Sensation And Perception PPT PDF

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION  SENSATION Input of sensory information Process of receiving, converting, and transmitting information from the outside world  SENSORY SYSTEMS Vision Hearing Smell (olfaction) Taste (gustation) Vestibul...

SENSATION AND PERCEPTION  SENSATION Input of sensory information Process of receiving, converting, and transmitting information from the outside world  SENSORY SYSTEMS Vision Hearing Smell (olfaction) Taste (gustation) Vestibular sense (balance) Kinethesis (body movement) Touch (pressure, pain, temperature)  VISION Visual receptor cells located on retina:rods for night vision and cones for color vision The eye captures light and focuses it on the visual receptors, which convert light energy to neural impulses sent to the brain  HEARING Audition (hearing) occurs via sound waves, which result from rapid changes in air pressure caused by vibrating objects Receptors located in the inner ear (cochlea) tiny hair cells that convert sound energy to neural impulses sent along to brain  SMELL AND TASTE Olfaction (smell) receptors are located at top of nasal cavity Gustation - (taste) receptors are taste buds on tongue. Four basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter  BODY SENSES Vestibular sense (sense of balance) results from receptors in inner ear Kinethesis - (body posture, orientation, and body movement) results from receptors in muscles, joint and tendons Skin senses detect touch (pressure, temperature and pain)  PROCESSING Sensory reduction - filtering and analyzing of sensations before messages are sent to the brain Transduction - process of converting receptor energy into neural impulses the brain can understand Adaptation- decreased sensory response to continuous stimuli  PSYCHOPHYSICS Study of the relationship between the physical properties of stimuli and a person’s experience of them Absolute threshold - minimum amount of energy we can detect Difference threshold - (jnd) the smallest change in a stimulus we can detect  PERCEPTION “…a constructive process by which we go beyond the stimuli that are presented to us and attempt to construct a meaningful situation”.  PERCEPTUAL PROCESSING Top-down: perception is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations Bottom-up: perception that consists of recognizing and processing information about the individual components of the stimuli  GESTALT PRINCIPLES Rules that summarize how we tend to organize bits and pieces of information into meaningful wholes  SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION Stimuli that occur below the threshold of our conscious awareness but have a weak, if any effect on behavior  EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION (ESP) Alleged perception in the absence of sensory data Types of ESP - telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis