Semestral Reviewer - Contemporary Issues PDF

ARELLA P. GARCIA​ The Concept of Contemporary Issues ​ Contemporary: ○​ Refers to events and conditions from the 20th century to the present. ○​ Examples of usage: ​ "Contemporary World" – global events from the 20th century to today....

ARELLA P. GARCIA​ The Concept of Contemporary Issues ​ Contemporary: ○​ Refers to events and conditions from the 20th century to the present. ○​ Examples of usage: ​ "Contemporary World" – global events from the 20th century to today. ​ "Contemporary History" – historical events from the 20th century onward. ​ Issue: ○​ Refers to subjects, themes, or problems affecting society. ○​ Characteristics of issues: ​ Widely discussed and debated. ​ Have significant impacts on people's lives. ​ Contemporary Issue: ○​ An event, idea, opinion, topic, or problem: ​ Relevant in today’s public discourse. ​ Influential in our community, nation, or the world. Characteristics of Contemporary Issues: 1.​ Importance: They are valuable and significant to society. 2.​ Relevance: They affect society or the population in a clear way. 3.​ Timeliness: They happen or develop in the present. 4.​ Discussion: They are widely talked about in various groups and sectors. Examples of Contemporary Issues Social Issues ​ Bullying. ​ Addiction (drug abuse, gambling, etc.). ​ Age discrimination. ​ LGBT rights and same-sex marriage. Political Issues ​ Graft and corruption. ​ Police brutality. ​ Political dynasties. ​ Freedom of religion. Environmental Issues  ​ Climate change. ​ Overpopulation. Ethical Issues ​ Abortion. ​ Assisted suicide. ​ Genetic engineering. ​ Human rights violations. Other Issues ​ Teenage pregnancy. ​ Unemployment. ​ Pornography. ​ Weapons of mass destruction. Why Study Contemporary Issues? Studying contemporary issues helps: 1.​ Understand the world: ○​ Gain knowledge about major events shaping the community, country, and world. ○​ Analyze the cause-and-effect relationships of events. 2.​ essential skills: ○​ Use technology and statistical tools for data gathering and analysis. ○​ Strengthen critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills. 3.​ collaboration: ○​ Encourage collaborative action to address global problems. ○​ Respect different beliefs and perspectives, even those contrary to one’s own. 4.​ global perspective: ○​ Recognize the diversity of cultures and beliefs. ○​ Respect the dignity and rights of every individual. Skills Needed to Study Contemporary Issues Identifying Primary and Secondary Sources ​ Primary Sources: ○​ Firsthand accounts by individuals who experienced the events. Examples: Diaries, political cartoons, photos, witness reports, autobiographies, government reports. ​ Secondary Sources: ○​ Interpretations based on primary sources or other secondary accounts. Examples: Books, biographies, articles, editorials, survey results, news reports. How to tell: 1.​ What is the subject of the data? 2.​ When was the account written or recorded? 3.​ Was the author present at the event? 4.​ Is the account primary or secondary? Distinguishing Fact from Opinion ​ Fact: ○​ An actual event, experience, or observation supported by evidence. ​ Opinion: ○​ A personal idea, impression, or conjecture not necessarily supported by evidence. Identifying Bias ​ Check if information favors one side unfairly or lacks balance. Forming Inferences, Generalizations, and Conclusions ​ Inference: An educated guess or hypothesis based on evidence. ​ Generalization: ○​ A summary statement connecting multiple pieces of information. Example: "People migrate for economic, environmental, and political reasons (UN data)." How: 1.​ Observe patterns or trends in data. 2.​ Analyze supporting evidence carefully. 3.​ Form logical conclusions. Tips for Analyzing Sources ​ What information is being revealed? ​ Are the facts supported by evidence? ​ What are the opinions? ​ Is the source reliable and unbiased? Disaster Risk Mitigation Defining Calamities and Disasters ​ Calamity: Derived from the Latin word calamitatem (meaning unlucky or losing), it refers to a sudden and extreme event that causes significant damage Often beyond human control. It can include natural events like storms, earthquakes, or even man-made disasters due to carelessness (e.g., deforestation, pollution). ​ Disaster: From the Latin desastre (meaning bad star), a disaster is a serious event that disrupts the functioning of a community, causing widespread damage, death, and loss of resources, whether from natural or man-made causes. It’s an event that exceeds the ability of the community to cope using its own resources. ​ State of Calamity: A declaration made when a disaster significantly disrupts the life of a community, leading to large-scale loss of life, property, and livelihood. Disasters in the Philippines (Natural and Man-Made) Natural Disasters: Typhoons: -​ The Philippines is in the Typhoon Belt and faces an average of 20 typhoons per year. -​ Typhoons are classified based on wind speed and amount of rain. -​ Severe storms like Typhoon Ondoy (2009) showed the need for improved forecasting and response. Volcanic Eruptions & Earthquakes:​ ​ The country is in the Pacific Ring of Fire, making it prone to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Major fault lines include: ○​ West Valley Fault ○​ West Philippine Fault ○​ Eastern Philippine Fault ○​ Central Philippine Fault ○​ Southern Mindanao Fault (The Pacific Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped zone of frequent volcanic activity and earthquakes that encircles the Pacific Ocean basin)​ Tsunamis and Storm Surges: ​ -​ Tsunamis mostly come from the Philippine Trench, Manila Trench, and Cotabato Trench. -​ Strong winds push seawater onto the shore, lead to severe flooding. Drought (El Niño): -​ This occurs due to abnormal ocean warming, leading to reduced rainfall, high temperatures, and weaker storms. -​ In 2009-2010, the drought affected 2 million people and caused ₱12.1 billion in damages. Man-Made Disasters: 1.​ Environmental Mismanagement: Slash-and-burn farming, deforestation, oil spills, and toxic mine tailings are a few examples that have led to long-term environmental degradation. 2.​ Flooding: Due to poor land use, deforestation, and the country's geographical makeup of highlands and lowlands, flooding becomes more common, especially when forests are destroyed. 3.​ Landslides: These occur due to both natural forces (e.g., earthquakes, heavy rains) and human activities like quarrying and logging. Philippine Vulnerability to Disasters ​ The Philippines is among the most disaster-prone countries in Southeast Asia and ranks 3rd in the world for disaster risk, according to the World Disaster Report of 2011. ​ Geographical factors that contribute to this vulnerability include: ○​ The Typhoon Belt ○​ The Pacific Ring of Fire ○​ Frequent earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, tsunamis, and storm surges. Government Programs on Disaster Risk Mitigation 1.​ Republic Act 10121 (Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010): The law establishes the framework for managing disasters in the Philippines and strengthens the country's disaster risk management efforts. Its provisions include: ○​ Leadership and Coordination: Organized leadership during disasters. ○​ Disaster Threat Evaluation & Early Warning: Regular monitoring and communication about disaster risks. ○​ Risk Mitigation: Minimizing the damage and loss caused by disasters. ○​ Preparedness: Ensuring readiness for an effective response and recovery. 2.​ Disaster Preparedness: ​ Involves governments, organizations, and communities working together to prepare, respond, and recover from disasters. ○​ Early Warning Systems: Provide timely and relevant information to communities to help them prepare for potential hazards and mitigate the effects.​ Government Agencies Responsible for Disaster Mitigation 1.​ National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC):​ The NDRRMC leads national disaster risk management efforts. It coordinates disaster preparedness, response, and recovery operations. 2.​ Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (PDRRMC):​ The PDRRMC works at the local level to implement disaster risk management strategies and responds to disasters. Partner Agencies in Disaster Risk Mitigation The NDRRMC and PDRRMC work closely with various agencies categorized into four main areas: 1.​ Prevention and Mitigation:​ Focuses on reducing vulnerabilities and preventing disasters.​ Agencies: ○​ Department of Science and Technology (DOST) ○​ Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) ○​ Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) ○​ Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) ○​ Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)​ ​ 2.​ Disaster Preparedness:​ Focuses on strengthening community capacities to cope with emergencies.​ Agencies: ○​ Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) ○​ Philippine Information Agency (PIA) ○​ Department of Education (DepEd) ○​ Commission on Higher Education (CHED)​ ​ 3.​ Disaster Response:​ Provides immediate assistance to affected populations.​ Agencies: ○​ Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) ○​ Office of Civil Defense (OCD) ○​ Department of National Defense (DND) ○​ Department of Health (DOH) ○​ Philippine Red Cross  4.​ Rehabilitation and Recovery:​ Focuses on restoring and improving facilities, livelihoods, and living conditions post-disaster.​ Agencies: ○​ National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) ○​ Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) ○​ Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) ○​ Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) Climate Change What is Climate Change? Definition (American Meteorological Society):​ "Any systematic change in the long-term statistics of climate elements sustained over several decades or longer." -​ In short: Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climate patterns.​ Definition (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change):​ "A change in climate that is caused by changes in the normal and/or variability of climate elements, which persists for a long period of time and can be directly or indirectly traced to human activities that alter the composition of the atmosphere." -​ In short: Climate change is primarily driven by human actions that modify atmospheric composition, such as the emission of greenhouse gases. Key Characteristics of Climate Change: ​ Persistent Change in Climate Patterns: Climate change refers to a long-term alteration in climate patterns that lasts for decades or longer. ​ Rising Temperatures: One of the most noticeable effects is the increase in global temperatures, leading to dangerously hot weather conditions. ​ Human Influence: Changes in the climate, particularly the increase in atmospheric temperature, are largely driven by human activities. Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming ​ Greenhouse Effect:​ The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which certain gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, warming the planet. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere but prevent heat from escaping back into space, acting like a blanket over the Earth. ​ Key Greenhouse Gases: ○​ Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ○​ Methane (CH4) ○​ Nitrous Oxide (N2O) ○​ Water Vapor (H2O) ○​ Ozone (O3) ​ Impact of Greenhouse Gases:​ Scientists have observed that since the mid-20th century, global temperatures have been rising due to an increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Human Activities Driving Climate Change ​ Burning Fossil Fuels:​ The primary source of increased greenhouse gases is the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. These fuels release large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere when burned for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes.​ ​ Effect on Carbon Concentration:​ Over the past century, the extensive use of fossil fuels has led to an increase in atmospheric CO2, one of the major contributors to climate change.​ ​ Other Human Activities: ○​ Deforestation: Reducing forests decreases the Earth's ability to absorb CO2. ○​ Industrial Processes: Emission of greenhouse gases during manufacturing and agricultural activities. ○​ Land Use Changes: Urbanization, agriculture, and industrial expansion change the land’s ability to regulate temperature and water. Key Events and Concepts 1930s - The Callendar Effect ○​ Guy Stewart Callendar linked carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the warming of the atmosphere. ○​ Key concepts: ​ Greenhouse gases (e.g., fossil fuels). ​ Greenhouse effect leading to a hotter climate.​ 1958 - Rising CO2 Levels ○​ Dr. Charles David Keeling provided the first evidence of increasing CO2 levels caused by fossil fuels. ○​ The Keeling Curve tracks CO2 concentration over time. 1965 - Public Awareness ○​ The USA informed the public about greenhouse gases (GHG). 1972 - Global Action Begins ○​ First-ever environmental conference. ○​ Creation of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). 1975 - The Term "Global Warming" ○​ Wallace Broecker popularized the term "global warming." 1987 & 1990 - Ozone Layer Protection ○​ Global support emerged to reduce the use of chemicals damaging the ozone layer. 1988 - Establishment of the IPCC ​ IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ​ Purpose: Composed of scientists and experts from all over the world to: ○​ Gather and assess evidence of climate change globally. 1990 - First Report by the IPCC ​ Findings: Carbon discharged by industrial activities in the last century added excessive greenhouse gases (GHG) to the atmosphere. 2007 - IPCC Predictions  ​ Temperature Increase: Predicted global temperature rise between 1.1°C to 2.9°C by 2100. ​ Possible Scenarios: If temperatures rise by 2.4°C to 6.4°C, prolonged warm weather is anticipated globally. ​ Confidence Level: 90% to 95% (as stated in the IPCC's 5th Assessment Report in 2013).​ “The IPCC finds that there is a more than 50% chance that global temperature rise will reach or surpass 1.5 degrees C (2.7 degrees F) between 2021 and 2040 across studied scenarios, and under a high-emissions pathway, specifically, the world may hit this threshold even sooner — between 2018 and 2037.” Policies and Laws: Fund Allocation: Governments need to allocate funds for climate change mitigation and adaptation programs, supporting renewable energy, reforestation, and disaster response. 1.​ Levying Taxes on Carbon: Many countries propose or implement taxes on carbon emissions to discourage the use of fossil fuels and reduce the greenhouse gases (GHGs) responsible for global warming. 2.​ Declaring the Burning of Fossil Fuels or CFCs (Chlorofluorocarbons) Illegal: Laws banning or restricting the use of fossil fuels and harmful chemicals like CFCs aim to protect the atmosphere from further damage. ​ ​ ​ Skepticism and Climate Change Denial ​ Accusations of Fake Information: Some people, including certain industry stakeholders, claim that climate change data is manipulated to serve political agendas, arguing that scientists are faking results. ​ Preventing Passage of Relevant Laws: Political opposition to climate change laws can delay or prevent meaningful action, especially when economic interests, such as fossil fuel industries, are threatened. Controversies in Climate Science 1.​ Hockey Stick Graph: The "hockey stick" graph, which shows the rise in global temperatures over the past millennium, has been used to highlight the unprecedented warming in recent history. However, some critics claim it was misleading. 2.​ Climategate Scandal:  ○​ In 2009, email exchanges between climate scientists at the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit (CRU) were hacked and published, leading some climate change skeptics to accuse scientists of manipulating data to promote the idea of global warming. ○​ Investigation Results: Multiple independent inquiries, including those by the U.S. and UK, found no manipulation of data. The "Climategate" scandal was largely debunked as a media-driven conspiracy with no solid evidence of scientific fraud. ​ ​ Industrial Revolution and Greenhouse Gases ​ The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century created a massive demand for energy and raw materials, leading to the extensive use of fossil fuels. This caused a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). Energy and Economic Growth ​ The burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) for electricity, transportation, and industry is closely linked to economic growth. As economies industrialize, their Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions increase. ○​ Countries like the U.S. and China are the largest emitters of GHGs due to their high levels of industrialization. Cap-and-Trade Systems ​ Carbon Trading: This system, known as cap-and-trade, allows companies to buy and sell carbon credits, effectively limiting the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by industries. ○​ Companies that reduce emissions below their allocated cap can sell their unused credits to companies that exceed their emissions limits. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) ​ CCS is a technology designed to capture carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes and store them underground to prevent them from entering the atmosphere.​ ​ ​ Nuclear Energy ​ Advantages: ○​ Clean energy source with no direct CO2 emissions during operation. ○​ High capacity factor: Nuclear plants are more reliable than renewable sources like wind and solar. ○​ Nuclear energy is pollution-free and offers a safe alternative compared to fossil fuels.  ​ Disadvantages: ○​ Radioactive waste: Nuclear reactors produce dangerous radioactive waste, which can be hazardous for thousands of years. ○​ High cost: Building and maintaining nuclear reactors is expensive, and they require long construction times. ○​ Nuclear weapon proliferation: The spread of nuclear technology for energy can also lead to the spread of nuclear weapons. ​ ​ Geoengineering ​ Definition: Geoengineering involves deliberate large-scale interventions in the Earth's climate system, such as solar radiation management or carbon dioxide removal, to mitigate the effects of global warming. ​ Concerns: Although these methods might reduce some effects of climate change, they are controversial due to their potential risks and uncertainties. ​ Climate Change Impacts on People 1.​ Health: Climate change increases the risk of diseases, particularly those spread by insects (e.g., malaria, dengue), due to warmer temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns. 2.​ Agriculture: Rising temperatures, droughts, and floods can destroy crops, leading to food insecurity and higher prices for essential goods. 3.​ Livelihood: Vulnerable populations, especially in poor urban areas, are disproportionately affected by climate change, as they often live in high-risk areas (e.g., flood-prone zones). ○​ Example: Children born during droughts are at a higher risk of malnutrition. Displacement and Urban Poor ​ People living in low-lying areas or coastal regions are at risk due to rising sea levels and extreme weather events like flooding and typhoons. The urban poor are particularly vulnerable due to limited resources to adapt to climate impacts. Environmental Changes ​ Signs of Global Warming: ○​ Melting ice in the Arctic ○​ Spread of diseases due to changing climate ○​ Droughts and flooding ○​ Super typhoons and extreme weather  ○​ Destruction of wildlife habitats ○​ Rising ocean acidity affecting marine life ○​ Heatwaves and air pollution ​ ​ International Initiatives 1.​ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): ○​ Established to coordinate global efforts to combat climate change by stabilizing GHG concentrations. ○​ The Copenhagen Accord (2009) was signed by 192 countries, acknowledging the need to tackle climate change globally. 2.​ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): ○​ Formed in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UNEP to assess climate change impacts and provide scientific data to guide policy. ○​ The IPCC 4th Assessment Report (2007) highlighted the dangers of human-induced climate change. Philippine Response to Climate Change ​ Republic Act 9729 (Climate Change Act of 2009): ​ Establishes a national framework for climate change adaptation and mitigation. ​ Creates the Climate Change Commission to guide national efforts in addressing climate change. ​ Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies: 1.​ Mitigation: ○​ Promote renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal). ○​ Enhance energy efficiency and conservation. 2.​ Adaptation: ○​ Eco-Towns: Develop environmentally sustainable towns that are resilient to climate impacts. ○​ Philippine Climate Change Research and Development: Establish data for effective policy-making. Actions Individuals Can Take  ​ Save energy at home: Use energy-efficient appliances and lighting. ​ Switch to renewable energy sources like solar or wind power. ​ Use public transport or walk to reduce emissions. ​ Recycle, reduce, and reuse to minimize waste. ​ Plant native trees to support carbon sequestration. ​ Support climate change policies and raise awareness. ​ Laws in Relation to Climate Change 1.​ R.A. 9367 (Biofuels Act): Encourages the use of biofuels to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and minimize environmental damage. 2.​ R.A. 8749 (Clean Air Act): Regulates air pollution and establishes emission standards for vehicles and industries. 3.​ R.A. 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act): Mandates a systematic approach to waste management, promoting recycling and reducing harmful environmental impacts. Unemployment In the Philippines​ Underemployment ​ Definition: Underemployment occurs when individuals work in low-skill or low-paying jobs or are employed part-time despite having the skills and desire for full-time or more skilled work.​ ​ Mismatch: It often happens when people are overqualified for the positions they hold or when their skills do not match the available job opportunities.​ ​ Economic Effects: Underemployment reflects an inefficient use of human resources, which can hurt both the economy and individuals' career growth. Misconceptions about Unemployment and Underemployment: -​ Unemployment includes all individuals who aren’t working: Misconception: ​ People often assume that anyone who is not currently employed is considered unemployed. Reality: ​ Unemployment statistics only count people who are actively seeking work. Individuals who are not looking for a job (e.g., those who have left the labor force for reasons like retirement, education, or personal issues) are not considered unemployed. -​ The unemployment rate includes everyone who is out of work: Misconception: ​ The unemployment rate includes all people who are out of work. Reality: ​ The unemployment rate only includes people who are part of the labor force and actively searching for a job. People who have given up on finding work are classified as discouraged workers and are not counted as unemployed. -​ Underemployment means only part-time work: Misconception:​ Many people believe underemployment only refers to people working part-time jobs. Reality: ​ Underemployment also includes individuals who work in low-skill, low-pay jobs that do not match their level of education, training, or experience. This means that even full-time workers can be underemployed if their job doesn't make full use of their skills. -​ People who leave school or retire are part of the unemployment rate: Misconception: ​ People think that students who leave school or individuals who retire are included in unemployment statistics. Reality: ​ These individuals are not counted as unemployed, as they are not part of the labor force and are not actively seeking employment. ​ Causes of Unemployment: ​ Fast Population Growth: ​ As the population increases, especially in countries like the Philippines, there is a larger labor force competing for the same number of jobs. This creates supply-demand imbalances in the job market.​  ​ Excessive Supply of Labor: ​ Certain sectors have an oversupply of workers. For example, the nursing profession in the past had a surplus of graduates, but there were limited job vacancies in the field, leading to underemployment or migration.​ ​ Job and Skills Mismatch: ​ A gap between the skills that workers possess and the skills that employers need can contribute to high unemployment and underemployment. This happens when too many graduates enter fields where job opportunities are limited or when their education doesn't match the job market needs.​ ​ Limited Job Opportunities: ​ Due to economic conditions and limited job creation, many Filipinos seek work overseas in countries like Hong Kong, the Middle East, and the U.S. to secure better salaries, working conditions, and benefits. Solving Unemployment: ​ Aligning the Education System: ○​ R.A. 10533 (Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013) introduced the K-12 curriculum, which adds two more years of high school (Grade 11 and 12). ○​ This change better prepares high school graduates for vocational training or further education, increasing their employability and reducing unemployment rates.​ ​ Job Creation: ○​ The government needs to create more infrastructure projects that can provide long-term jobs and boost the economy. ○​ Encouraging foreign investments and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can also generate new job opportunities.​ ​ Education and Skills Development: ○​ Universities and vocational schools should align their programs with current market demands to ensure graduates have the skills needed in the labor market. ○​ Career counseling and internship programs should be emphasized to guide students and help them transition smoothly into the workforce.​ ​ Labor Market Reforms: ○​ Governments can stimulate the creation of jobs through structural adjustments in labor laws and the promotion of job-friendly policies. ○​ Simplifying company regulations and encouraging small businesses will help sustain job growth, especially in local economies.​  ​ Social Safety Nets: ○​ Strengthening social safety nets such as unemployment benefits, healthcare, and pension plans can help workers feel secure when transitioning between jobs. ○​ The Social Protection Floor aims to provide income security and access to essential services during unemployment or economic instability.​ ​ Infrastructure Development: ○​ Investments in infrastructure have been shown to create jobs, boost wages, and improve overall employment rates. The World Bank reports that infrastructure projects can lead to a 7% increase in firm profitability.​ ​ Entrepreneurship: ○​ Encouraging start-ups and small businesses can be a long-term solution for creating jobs. Support for entrepreneurship through training programs, access to capital, and business development services can help reduce unemployment. Legislation for Unemployment: ​ Senate Bill No. 129 ("Trabaho Para sa Lahat ng Pilipino Act"): ○​ This bill aims to establish a National Employment Action Plan (NEAP) that will guide the government’s strategy for addressing unemployment. ○​ The plan focuses on job creation, skills development, and aligning education with industry demands. It also emphasizes the need for collaboration between the government and private sector to address employment issues.  Sustainable Development​ Concept of Sustainable Development Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It focuses on the balance between economic growth, environmental protection, and social equity. ​ Brundtland Report (1987): Defined sustainable development as addressing human needs without depleting resources for future generations. ​ Interconnectedness: Human activities and the environment are closely linked, and their impact must be considered for long- term sustainability. Goal: Ensure a sustainable future where resources remain available for future generations. Evolution of Sustainable Development Sustainable development evolved over time due to increasing environmental degradation: ​ 1700-1800: Industrial Revolution led to pollution. ​ First half of 1900s: World wars caused environmental damage. ​ 1972 - Stockholm Conference: Addressed industrialization and resource extraction issues. ​ 1980s: The World Conservation Strategy emphasized human responsibility. ​ 1992 - Rio Earth Summit: Adopted Agenda 21, calling for global sustainable development. ​ 2012 - Rio+20 Conference: Introduced the Green Economy and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs were adopted in 2015, aiming for a sustainable future by 2030. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The SDGs are a set of 17 global goals to address issues like poverty, inequality, climate change, and environmental degradation. They require collective action from governments, businesses, and individuals. ​ Key goals include No Poverty, Zero Hunger, Clean Water, Climate Action, and Gender Equality. Challenges to Achieving Sustainable Development 1.​ Resource Depletion: Non-renewable resources are limited. 2.​ Raw Material Export: Many developing countries provide raw materials to developed nations, limiting their own development. 3.​ Population Growth: High population growth strains resources and slows development. 4.​ Business Transition: Aligning businesses with eco-friendly practices (e.g., switching to paper or eco bags) is difficult. 5.​ Technology and Financial Gaps: Developing nations lack access to technology and resources. 6.​ Political Priorities: Governments often focus on immediate issues rather than environmental protection. 7.​ Wealth Inequality: The gap between rich and poor limits access to opportunities for all. 8.​ Health Crises: Global health issues, like pandemics, complicate development efforts. Sustainable Development in the Philippines The Philippine Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) was established in 1992 to align national policies with sustainable principles. ​ ​ While environmental programs are in place, challenges persist, such as natural disasters, poverty, and illegal activities.​ Key Programs in the Philippines: ​ Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARP): Land redistribution to empower farmers. ​ Clean Air Act: Reducing air pollution. ​ Waste Segregation Campaign: Promoting waste management. ​ Sin Tax Law: Taxation on harmful products to fund health programs. Challenges in the Philippines: ​ Environmental Degradation: Typhoons, deforestation, and illegal mining hinder progress. ​ Corruption: Stricter enforcement of environmental laws and anti-corruption efforts are necessary. ​ Infrastructure Gaps: Insufficient infrastructure delays sustainable development efforts. ​ ​ ​ The Path Forward for Sustainable Development For sustainable development to be achieved, it requires global cooperation, better governance, and public awareness: ​ Governments need to prioritize sustainability and enforce environmental laws. ​ Individuals must adopt sustainable practices like recycling, reducing waste, and using renewable energy. ​ Technological advancements and financial support are crucial for developing countries to catch up in the race for sustainable growth.​ ​ ​ The Philippine Government The political system by which a country or community is administered and regulated. Concept of Democratic Government: ​ Time Period, The Age of Enlightenment: it became popular in Europe during the 1700s. ​ Government During This Time: ○​ Most governments were Absolute Monarchies, where kings had total control. ○​ These monarchies were abusive, with only Church leaders having access to government power and funds. ○​ Common people, or ordinary citizens, were ignored and left to suffer. Impact of Abusive Monarchies ​ Revolutions: ​ The unfair system led to revolutions across Europe. ​ These revolutions overthrew powerful royal families and replaced monarchies with democratic governments. ​ Over time, these democratic governments allowed leaders to be elected by the people. ​ The Rise of the Commoners: ​ Some commoners became wealthy through business and earned small government positions. ​ These representatives pushed for reforms, such as: ​ Fair taxes. ​ Fighting corruption.  ​ Opening government positions to all qualified citizens. The French Revolution ​ The French Revolution is the most famous example of this period. ​ It led to: ​ The removal and execution of King Louis XVI. ​ The creation of a government that welcomed all citizens. ​ This inspired colonies worldwide to fight for independence from European powers. Influence on the Philippines ​ Enlightenment ideas reached the Philippines in the 19th century. ​ Filipino propagandists like Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena: ​ Called for freedom from Spanish rule. ​ Demanded reforms based on fairness and equality. Long story short: During old times absolute monarchy was the norm where the king ruled all. Corruption was normal and the church and leaders were the only ones with funds. This upset the common folks and so a revolution happened. This is where democracy slowly started. These democratic ideas influenced the 19th-century Philippines when we needed freedom from the Spaniards. According to the French philosopher Charles-Louis de Secondant, Baron de Montesquieu, these three branches will be monitoring each other so that no branch would abuse its power. This is called check and balance. The Republic of the Philippines 🔥 How it works: The elected officials are the voice of the people who should inform the government of the people’s state and thoughts so that the laws and programs of the government will be based on these. The Philippines became a republic in 1946. This form of government is in which all people have participation in the government through the people they vote for. Branches: Executive Judiciary Legislative Executive: executes the law Head: President - 6 years (cannot run for re-election). ​ Powers: ​ Leads departments, bureaus, consulates, embassies, police forces, and the armed forces. ​ Issues executive orders for efficient government operations. ​ Can appoint and dismiss officials, except those with fixed terms set by the Constitution. ​ Special powers may be granted by the legislative branch when needed.​ ​ ​ Qualifications:​ Natural born citizens of the Philippines ​ Registered voter​ At least, 40 years old ​ Able to read and write ​ Resident of the Philippines in the last ten (10) consecutive years prior to election. Vice President - 6 years (can serve 2 consecutive terms). ​ Role: ​ Acts as a "spare tire" and assumes the President's duties when: ​ The President is out of the country. ​ The President is terminally ill or unable to perform their functions. ​ Represents the President in events or gatherings, locally and internationally, if the President cannot attend. Limitations on Office Holding ​ Who is Affected: President, Vice President, Cabinet members, and their deputies/assistants. ​ Restrictions: ​ Cannot hold other offices or employment during their term unless allowed by the Constitution. ​ Cannot: ​ Practice other professions. ​ Engage in business. ​ Have financial interests in government contracts, franchises, or privileges. ​ Nepotism Rule: ​ The President's spouse and relatives (up to 4th civil degree) cannot be appointed to positions such as: ​ Constitutional Commissions. ​ Office of the Ombudsman. ​ Cabinet positions. ​ Headships of government bureaus, offices, or corporations. Habeas Corpus: -​ for a period determined by law when the security of the country is compromised. Writ of Habeas Corpus “It is a law stating that an individual cannot be imprisoned or held in custody inside a prison cell unless he/she has first been brought before a court of law, which decides whether or not it is legal for the person to be kept in prison.” Basically: Habeas Corpus: A law that protects people from being held in prison without a good reason. Writ of Habeas Corpus: A court order that forces authorities to bring a person in jail before a judge to decide if their detention is legal. Legislative: Lawmakers  ​ Term: 3-year term, can run for re-election for three consecutive terms. ​ Structure: ​ Upper House (Senate): 24 members. ​ Lower House (House of Representatives/Congress): 254 members. ​ Party-List Representatives: 20% of Congress is for sectors with less representation (e.g., farmers, PWDs, youth, indigenous groups, women). Responsibilities: 1.​ Pass Laws: ​ Both houses work together to pass laws for the executive branch to enforce. ​ Bills must be approved by both houses before final approval. 2.​ Committees: ​ Each house has committees to assess bills based on their topics. 3.​ Budget Law: ​ The most critical law is the yearly government budget. ​ The executive branch submits a proposed budget for government agencies and programs. ​ The legislative branch reviews if the programs and fund allocations are legal and valid. Qualifications: Legislative branch​ ​ Natural born citizen ​ Able to read and write ​ A registered voter ​ At least 25 years old ​ A resident of the district that he/she is representing for two consecutive years before the election. Qualifications: Senate ​ Natural born citizen ​ Able to read and write ​ A registered voter ​ At least 35 years old ​ A resident of the district that he/she is representing for two consecutive years before the election. Judiciary: Evaluate the law  It includes the Supreme Court and all lower courts, like the Court of Appeals, Sandiganbayan, Tax Court, Sharia Courts, Regional Trial Courts, and Municipal Courts. The Supreme Court has 14 associate justices. Its main jobs are to: ​ Review and possibly change decisions made by lower courts. ​ Decide if treaties, laws, and other legal orders are fair and legal. ​ Move court cases to a different place if the trial cannot be fair where it was originally planned ​ Courts have justices and judges who handle cases and make sure the government isn't abusing its power. ​ The President appoints them based on the Judicial Bar Council's (JBC) recommendation. ​ To be a judge or justice, you must be a natural-born citizen, have a law degree, and pass the Bar exam. ​ To be a justice, you need experience as a lower court judge. CHECK AND BALANCE: The three branches of government have equal power to check each other, so no branch can abuse its power and all can do their jobs properly. The Constitution sets limits on how much one branch can interfere with the others. Limitations on the Powers of Government Branches 1. Limitations on the Executive Branch (President) 1.​ Impeachment Grounds ​ The Legislative Branch can file for impeachment if the President: ​ Fails to fulfill responsibilities ​ Commits treason ​ Engages in bribery ​ Is involved in corruption ​ Commits high crimes ​ Betrays public trust 2.​ Budget Approval  ​ The President's budget for the next fiscal year needs approval from Congress and the Senate. 3.​ Appointments ​ The President cannot randomly appoint cabinet members. 4.​ Supreme Court Authority ​ The Supreme Court can cancel Executive Orders or contracts if they go against the law. 2. Limitations on the Legislative Branch 1.​ Law Approval ​ The Executive Branch, through the President, has the final say on whether a bill becomes law. ​ Project Sponsorship ​ Legislative members can propose projects they believe will benefit the country's development. ​ Accountability ​ Legislative members accused of administrative offenses are tried at: ​ Sandiganbayan (for serious cases) ​ Regular courts (for crimes). 2.​ Suspension and Dismissal ​ During a trial: ​ They can be suspended from their roles as lawmakers. ​ They may lose their position if found guilty. 3.​ Immunity from Arrest ​ Legislators cannot be arrested if: ​ The crime they’re accused of has a penalty of less than six years in prison. ​ This allows them to continue representing the people who elected them. 3. Limitations on the Judicial Branch 1.​ Presidential Power ​ The President can: ​ Lessen punishments or grant reprieves. ​ Pardon individuals or remove punishments given by the courts to those foun p d guilty. 2.​ Impeachment of Justices ​ Justices of the Supreme Court and the Ombudsman can be removed from office through impeachment, which is tried in the Senate. ARTICLE XI: Accountability of Public Officers ​ Key Concept: Public office is a public trust. ​ Responsibilities of Public Officers: 1.​ Accountable to the people at all times. 2.​ Serve with utmost: ​ Responsibility ​ Integrity ​ Loyalty ​ Efficiency 3.​ Act with patriotism and justice. 4.​ Lead modest lives. Migration ​ Definition: ○​ Movement of people from one place to another, intending to settle permanently or temporarily. ​ Types of Migration: ○​ Local Migration: Moving within the same country ○​ International migration: Moving to another country Why is Migration Common in the Philippines? 1.​ Common Migration Flows: ○​ INTERNAL: From rural to urban areas. ○​ external: Movement to wealthy nations. 2.​ Reasons for Migration: ○​ Education ○​ Employment ○​ Modern living ○​ Accessibility to opportunities for a better life Effects on the Original Place ​ Key Points: ○​ Lack of funds for social services. ○​ Loses people who pay taxes (laborers and consumers). ○​ Financial help will not be immediately received. ○​ A small amount of taxes is collected.  ○​ Highly dependent on national government funds. 2. Effects on the Place People Are Migrating Into Advantages: ​ Larger funds. ​ Close to the central government. ​ Migration typically targets major cities such as: ○​ Metro Manila ○​ Cebu City ○​ Davao City ○​ Iloilo City ○​ Baguio City Challenges: 1.​ Big Population: 1.​ Increased demand for: ​ Jobs ​ Housing ​ Education ​ Medical services ​ Transportation ​ Communication ​ Electricity ​ Water 2.​ Specific Issues: 1.​ Unemployment 2.​ Illegal settlers 3.​ Low-quality education 4.​ Inefficient medical supplies 5.​ Shortage of public transportation 6.​ Slow communication lines 7.​ Brownout (power outages) 8.​ Shortage of water supply WHY Filipinos seek to work abroad 1.​ Good working conditions 2.​ Higher income 3.​ Provide families with better living  Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) ​ Benefits:​ Money earned overseas helps families: ○​ Acquire lands, houses, vehicles, and businesses ○​ Access education in good schools ​ Consequences: ○​ OFWs are far from their families ○​ Unable to see their children grow or their parents age Actions of the Government ​ Signing agreements with other countries ​ Ensures: 1.​ Right amount of salary and benefits 2.​ Safety in the workplace 3.​ Humane treatment Actions by the government to support OFWS 1. POEA (Philippine Overseas Employment Administration) ​ Purpose: ○​ Helps OFWs find legitimate employment abroad. ○​ Assists in completing employment contracts. ​ Role: ○​ Accredits private recruitment agencies to legally process OFW applications. ○​ 2. OWWA (Overseas Workers Welfare Administration) ​ Mandate: ○​ Helps OFWs involved in cases abroad. ○​ Assists families in the Philippines to communicate with OFWs. 3. Philippine Embassy ​ Role: ○​ Represents the Philippine government in foreign countries.  ○​ Directly communicates with foreign governments on issues about Filipinos abroad. ​ Services Provided: ○​ Processes important documents such as: -Passports, Birth certificates, NBI clearance ○​ Provides legal aid to OFWs, especially victims of violence by employers. ​ Rescue Operations: ○​ During life-threatening situations, the embassy conducts rescue missions for OFWs. China Constitutional Basis Art. XII, Sec. 2 of the Philippine Constitution: “The State shall protect the nation’s marine wealth in its archipelagic waters, territorial sea, and exclusive economic zone, and reserve its use and enjoyment exclusively to Filipino citizens.” Definition: A dispute or misunderstanding regarding ownership or sovereignty over land or maritime territory. Factors Behind Territorial Conflicts: 1.​ Differing views on border limitations. 2.​ Challenges to sovereignty over specific areas (land or water). Reasons for Conflicts: 1.​ Economic Aspect: Competition for natural resources such as minerals, oil, and fisheries. 2.​ Cultural, Religious, or Nationalistic Reasons. Sovereignty ​ Definition: Supreme authority or power to govern. ​ In modern democracies, sovereignty rests with the people and is exercised through representative bodies (e.g., Congress or Parliament). Major Disputed Territories in the World 1.​ Crimea (Russia and Ukraine) 2.​ East China Sea (China and Japan) 3.​ Jammu and Kashmir (India and Pakistan) 4.​ Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and West Bank (Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Syria) 5.​ Western Sahara (Morocco and Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) 6.​ Transnistria (Russia and Moldova) What is the West Philippine Sea? ​ West Philippine Sea: ○​ The maritime areas west of the Philippine archipelago. ○​ Named through Administrative Order No. 29 by President Benigno Aquino III (September 5, 2012). ​ Inclusions: ○​ Luzon Sea ○​ Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) ○​ Bajo de Masinloc (Scarborough Shoal) ​ South China Sea: A broader body of water, semi-enclosed, surrounded by: ○​ China/Taiwan (North) ○​ Philippines (East) ○​ Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei (West/South) Territorial Disputes in the West Philippine Sea ​ Involves six claimants: ○​ China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei. China 7 Areas Philippines 9 Vietnam 22 Malaysia 5 Taiwan 1 Brunei 0 Historical Background ​ China and Taiwan: Claim based on Xia and Han dynasty records and a 1947 Kuomintang map (Nine-Dash Line). ​ Philippine Claim: ○​ Based on the 1982 UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea), which provides: ​ 12 nautical miles as territorial sea. ​ 200 nautical miles EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) for sovereign states. Notable Events 1.​ 1995: China occupied Panganiban Reef in the Philippine EEZ. ○​ First direct challenge to Philippine sovereignty. 2.​ BRP Sierra Madre: ○​ The Philippines stationed the grounded ship on Ayungin Shoal to monitor Chinese incursions. 3.​ 2011: Confrontation near Recto Bank emphasized ongoing tensions. 4.​ 2013: Increase in Chinese activities around Ayungin Shoal, involving armed vessels and fishing operations. Contentious Areas: ​ Scarborough Shoal ​ Recto Bank Why the Fuss Over the West Philippine Sea? 1.​ Natural Resources: ○​ Seabed resources: 5.4 billion barrels of oil and 55.1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas (U.S. estimates). ○​ Rich fishing grounds with annual revenues valued at US$47-105 million (1998) and PHP 773 million (2004). 2.​ Strategic Importance: ○​ Half of the world’s merchant fleet tonnage and one-third of crude oil passes through the South China Sea. Government Actions 1.​ 2016 Permanent Court of Arbitration Ruling: (THIS IS THE ONE IN NETHERlANDS) ○​ Ruled that China’s Nine-Dash Line is invalid. ○​ Declared that the Philippines has exclusive rights over the West Philippine Sea. ○​ China refuses to recognize the ruling and continues incursions.​ ​ Where: Hague, Netherlands​ When: July 12 2016​ 2.​ Impact on Filipino Fishermen: ○​ Restricted access to key fishing areas like Masinloc Bay (Zambales). Possible Solutions 1.​ Bilateral Diplomatic Negotiations: ○​ Direct talks between countries to seek a political resolution. 2.​ Conciliation or Mediation: ○​ Neutral third parties facilitate discussions to defuse tensions. 3.​ International Arbitration: ○​ Disputes are settled through international courts or arbitral panels. 4.​ Joint Military Exercises: ○​ The Philippines can engage in military drills with allies to deter aggression. 5.​ Diplomatic Pressure: ○​ Use international alliances to pressure China to comply with international law. 6.​ Economic Leverage: ○​ Leverage economic ties with China during negotiations. Political Issues Article XI: Accountability of Public Officers ​ "Public office is a public trust." ​ Public officers must: ○​ Be accountable to the people. ○​ Serve with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency. ○​ Act with patriotism and justice. ○​ Lead modest lives. Article II: Declaration of Principles and State Policies ​ Section 26: The State guarantees equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibits political dynasties as may be defined by law. Political Dynasties Definition ​ Political dynasties: Traditional political families monopolizing political power and treating public office as personal property. ​ Thin dynasties: Relatives sequentially hold office ("sunod-sunod"). ​ Fat dynasties: Relatives simultaneously hold multiple offices ("sabay-sabay"). ​ Growth: Fat dynasties increased from 19% (1988) to 29% (2019), growing at 1% (170 positions) per election. ​ Maguindanao: Highest fat dynasty percentage (51%). ​ Other provinces with high fat dynasties: ○​ Pampanga (49%) ○​ Bulacan (45%) ○​ Davao Occidental (41%) ○​ Isabela (41%) ○​ Sulu, Lanao del Sur, Nueva Ecija (40%) ○​ Pangasinan (39%) ○​ Ilocos Norte (37%) ​ Political clans: Grew from 1,717 in 2001 to 2,504 in 2019. ​ Largest dynasties: Held 25 elected positions in 2019 (up from 17 in 2001). Famous Political Families ​ Maguindanao: Ampatuan ​ Tarlac: Aquino ​ Makati: Binay ​ Davao: Duterte ​ Manila/San Juan: Estrada ​ La Union: Ortegac ​ Capiz: Roxas ​ Taguig: Cayetano ​ Valenzuela: Gatchalian ​ Cebu: Garcia ​ Maguindanao: Mangudadatu  ​ Las Piñas: Villar ​ Cavite: Revilla, Remulla, Tolentino ​ Ilocos Norte: Marcos ​ Leyte: Romualdez ​ Other Notable Dynasties: Singson (Ilocos Sur), Pacquiao (Sarangani), Kho (Masbate), Tan (Samar). Adverse Effects of Political Dynasties 1.​ Perpetuation of Poverty and Underdevelopment ○​ Dynasties prioritize personal gains over public good. ○​ Linked to lower per capita income, higher poverty, and poor human development indices. 2.​ Political and Socio-Economic Inequality ○​ Dynastic politicians tend to be wealthier. ○​ Increases disparity in power and resources. 3.​ Corruption ○​ Dynasties reduce checks and balances, increasing corruption. ○​ Example: Family control of both executive and legislative branches. 4.​ Neglect of Development Programs ○​ Resources are misused for personal gain. ○​ Essential programs (e.g., commerce and infrastructure) are deprioritized. 5.​ Perpetuation of Political Inequality ○​ Reinforces unequal distribution of power and weakens democracy. Proposed Solutions to Political Dynasties 1.​ Enact a Comprehensive Anti-Dynasty Law ○​ Clearly define political dynasties to prevent loopholes. ○​ Impose term limits and restrict relatives from holding simultaneous positions. 2.​ Strengthen Campaign Finance Regulations ○​ Limit contributions and enhance transparency. ○​ Provide public funding for elections to level the playing field. 3.​ Voter Education and Participation ○​ Informed Choices: Vote for merit, not family names. ○​ Awareness: Highlight adverse effects of dynasties. ○​ Diverse Representation: Empower non-dynastic candidates. ○​ Accountability: Encourage political performance and reforms. Political Killings ​ Motivation: Winning or protecting positions. ​ Common before elections: Politicians, staff, opposition, media, and teachers are often targeted. ( Lagot ka sir Ash ) ​ Notable Example: ○​ Maguindanao Massacre: Political family attacked opposition members and media. ​ War on Drugs (2016-2019): ○​ 5,526 deaths in police operations (official count). ○​ Estimates: Up to 27,000 deaths (vigilante killings included). ○​ Example: Kian delos Santos’ murder (2017) led to police convictions. Graft and Corruption ​ Definition: Abuse of entrusted power for private gain. ​ Three Elements: Abuse, private gain, entrusted power. Forms of Corruption 1.​ Misuse of Public Funds: ○​ Janet Lim-Napoles (2014): Pork Barrel Scam – funds for fake NGOs. ○​ Fertilizer Fund Scam (2004): Overpriced fertilizers or non-existent farmer beneficiaries. 2.​ Election Fraud: ○​ Vote-Buying: Money, groceries, or food in exchange for votes. ○​ 2004 Election Scandal: COMELEC Commissioner Garcillano allegedly manipulated votes. 3.​ Lost Donations During Calamities: ○​ Typhoon Yolanda (2013): Donations for victims went missing or unaccounted. 4.​ Corruption in Government Transactions: ○​ Customs: Bribes to facilitate illegal exports/imports. ○​ Contracts: Winning bids awarded to companies tied to officials. Impact of Corruption ​ Weakens trust in government. ​ Hampers economic development and infrastructure growth. ​ Exacerbates poverty, inequality, and lack of public services. Examples of Misused Funds: ​ Funds meant for schools, hospitals, roads, and utilities. Election Anomalies 1.​ Vote-Buying: ○​ Direct payments (money, groceries, free meals). ○​ Identity theft of voters to manipulate results. 2.​ Election Manipulation: ○​ Example: Garcillano scandal (2004) during President Arroyo’s term.​ Towards Good Governance Freedom of Information (FOI) ​ Purpose: The FOI aims to ensure that citizens have access to government records, which helps prevent corruption, overspending, and misuse of funds. ​ Key Provisions: ​ Citizens have the right to access official documents, transactions, and data used for policy development. ​ Restrictions apply to classified or confidential files (e.g., personal information, government meeting minutes). ​ Centralized data retrieval allows easier access to information across government agencies. Anti-Dynasty Bill ​ To prevent political families from controlling multiple government positions over extended periods, especially at the local and national levels. ​ To ensure that ordinary citizens have a fair chance to run for office and reduce political monopolies within families. Automated Elections ​ Purpose: To make the election process more credible and reduce vote manipulation. ​ How it Works: Voters use PCOS (Precinct Count Optical Scan) machines for voting and tallying. ​ Benefits: ​ Reduces the possibility of “dagdag-bawas” (vote manipulation). ​ Faster and more accurate results without human intervention in counting. ​ Issue: Complaints have been raised about possible manipulation of transmitted vote data. Active Role of Media in Exposing Shady Government Practices ​ Media serves as a watchdog, exposing corruption and government misconduct. -ex. Impeachment of Renato Corona: Media coverage made the public aware of the need for government employees to submit their Statements of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALN).​ Pork Barrel Scam: The media played a crucial role in bringing the issue of embezzled government funds to the public’s attention. issue: It’s important for citizens to assess the credibility and bias of media reports. Media must be empowered to hold government accountable. Organized Actions of People (via Social Media) Social media platforms provide an effective way to inform and organize the public on urgent social and political issues. -ex. In August 2014, a Facebook post organized a mass protest at Luneta against the controversial Disbursement Acceleration Program (DAP) and Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF). Impact: ​ Social media became a powerful tool for mobilizing citizens and voicing their concerns on government policies.