Statistical Thinking - PDF

2/12/25, 11:54 AM OneNote Statistical Thinking Tuesday, January 14, 2025 9:26 AM What is statistics? Branch of math dealing with the collection, analysis. Interpretation and presentati...

2/12/25, 11:54 AM OneNote Statistical Thinking Tuesday, January 14, 2025 9:26 AM What is statistics? Branch of math dealing with the collection, analysis. Interpretation and presentation of masses of numerical fata ○ Ex: quantitative data analysis in scientific research "collection of quantitative data" ○ Ex: statistics show real wages in UK increasing at highest rate over decade ○ Ex: batting average in baseball Descriptive statistics: examine/summarize data in smaples What is the average stature of a dallas cowboys football player? DC=188.5cm Is it taller or shorter than the average stature of man u player? ManU=185.2cm Inferential statistics- use data in smaples to make inerences about populations: Are NFL platers taller than EPL platers? DC=188.5cn, ManU=185.2cm Based on means for our 2 smaples it looks like yes, but we can tet this using inferential stats Statisical appreaches/test we applt to answer questions IMPORTANT: statistical tools are both descriptive and inferential Limitation Can be misused Only as food as fata used You must interpret ourput properly and realistically Match the conept: 1) average house price- descriptive stat 2)testing for chanfe in average hosue price 2004-2022- infferential stat Samples and populations: Statistical population- totality of elements of interest, "target population" ○ Ex: all canfaind, all bevers in northern ontario ○ Cannot resonavly ve mescured/counted in totality ○ So we take a sample Sample Representitive subset of target population ○ Same cariation and propoortions as population ○ "random samples Bias- id every person/object in population does not have an ewual chance of entering sampel Hoe might archaeoloical sampels be biased? Often we assume. Representativeness of sampels Variavility aamound samples (from the same populaiton): Will the results be the dame if we take multiple samples Samplinf error- cariation due to sampling ○ Different ssmples of same population will prodcuce different sample statistics as point estimates of population paramerer Statistical analydis and interpreations onlt as food as the dsta you draw from ○ Consider valididyu of sampels to questrions asked, populations represented Statistical software is reat, but also bad https://uvic-my.sharepoint.com/personal/lucybryden_uvic_ca/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={9faa0b91-e898-498c-a6e1-c5e15b84c2ef}&action=edit&wd=target… 1/2 2/12/25, 11:54 AM OneNote https://uvic-my.sharepoint.com/personal/lucybryden_uvic_ca/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={9faa0b91-e898-498c-a6e1-c5e15b84c2ef}&action=edit&wd=target… 2/2