Sec 1001 Study Guide PDF

1 Week 1 Slides -10 total questions Evolution of our Discipline Few formal academic programs Teachers of the programs often don’t have degrees in Public Safety Lack of common job descriptions and duties for Emergency Managers Lack of uni...

1 Week 1 Slides -10 total questions Evolution of our Discipline Few formal academic programs Teachers of the programs often don’t have degrees in Public Safety Lack of common job descriptions and duties for Emergency Managers Lack of universally accepted standards The challenge of common language What is an emergency? Emergency management act: Does not define “emergency” An Emergency Management Framework for Canada: A present or imminent event that requires prompt coordination of actions concerning persons or property to protect the health, safety, or welfare of people, or to limit damage to property or the environment. Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act (Ontario) A situation or impending situation that constitutes a danger of major proportions that could result in serious harm to persons or substantial damage to property and that is caused by the forces of, a disease or other health risk, an accident or an act whether intentional or otherwise Emergency Management Act (Nova Scotia) A present or imminent event in which the minister or municipality believes prompt co-ordination of action/regulations of people or property must be undertaken to protect property, health, safety, and welfare of people in the Province. 2 Week 1 Slides Emergencies, disasters, and catastrophes General Characteristics of Emergencies Events that can be managed at the local level Groups familiar with one another as part of the response Typically affect a group of people (i.e. family, small business, government department) Produce a modest amount of damage/destruction to property and/or the environment General Characteristics of Disasters The application of different performance standards as new acceptable norms emerge in the face of disaster ○ Response times ○ Quality of care Collapse of public-private sector lines as resources become mobilized as part of an overall community response ○ Goods, equipment, personnel, facilities, (without due process or within normal procedures) Onset may be gradual or sudden (notice or no-notice) Produce major damage and destruction, but typically affects only parts of the community ○ First responder and first receiver bases of operation are typically unaffected or remain suitable as bases of operation Results in massive convergence of goods, supplies, personnel, and communication General Characteristics of Catastrophe Catastrophes affect structures significantly more than disasters or emergencies ○ Hurricane Hugo destroyed 90% of homes in St. Croix. This made it near impossible to shelter with relatives or friends Facilities and operational bases of most emergency organizations are destroyed ○ Hurricane Andrew seriously damaged or destroyed the local medical centers, police stations, and fire stations 1 Week 2 Slides -8 questions Defining Emergency Management Emergency Management has been referred to as a management function of programs and policies Emergency Management is: Comprehensive A public service The goal of Emergency Management is: To protect communities Reduce risk Improve community resilience Pillars of Emergency Management The definitions made reference to the so-called “pillars” of emergency management Represents categories of activities that are the focus of emergency management: ○ Prevention ○ Mitigation ○ Preparedness ○ Response ○ Recovery & Reconstruction Prevention Actions taken to prevent an emergency or disaster Mitigation Actions taken to reduce the effects of an emergency or disaster 2 Week 2 Slides Response Actions taken to respond to an emergency or disaster Recovery Actions taken to recover from an emergency or disaster The Traditional Approach Assumptions of the Traditional Model We need to respond to war rather than other disasters Emergency Management is only concerned with First Responders Government is the most reliable actor because of public chaos during disasters It is best to stick solely to standard operating procedures The assumptions: Gave priority to some disasters, such as war, over others, such as natural and technological. Viewed disaster operations from the view of a single agency (usually emergency services in orientation) Strict adherence to standard operating procedures Hierarchical structure decision making and implementation The Professional Approach The professional approach is a more inclusive and flexible alternative to the traditional model: Considers many different types of hazards Recognizes & acknowledges the importance of relations with decision makers and leaders of different government departments Recognizes disasters pose severe challenges to communities and that this does not necessarily mean society ceases to function in those times Considers the private and non-profit sectors that may provide negative or positive results (depending on how managed) 3 Week 2 Slides Understands that creativity and improvisation may be required as bureaucratic procedures may be too rigid under the circumstances Has been referred to as the public administration, problem solving, networking, or emergent norms perspective Strengths of Professional Approach: All hazards approach Sees the big picture (beyond emergency services) Recognizes the many actors involved Recognizes need to integrate activities Allows flexibility in response Weaknesses of Professional Approach: Strict adherence to all-hazards may not account for necessary hazard-specific considerations Broad perspective may downplay the importance of emergency services May not recognize the importance of government May fail to recognize need for hierarchical leadership May overlook or underscore strategies developed and tested over time 1 Week 3 Slides -8 questions Four Theories of Disaster 1. Acts of God (Fate Theory) 2. Acts of Nature 3. Intersection of Society and Nature 4. Avoidable Human Constructs A View to the Past: Pre-1800 The Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 Model of the Gaiola - Pombalina (pombaline cage), an architectural, earthquake-resistant wooden structure developed in Portugal in the 18th century for the reconstruction of Lisbon Acts of God (Fate Theory) Bottom Line - Fate ( the stars), God or human sin is to blame for disasters The study of disasters as natural events was delayed for generations through superstition and supernatural beliefs ○ 1900s = final breakout of this darkness Acts of Nature The view of disasters as acts of nature did not take over everywhere immediately By the time the 20th century hit, natural disasters were seen almost entirely as physical agents The root cause of large-scale death and destruction has been attributed to the extremes of nature Disasters as acts of nature have been viewed as “stuff that happens” Society - Nature Interface The large disaster losses we have experienced during the past decade “has been the result of a lethal combination of fierce nature and human decisions.” - James Lee Witt 2 Week 3 Slides Origins of Civil Defense - United Kingdom Civil Defence Service was established in 1935 by the Home Office Organization of Civil Defence was at the local level Was volunteer based, and assigned based on training and experience Sections included: ○ Reconnaissance and reportings ○ Rescue parties (bombed out buildings) ○ First Aid parties By 1949, the Civil Defense service was disbanded and replaced with the Civil Defence Corps Still a civilian volunteer organization It was tasked to take control in the aftermath of a major national emergency, most notably a nuclear attack during the Cold War The Civil Defense Corps was dissolved in 1968 with the understanding that nothing practical could be done in the event of an unrestricted nuclear attack. Emergency Preparedness Planning During the 1990’s In May 1995, the federal government revised its policy for emergencies This included a broadening of emergencies to be accommodated: ○ Catastrophic natural disasters ○ Threats to public order ○ International crises ○ War, entailing the use of extraordinary powers Another new feature in the May 1995 federal policy revision was the explicit statement of an all-hazards approach to emergency preparedness ○ EPC had identified over 60 potential causes for emergencies in Canada ○ EPC felt individual plans for each of them was unrealistic ○ Decided to focus on the adverse effects common to most emergencies rather than to the full range of possible causes 1 Week 4 Slides -6 questions Canadian Constitutional Jurisdiction The constitutional framework is the basis of legal authorities Canada is a federal state ○ The power to govern is divided between the central authority (Federal Government) and a group of regional authorities (the Provinces) ○ People are subject to the laws of both authorities ○ The federal and provincial government are not subordinate to each others authorities, but are equal The authorities to enact legislation was given to the Federal parliament and Provincial legislatures by the British North American Act, 1867 This act allocates classes of subjects that each has the authority to enact legislation over Federal Jurisdiction Public Debt & Property Militia, Military, Naval Service, Defence First Nations Criminal Law Penitentiaries Provincial Jurisdiction Public Lands, timber, wood Ships, railways, canals, telegraphs, connecting provinces Lines of steam ships between province and other countries Property and civil rights Laws, law enforcement All matters of a private or local nature Federal: Emergency Management Act Emergency Management Act, (S.C 2007, c 15) Identifies the responsibilities of the Minister of Public Safety Explains federal ministerial responsibilities under the Act Speaks to the relationship with the United States in terms of planning and response 2 Week 4 Slides Recognizes Provincial authority EMCPA, Ontario - Ministry Requirements EMCPA, O. Reg 380/04 Pt. (1) legislates ministry requirements: Appoint a Ministry Emergency Management Coordinator (MEMC) Establish a Ministry Action Group (MAG) Prepare an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) Establish a Ministry Emergency Operations Centre (MEOC) Conduct an annual exercise Complete required training The EMCPA states, in part, that an emergency management program shall consist of: Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) Identification of Critical Infrastructure (CI) Publication Education programs Emergency Management Doctrine for Ontario The main purpose of the Emergency Management Doctrine is to set out the overall framework for emergency management in the province of Ontario in order to develop a common understanding of the concept. Canadian Standards Association - Z1600 This Standard provides the requirements to develop, implement, evaluate, maintain, and improve an emergency and continuity management program for prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery 1 Week 5 Slides -15 questions Summary of Relationship - Hazards can produce threats - Level of risk depends on vulnerability and loss estimates Active vs. Passive Hazards may be referred to as active and passive Active - A hazard that is actively threatening (people, property, etc.) Passive - A hazard that is NOT ACTIVELY threatening (people, property, etc.) Hazard Categories & Types Hazards can be categorized into 3 areas: Natural hazards - Naturally occuring, threatens life, property, environment, systems Technological hazards - Individual and collective use of technology, usually failures of design or management, affects large scale structures, transport systems, industrial activities which present life threatening risks Human-caused hazards - Human actions with intent to cause harm to other humans and what they value, intentional or deliberate Compound nature of hazards Many hazards do not act in isolation of one another There may be cascading hazards and/or disasters because of the initial one These cascading hazards can be hybrid (from one category to another) Cascading disasters Cascading disasters are extreme events, in which the cascading effects increase over time and generate unexpected secondary events of strong impact. These tend to be at least as serious as the original event, and to contribute significantly to the overall duration of the disasters effects 2 Week 5 Slides Risk Risk can be used in two ways: ○ What is at risk ○ What is the risk The risk - relates to the probability of an event occurring At risk - are assets. They are at risk from the threats of a hazard ○ Assume that all community assets are at risk, with each being vulnerable to damage or destruction Vulnerability Vulnerability of place Vulnerability of design Cultural influences Economic conditions Emergency management institutions Political systems Social factors Vulnerability: Informing Theories & Concepts Emergent Behavior When a disaster occurs, people and resources will flow to the scene and new organizations will appear almost instantaneously Many of these volunteers are untrained and may create serious problems for first responders Spontaneous organizations often outstrip the capacity of emergency managers to effectively utilize them Emergence is therefore associated with both liability and capability Impact & Loss The effect of a disaster on people, buildings and society, or the environment is referred to as the impact Loss - is the result of being deprived of something and is a measure of the damage or destruction caused ○ Loss may or may not be quantified 3 Week 5 Slides Impacts can be far reaching Disasters may have an impact on: The social environment The built environment The natural environment Loss Direct losses - refer to the physical or structural impact and quantifiable losses ○ Number of people killed ○ Damage to buildings and infrastructure ○ Damage to natural resources 1 Week 6 Slides -9 questions Natural Hazards: 2016 Worldwide Overview Hydrological Hazard Frequency Flood 164 Landslide 13 Meteorological Hazard Frequency Storms 83 Extreme temperature 13 Climatological Hazard Frequency Droughts 28 Wildfires 10 Geophysical Hazard Frequency Earthquakes 30 Volcano 1 Global Technological Threat Trends Technological disasters are increasing both in number and in the amount of financial, social and human destruction they cause Technological disasters account for an estimated $8 billion yearly in direct insured costs 2 Week 6 Slides Global Human-Induced Hazard Trends Human-caused disasters, such as terrorism, is a global concern Terrorism has increasingly become a problem in the 20th century In 2016 there were 11,072 terrorist attacks in 104 countries There was a decrease of 9% in terrorist attacks globally between 2015 and 2016 The human threat of cyberattacks against critical infrastructure is also a growing concern Estimates of the financial impact of hackers on the US economy range from $200 million to hundreds of billions yearly Civil unrest, such as protests, strikes, and rioting, occur daily around the world and lead to property damage, economic damage, injuries, and death The Canadian Hazard Profile Canada experiences a wide range of risks, from natural hazards to unintentional or intentional events In May 1995, Emergency Preparedness Canada identified 60 potential causes for emergencies in Canada Currently the Canadian Disaster Database lists over 1000 natural, technological and conflict events (excluding war) that have happened since 1900 at home or abroad and that have directly affected Canadians. Population is one core factor of risk generation as it implies the settlement of people and assets that can lead to an increase of the exposure and the vulnerability to hazards Canada’s 2014 national population density is 3.9 people/sq.km The US 2014 national population density is 34.6 people/sq.km The majority of Canadians live along the US border 3 Week 6 Slides The Canadian Hazard Profile: Human Human-Induced Hazards Experience Year Event Location Province Impact 1970 FLQ October PQ Bombings Crisis Kidnappings 1985 Bombing of 329 dead Flight 182 Millions in trial costs 9/11 World Trade Thousands of Center stranded travelers in Canada Trade with US hampered due to security restrictions Summary Human-caused disasters, such as terrorism, is a global concern Terrorism has increasingly become a problem in the 20th century Canada experiences a wide range of risks, from natural hazards to unintentional or intentional events With over 1000 entries in the Canadian Disaster Database, the Canadian Disaster Experience includes all types of emergencies