factor of industrial location. What is the difference between market orientation and raw-material orientation? \--Market orientation- (Weight Gain) Placing the last stage of a manufacturing process as close to the market for that product as possible; products that undergo much weight gain during the manufacturing process or are perishable (e.g. soft drink bottling, auto assembly, baked goods)\ \--Raw Material Orientation:(weight loss) locating the manufacturing plant as close to the raw material as possible; industries that use very heavy or bulky raw material or underso weight loss during the manufacturing process New cards 59 Transportation cost is a factor of industrial location. Compare water, rail, trucking, and air transportation. -Water: least expensive for transportation of bulky or heavy goods or raw materials (e.g. cars, ore, grain)\ -Rail: less flexible route, but relatively inexpensive for bulky or heavy goods\ -Trucking: relatively expensive, but carries the advantage of a very flexible route.\ -Air: The most expensive form of transportation; employing for transporting very valuable or time-sensitive goods (e.g. overnight mail) New cards 60 In the periphery, the majority of people live in rural areas and make their living from subsistence farming. What is subsistence farming? -Farming in order to produce enough food to live on\ -Undertaking for daily sustenance rather than money profit\ -Low technology; heavy use of human/ animal power\ -Widespread in the periphery; non-existent in the core Almost done freestar 61 Describe shifting cultivation (Slash and burn agriculture) -An ancient practice employed in tropical wet regions where environment conditions (heavy rainfall, very poor soils) are delicately balanced\ -Cannot support large populations because tropical soils and climates do not support the cultivation of grain crops Mastered 62 Who practices shifting cultivation and where? -Practiced by a relatively small number of people in parts of the Amazon and Orinoco basins, Indonesian islands, papua New Guinea, parts of tropical Africa, parts of Middle America and caribbean\ -Involves a seminomatous lifestyle New cards 63 What type of tools are used in shifting cultivation? -Use of low-technology tools (machetes, hoes, digging sticks, fore) to harvest primary vegetative tuber crops reproduce vegetatively not by seed (cassava, taro, manioc, bananas, yams) New cards 64 Describe the process of shifting cultivation. What areas is this practiced in? Example? Forest is slashed, covered and dried, burned, then tubers planted in ashes\ Areas along the equator (between 20 north and 20 south\ Cassave Yucca; Taro New cards 65 What is pastoral nomadism, The practice of following or hunting herds of game or herding domesticated animals (Cows)\ -An extension of subsistence agriculture) Almost done  66 Describe where pastoral nomadism is practiced. -Practiced by a relatively large number of people in tropical grassland environments (Savannah) in central and east central Africa and some midlatitude grasslands in south central Asia. Still learning 67 Describe the people who practice pastoral nomadism and how they live. -Involves an almost wholly nomadic lifestyle that is extensive in its use of land. (livestock require much land per animal in order to thrive.\ -Pastoral nomads rarely eat meat because animals mare their main source of wealth so it does make sense to kill them.\ -Pastoral nomad societies are tribal in nature.\ -They have season movements to greener grazing lands. New cards 68 What animals are most important in pastoral nomadism? cattle, sheep, goats, camels, yaks Almost done 69 Give an example of a people who practice pastoral nomadism, Also give an example of a place. -The Masai, Kenya\ -The Sahel Savannah, Africa Almost done 70 What is Intensive Farming? The subsistence production of a variety of grains and vegetables on SMALL, PERMANENT, plots that are farmed intensively throughout the year Still learning freestar 71 Where is intensive subsistence farming undertaken? Undertaken maily in wet regions of the subtropics that have very long growing seasons (allows up to 3 crops/year) Almost done 72 Give example of places which participate in intensive subsistence farming and what they farm. 1- China, India, Southeast Asia (rice)\ 2-Middle America (beans and core)\ 3-Southwest Asia (wheat rice)\ 4-Central America (millet, sorghums, peanuts) Almost done 73 What variety of foods do most subsistence farmers produce? Involves the production of a large variety of fruits and grains and vegetables, but at a small scale Almost done 74 What type of technology and tools do intensive subsistence farmers use? Employs relatively low-technology tools (animal and human power) terracing systems human manure fertilizer Almost done 75 What type of farming done in the periphery is used as a way to earn money? \"Commercial\" Plantation Agriculture The only type of farming in the periphery that is for money gain \"Commercial\" Very large. Owned by multinational companies in core, local workers Almost done  76 What is plantation agriculture? A form of commercial agriculture (goal to maximization of profit)but undertaken largely in the periphery and semi-periphery Still learning 77 What is generally produced in plantation agriculture? The commercial production of tropical and subtropical products such as tropical fruits, sugar, coffee, tea, and cocoa New cards 78 What does a plantation generally look like? -A plantation is a LARGE scale farm on which only one crop is grown\ -often has housing for workers New cards 79 Who are the owners and employees on plantations? -Most are own and managed by a large multinational corporation in the core but employ local low wage labor\ -The capital input comes from the core and that is also where the main markets for plantation products are located New cards 80 When did plantation agriculture become popular? The plantation is an English innovation stemming from the colonial era (sugar plantations in the caribbean using african slave labor) New cards freestar 81 Where are most plantations located? Periphery and\ semi-periphery.\ -Today, most plantations are located in former colonial areas\ -Most important plantation regions and crops grown there exported to the core\ -The caribbean islands (sugar)\ -Central america (tropical fruits, coffee, cacao, sugar, valuable hardwoods, rubber)\ -Tropical central Africa (cocoa, coffee, sugar, spices)\ -Parts of southeastern and South Asia (coffee, sugar, tea, spices, cotton, valuable hardwoods, rubber) New cards 82 Describe manufacturing The globalization of the postindustrial era has created the global economy punctuated by an international division of labor in which the periphery and semi-periphery play an increasingly important role\ -In the semiperiphery, this era has resulted in economies in which manufacturing activities have become a very important element New cards 83 How are semi-periphery states characterized today? -Today, the semiperiphery economies are characterized by a mix of subsistence and commercial agriculture (plantations) and light and heavy manufacturing that employ low wage, low skilled urban workers; most of these companies are owned by multinational firms based in the core\ \--People give up there farming jobs in the country sides for manufacturing jobs in the city. Almost done 84 What industries were most affected by the relocation of manufacturing from the core to the semi-periphery? Industries most affected: textiles, electronics and applications, toys and other inexpensive retail goods, and car assembly\ -Such industries are often located in so-called export processing zones where governments create incentives for such industries to locate there Almost done 85 That did the post industrial era lead to with the location of manufacturing? This pattern has evolved over the past 30 years as a result of the evolving service economies in the core and the movement of manufacturing activities out of the core in search of lower costs of production, especially wages Still learning  86 How many people does agriculture in the core employ and is it productive? Agriculture in the core employs a VERY SMALL NUMBER of people but is nevertheless extremely productive and remains an important part of the core economies New cards 87 What are some changes agriculture has gone through in the core? But agriculture in the core has undergone significant changes over the last 50 years, number of farmers has drastically declined; average size of the farm has risen dramatically; many agricultural activities are increasingly controlled by large corporations (agribusiness or agro-industry) Still learning 88 What is farming in the core characterized? 1-High inputs of capital\ 2-Heavy mechanization\ 3-Heavy use of hybrid crop and animal varieties\ 4-Heavy use of chemical fertilizer\ 5-Low inputs of human labor\ 6-Extremely high yields per unit area New cards 89 What characterizes commercial agriculture in the core? -Heavy mechanism, the great plains\ -Agribusiness: cattle New cards 90 What are the 4 types of farming systems in the core? 1.Commercial Dairying\ 2. Market Gardening (truck farming)\ 3. Mixed livestock and grain farming\ 4. Livestock Ranging Still learning freestar 91 Describe Commercial Dairying -The production of milk and milk products, primarily for large urban markets\ -Fresh milk production located mainly in urban hinterlands or most major metro areas\ -Milk products (cheese, butter, yogurt) concentrated in northern United States and Northern and Alpine Europe Still learning 92 Describe Market gardening (Truck farming) -The commercial production of fruits and vegetables mainly for large urban markets\ -Concentrated along the atlantic coast from new jersey to florida to texas and parts of coastal interior california; parts of southern Great Lakes; coastal northwestern Europe; parts of coastal japan; parts of coastal australia and new zealand\ \--EX- Bell pepper harvest, CA; Pea production, California;Strawberries- new jersey; New cards 93 Describe Livestock And Grain Farming The production of livestock from human production, coupled with production of grains from use of human consumption Almost done 94 Describe places where livestock and grain farming is popular. -Great plains- Wheat and cattle\ -Midwest- (corn- belt) corn, soybeans, hogs, cattle\ -Argentinean Pampas: Wheat, corn, cattle\ -Central Europe: Sorghum, corn, cattle, hogs\ -Interior Australia- wheat and sheep\ -The wheat belt- Kansas\ -The corn belt- wisconsin New cards 95 Describe Livestock ranging The production of livestock(mainly cattle) for large urban markets and for international export New cards 96 Where does livestock ranging take place? -Takes place mainly in the semiarid midlatitude grassland environments in the core and parts of the semiperiphery\ -Interior western USA; interior Australia; southern Brazil; pats of Argentina, parts of spain and greece Almost done 97 Describe service activities in the 19th and early 20th century. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the economies and vast wealth of the core were built upon highly productive agriculture and focus on heavy manufacturing industrial activities (Steel, shipbuilding, cars, chemicals, ect.) New cards 98 Following the post industrial era, there was a shift in the structure of the core economy. Manufacturing was outsourced to the semi-periphery. Why? To take advantage of the low wages in the semi-periphery when compared to the core. New cards 99 When manufacturing jobs were outsources out of the core, What new jobs took rise in the core? -The post industrial era in the core has seen a rise to dominance of the service industries in the core, and today the vast majority of people in the core are employed in these sectors of the economy\ -Core economies are also increasingly information based: some of the largest companies in the world are in the business of perfecting and selling the access and dissemination of information (this includes both hardware and software\ \--EX-\ Include AT&T, Microsoft, IBM, Yahoo, Cisco Systems, Sun Microsystems) Almost done 100 Where do large cooperations put their headquarters? Large companies put their headquarters where there are large research universities\ Entirely new manufacturing centers have now developed in places in which the main resource for new information Technology (brain Power) is nearby