Sensation and Perception - Group Discussion PDF

CHAPTER SENSATION IV AND PERCEPTION INTRODUCTION Sensation and perception play two complimentary but different roles in how we interpret our world. This chapter will describe various theories related to these two concepts and explain the important role they play in the field of psychology....

CHAPTER SENSATION IV AND PERCEPTION INTRODUCTION Sensation and perception play two complimentary but different roles in how we interpret our world. This chapter will describe various theories related to these two concepts and explain the important role they play in the field of psychology. SENSATION  SENSATION The process by which our senses gather information and send it to the brain. A large amount of information is being sensed at any one time.  ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD The point where something becomes noticeable to our senses. It or the softest sound we can hear or the slightest touch we can feel. It is therefore the point at which a stimuli goes from unnoticeable to detectable to our senses. DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD Weber's Law states that rather than a constant, absolute amount of change, there must be a constant percentage change for two stimuli to be perceived as different.  SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY Have you ever been in a crowded room with lots of people talking? Situations like this make it difficult for us to focus on any particular stimulus.  SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY The concept is referred to as signal detection because we attempt to detect what we can focus on and ignore or minimize everything else.  SENSORY ADAPTATION Refers to stimuli which has become redundant or remains unchanged for an extended period of time. Once we adapt to something, (i.e. the ticking of the clock) we stop recognizing it. PERCEPTIO N  PERCEPTIO N Refers to what we take in through our senses. The way we perceive our environment is what makes us different from other anials and different from each other.  GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF GROUPING  GESTALT PRINCPLES OF GROUPING Gestalt (German) meaning whole or form. Gestalt Psychologists sincerely believed that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.  GESTALT PRINCPLES OF GROUPING In order to interpret what we receive through our sense, they theorized that we attempt to organize this information completely without unneeded reception. TYPES OF GESTALT PRINCPLES OF GROUPING SIMILARITY CONTINUITY PROXIMITY CLOSURE SIMILARIT Y our tendency Refers to to group things together based on how similar they are to each other. PROXIMITY Refers to how close objects are to each other. CONTINUIT Refers toYour tendency to see patterns as belonging together if they form some type of continuous pattern CONTINUIT Y Refers to our tendency to complete familiar objects that have gaps in them. MAINTAINING PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY  MAINTAINING PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY Perceptual constancy refers to our ability to see things differently without having to interpret the object’s properties.  TYPES OF PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY SIZE CONSTANCY SHAPE CONSTANCY BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY  SIZE CONSTANCY Refers to our ability to see objects as maintaining the same size even when our distance from them makes things appear larger or smaller. This holds true for all our senses, also making sounds louder or softer depending on our distance from what we are sensing.  TYPES OF PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY SIZE CONSTANCY SHAPE CONSTANCY BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY  SHAPE CONSTANCY Shape constancy refers to the phenomenon in which the percept of the shape of a given object remains constant despite changes in the shape of the object's retinal image.  TYPES OF PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY SIZE CONSTANCY SHAPE CONSTANCY BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY  BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY Refers to our ability to recognize that color remains the same regardless of how it looks under different levels of light. PERCEIVING DISTANCE PERCEIVING DISTANCE Distance perception refers to a process in which an observer perceives an interval between two points in space. We determine distance using two different cues: monocular and binocular cues.  TYPES OF CUES: MONOCULAR CUES BINOCULAR CUES MONOCULAR CUES SIZE Refers to the fact that larger images are perceived as closer to us, especially if the two images are of the same object. MONOCULAR CUES TEXTURE The texture of objects tend to become smoother as the object gets farther away, suggesting that more textured objects are closer. MONOCULAR CUES OVERLAP Due to overlap, those objects covering part of another object is perceived as closer. MONOCULAR CUES SHADING The shading or shadows of objects can give a clue to their distance, allowing closer objects to cast longer shadows which will overlap objects which are farther away. MONOCULAR CUES HEIGHT Objects which are closer to the bottom of our visual field are seen as closer to us due to our perception of the horizon, where higher (height) means farther away. MONOCULAR CUES CLARITY Similar to texture, objects tend to get blurry as they get farther away, therefore, clearer or more crisp images tend to be perceived as closer.  BINOCULAR CUES Refers to those depth cues in which both eyes are needed to perceive. There are two types of binocular cues: Convergence and Retinal Disparity.  TYPES OF CUES: MONOCULAR CUES BINOCULAR CUES  BINOCULAR CUES CONVERGENC Refers to the fact that E the closer an object, the more inward our eyes need to turn in to focus. The closer our eyes converge, the closer an object appears to be.  BINOCULAR CUES RETINAL DISPARITY Since our eyes see two images which are then sent to our brains for interpretation, the distance between these two images, or their retinal disparity, provides another cue regarding the distance of the object. THE FIVE SENSES  TOUC SMEL H TAST L E HEARIN VISIO G N THE FIVE SENSES According to Zamora (2014), Aristotle (384-322 BC) is credited with the traditional classification of the five sense organs: Sight, smell , taste, touch, and hearing. THE FIVE SENSES SIGHT TASTE HEARING SMELL TOUCH  SIGHT Vision occurs when light is processed by the eye and interpreted by the brain. Light passes through the transparent eye surface (the cornea). The pupil, the black opening in the front of the eye, is an opening to the eye interior. It can get larger or smaller to regulate the amount of light entering the eye.  SCLERA RETINA CILLIARY BODY MACULA IRIS VITREOUS ANTERIOR PUPIL CHAMBER CORNEA LENS OPTIC NERVE ARTERY/VEIN ORA SERRATA RECTUS MEDIALIS THE FIVE SENSES SIGHT TASTE HEARING SMELL TOUCH HEARING Hearing — or auditory processing — refers to the awareness of sounds and placing meaning to those sounds. It involves a complex series of steps in which several parts of your ear and auditory nervous system work together harmoniously.  OUTER EAR SEMICIRCULA R CANALS AUDITOR COCHLEA Y CANAL EARDRUM EUSTACHIAN TUBE THE FIVE SENSES SIGHT TASTE HEARING SMELL TOUCH  TASTE The gustatory system or sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste (flavor). Taste is the perception stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue.  LARGE TASTE SMALL BUDS TASTE BUDS THE FIVE SENSES SIGHT TASTE HEARING SMELL TOUCH  SMELL Your sense of smell—like your sense of taste— is part of your chemosensory system, or the chemical senses. Your ability to smell comes from specialized sensory cells, called olfactory sensory neurons, which are found in a small patch of tissue high inside the nose. These cells connect directly to the brain.  FRONTAL OLFACTORY SINUS BULB NASAL BONE SPHENOIDAL SINUS NASAL CAVITY TONSIL CARTILAGE LIP MUSCLE THE FIVE SENSES SIGHT TASTE HEARING SMELL TOUCH  TOUCH The tactile (touch) sense is a function of the receptors in our skin that receive and give information to the brain, where it is perceived as sensations such as pressure, temperature, vibration, and pain. EPIDERMIS MUSCLE SWEAT PORE SEBACIOUS DERMIS HAIR GLAND NERVE SWEAT FOLLICLE BLOOD GLAND VESSEL LAYER OF FAT BEYOND THE FIVE SENSES EQUILIBRIOCEPTI ON The sense of balance or equilibrioception is the perception of balance and spatial orientation. It helps prevent humans and nonhuman animals from falling over when standing or moving. THERMOCEPTIO N Thermoception is the sensation and perception of temperature, or more accurately, temperature differences inferred from heat flux.  NOCICEPTION Nociception is the detection of painful stimuli. Specialized neurons into skin and soft tissue to detect extremes of heat, cold, mechanical, and chemical signals and alert the body of potential dangers. KINESTHESIA Is the precise awareness of muscle and joint movement that allows to coordinate our muscles when we walk, talk, and use our hands. SYNESTHESIA Some people experience a this phenomenon in which one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another. Synesthesia is hereditary and is estimated to occur in 1/100 individuals. SYNESTHESIA For example, the hearing of a sound may result in the sensation of the visualization of a color, or a shape may be sensed as a smell. The most common forms of synesthesia link numbers or letters with colors.