Emergency Management Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary characteristic of the traditional disaster operations model?

  • Emphasis on community resilience
  • Flexibility in decision-making
  • Involvement of multiple governmental agencies
  • Strict adherence to standard operating procedures (correct)

    • Which of the following is considered a strength of the professional approach to disaster operations?

  • Emphasis on hierarchical decision making
  • Ability to recognize many different hazards involved (correct)
  • Focus solely on emergency services
  • Rigidity in following standard operating procedures

    • What is a notable weakness of the professional approach in disaster operations?

  • Strict adherence to all-hazards approach (correct)
  • Recognizes the importance of emergency services
  • Understands the need for creativity
  • Acknowledges the significance of private sector involvement

    • Which theory of disaster considers the interaction between society and nature?

    <p>Intersection of Society and Nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the professional approach to disaster management emphasize?

    <p>Flexibility and improvisation in response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a requirement stipulated by Reg 380/04 Part 1?

    <p>Appoint a Ministry Emergency Management Coordinator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym HIRA stand for in the context of emergency management?

    <p>Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hazard includes failures of design or management that pose life-threatening risks?

    <p>Technological hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a passive hazard?

    <p>A hazard that is only a potential threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Emergency Management Doctrine for Ontario?

    <p>To establish a common framework for emergency management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cascading disasters are characterized by what aspect?

    <p>Increasing effects over time with secondary impacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT included in the emergency management program as stated by EMCPA?

    <p>Mitigation strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is true regarding active hazards?

    <p>They are currently threatening people or property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Emergency Management?

    <p>To protect communities and reduce risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the pillars of Emergency Management?

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes a characteristic of a disaster?

    <p>Can result in significant community impact even if gradual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'mitigation' refer to in Emergency Management?

    <p>Actions taken to reduce the effects of an emergency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption is made by the Traditional Model of Emergency Management?

    <p>First responders are the sole focus of emergency response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates an example of recovery in Emergency Management?

    <p>Restoring utilities after a disaster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a result of a catastrophe as opposed to a disaster?

    <p>Complete destruction of critical infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding resource mobilization during disasters?

    <p>Resources can be mobilized without normal procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a catastrophe differ from a disaster?

    <p>Catastrophes result in widespread structural damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is considered a part of Prevention in Emergency Management?

    <p>Establishing building codes to minimize damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What new approach was introduced in the federal government's emergency preparedness policy in May 1995?

    <p>All-hazards approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category recognized under federal jurisdiction in Canada?

    <p>Public Lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What document established the division of powers between the Federal Government and the Provinces in Canada?

    <p>British North American Act, 1867</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of provincial jurisdiction?

    <p>Property and civil rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Emergency Management Act is highlighted regarding the role of the Minister of Public Safety?

    <p>Responsibilities under the Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emergencies does the May 1995 federal policy NOT specifically address?

    <p>Local crime incidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the relationship between the federal and provincial governments in Canada?

    <p>They are equal authorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following responsibilities is NOT assigned to federal jurisdiction?

    <p>Telecommunications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'risk' refer to in the context of disaster management?

    <p>The probability of an event occurring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in vulnerability?

    <p>Celebrity influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the effect of a disaster on society and the environment?

    <p>Impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of loss refers to quantifiable physical damage?

    <p>Direct losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do spontaneous organizations often create during a disaster?

    <p>Liability issues for trained responders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2016, which type of disaster had the highest recorded frequency worldwide?

    <p>Floods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a significant global concern relating to human-induced hazards?

    <p>Cybersecurity threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Canada, what was identified as a potential emergency cause in 1995?

    <p>60 potential causes for emergencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual cost of technological disasters in insured losses?

    <p>$8 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 2016, there were ______ terrorist attacks recorded in 104 countries

    <p>11,072</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Defining Emergency Management

    • Emergency Management is a comprehensive public service that strives to protect communities, reduce risk, and improve community resilience.

    Pillars of Emergency Management

    • The pillars of emergency management represent categories of activities that are the focus of emergency management.
      • Prevention
      • Mitigation
      • Preparedness
      • Response
      • Recovery & Reconstruction

    Prevention

    • Actions taken to prevent an emergency or disaster.

    Mitigation

    • Actions taken to reduce the effects of an emergency or disaster.

    Response

    • Actions taken to respond to an emergency or disaster.

    Recovery

    • Actions taken to recover from an emergency or disaster.

    The Traditional Approach

    • Traditional emergency management puts emphasis on war and other catastrophic events.
    • Emergency Management focuses on first responders.
    • Government is the most reliable actor due to public chaos during disasters.
    • It's best to stick solely to standard operating procedures.

    The Professional Approach

    • The professional approach considers many different types of hazards, recognizing the importance of relationships with decision-makers across government departments.
    • The approach recognizes disasters pose severe challenges to communities.
    • It considers the private and non-profit sectors, which may provide positive or negative results depending on how they are managed.
    • It acknowledges that creativity and improvisation may be required, as bureaucratic procedures can prove too rigid during disasters.
    • The approach is known as the public administration, problem solving, networking, or emergent norms perspective.

    Strengths of Professional Approach

    • An "all-hazards" approach is taken.
    • The approach considers the big picture, going beyond emergency services.
    • It recognizes the many actors involved in emergency management.
    • It recognizes the need to integrate activities across different sectors.
    • It allows for flexibility in response.

    Weaknesses of Professional Approach

    • The strict adherence to an "all-hazards" approach may not account for necessary hazard-specific considerations.
    • The broad perspective may downplay the importance of emergency services.
    • The approach may not recognize the importance of government in emergency response.
    • It may fail to recognize the need for hierarchical leadership under disaster conditions.
    • It may overlook or underscore the importance of tested strategies developed over time.

    Four Theories of Disaster

    • Acts of God (Fate Theory)
    • Acts of Nature
    • Intersection of Society and Nature
    • Emergency Preparedness Planning During the 1990’s

    Canadian Constitutional Jurisdiction

    • The constitutional framework is the basis of legal authorities in Canada.
    • Canada is a federal state, meaning power is divided between the central authority (Federal Government) and regional authorities (Provinces).
    • People are subject to the laws of both federal and provincial authorities.
    • The federal and provincial governments are not subordinate to each other, but are equal.

    Federal Jurisdiction

    • Public Debt & Property
    • Militia, Military, Naval Service, Defence
    • First Nations
    • Criminal Law
    • Penitentiaries

    Provincial Jurisdiction

    • Public Lands, timber, wood
    • Ships, railways, canals, telegraphs, connecting provinces
    • Lines of steam ships between province and other countries
    • Property and civil rights
    • Laws, law enforcement
    • All matters of a private or local nature

    Federal: Emergency Management Act

    • The Emergency Management Act, (S.C 2007, c 15), identifies the responsibilities of the Minister of Public Safety.
    • It explains federal ministerial responsibilities under the Act.
    • The Act speaks to the relationship with the United States in terms of emergency planning and response.
    • It recognizes Provincial authority.

    EMCPA, Ontario - Ministry Requirements

    • Appointment of a Ministry Emergency Management Coordinator (MEMC).

    • Establishment of a Ministry Action Group (MAG).

    • Creation of an Emergency Response Plan (ERP).

    • Establishment of a Ministry Emergency Operations Centre (MEOC).

    • Conduct an annual exercise.

    • Completion of required training.

    • Emergency Management programs must include:

      • Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA)
      • Identification of Critical Infrastructure (CI)
      • Public Education programs.

    Emergency Management Doctrine for Ontario

    • The main purpose of Emergency Management Doctrine is to outline a framework for emergency management in Ontario, promoting a common understanding of the concept.

    Canadian Standards Association - Z1600

    • Z1600 provides requirements for developing, implementing, evaluating, maintaining, and improving an emergency and continuity management program encompassing prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.

    Summary of Relationship

    • Hazards can produce threats.
    • The level of risk is determined by vulnerability and loss estimates.

    Active vs. Passive

    • Active hazards actively threaten (people, property, etc.).
    • Passive hazards are NOT ACTIVELY threatening (people, property, etc.).

    Hazard Categories & Types

    • Natural hazards: Naturally occurring threats to life, property, the environment, and systems.
    • Technological hazards: Failures in design or management of technology, affecting large-scale structures, transport systems, and industrial activities.
    • Human-caused hazards: Deliberate human actions intended to cause harm.

    Compound Nature of Hazards

    • Many hazards do not act in isolation.
    • Cascading hazards or disasters can occur as a result of the initial event.

    Cascading Disasters

    • Cascading disasters are extreme events that have escalating effects, generating unexpected secondary events that are as serious or even more significant than the initial event. These contribute to the overall duration of the disaster's effects.

    Risk

    • The risk of an event occurring relates to the probability of that event taking place.
    • Assets are considered "at risk" from the threats of a hazard.

    Vulnerability

    • Vulnerability refers to the susceptibility of assets to being harmed by a hazard.
    • Vulnerability is impacted by factors including:
      • Location of assets (vulnerability of place)
      • Design of assets (vulnerability of design)
      • Cultural influences
      • Economic conditions
      • Emergency management systems
      • Political systems
      • Social factors

    Vulnerability: Informing Theories & Concepts

    Emergent Behavior

    • During a disaster, people and resources will flow to the scene, and new organizations will appear quickly.
    • Many of these volunteers are untrained, which can create problems for first responders.
    • These spontaneous organizations often outpace the capabilities of emergency managers to effectively utilize them.

    Impact & Loss

    • The effect of a disaster on people, buildings, society, or the environment is referred to as the impact.
    • Loss is the result of being deprived of something and is a measure of the damage or destruction caused. Loss may or may not be quantifiable.

    Loss

    • Direct losses refer to the physical or structural impact and are often quantifiable:
      • Number of people killed
      • Damage to buildings and infrastructure
      • Damage to natural resources

    Natural Hazards: 2016 Worldwide Overview

    • Hydrological Hazards:
      • Flood (164)
      • Landslide (13)
    • Meteorological Hazards:
      • Storms (83)
      • Extreme temperatures (13)
    • Climatological Hazards:
      • Droughts (28)
      • Wildfires (10)
    • Geophysical Hazards:
      • Earthquakes (30)
      • Volcano (1)
    • Increasing number and severity of technological disasters, causing significant financial, social, and human destruction.
    • Technological disasters account for an estimated $8 billion yearly in direct insured costs.
    • Terrorism is a growing global concern. There were 11,072 terrorist attacks in 104 countries in 2016.
    • The threat of cyberattacks against critical infrastructure is also a growing concern, estimated to cause hundreds of billions in annual damage to the US economy.
    • Civil unrest, such as protests, strikes, and rioting, occur daily and can cause property damage, economic losses, injuries, and deaths.

    The Canadian Hazard Profile

    • Canada experiences a wide range of risks.
    • In 1995, Emergency Preparedness Canada identified 60 potential causes for emergencies in Canada.
    • The Canadian Disaster Database lists over 1000 natural, technological, and conflict events that have affected Canadians since 1900.

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    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of emergency management including its definition, pillars, and traditional approaches to handling disasters. This quiz delves into the various stages such as prevention, mitigation, response, and recovery, highlighting their significance in community resilience.

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