Sec. 1 Pharm-D.pdf

SEEDS Seed Definition: Mature fertilized ovules containing an embryo which form new plants on germination. Seeds are transported by animals, wind, and water, when circumstances are favorable, water and oxygen penetrate the seed coat, and th...

SEEDS Seed Definition: Mature fertilized ovules containing an embryo which form new plants on germination. Seeds are transported by animals, wind, and water, when circumstances are favorable, water and oxygen penetrate the seed coat, and the new plant begins to grow. Structure of ovules Types of seeds or ovules: 1 Atropous ovules. 2 Anatropous ovules. 3 Amphiatropous ovules. 4 Campylatropous ovules. Types of seeds or ovules: Medicinal seeds Linseed & Fenugreek Linseed (flax seed) ‫بذر الكتان‬ Botanical origin: Dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum Family; Linaceae.  Macroscopical characters: Shape: Elongated ovate somewhat flattened having rounded base and pointed apex. Colour: Dark brown colour. Odour: Odourless when entire and with oily odour when crushed. Taste: Mucilaginous oily taste. Surface: Finely pitted smooth shiny testa. Type of ovule: Anatropous ovule (Raphe extended half the seed circumference as yellow shiny line). T.S in the seed (1) Testa: outer and inner integuments. The outer integument formed of: - Epidermis - Hypodermis. The inner integument formed of: - Scleride layer - Hyaline layer - Pigment layer (2) Endosperm (3) Embryo T.S in the seed Microscopical characters: (1) Cross layer: Fragments of elongated, lignified sclerenchymatous cells crossed by thin-walled elongated cells on one side and rounded, thick- walled cells on the other side. Microscopical characters: (2) Pigment layer: Dark brown fragments showing polygonal pigment cells.  1. Fixed oil Active 2. Acidic Mucilage. constituents 3. Cyanogenic glycoside (linamarin). 4. Omega-3 fatty acids. 5. Protein. Medicinal uses of linseed: Constipation As it increases bowel movements. Diabetes As it slightly improves blood sugar control in people with type 2 diabetes. Hypertension As it slightly reduces blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. Obesity Flaxseed mucilage may also help to reduce weight.  Test for linamarin glycoside (Guignard paper test) The crushed moistened seeds are placed in test tube while hanging sodium picrate paper (a filter paper immersed in sodium carbonate solution 10%, allowed to dry and then immersed in picric acid 1% then allowed to be dry giving the yellow sodium picrate paper), the stoppered tube is kept at 37˚C for eighteen hours where the paper colour changes from yellow to reddish colour due to conversion of sodium picrate to sodium picramate.  Test for linamarin glycoside (Guignard paper test)