SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION.docx

**SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION** **Trepanation**- making an opening like a small round hole in the head - Earliest brain surgery goes back around **6000 years ago** in **Cappadocia, Turkey** **China:** - Raising fish in rice paddies *(thousand year old agricultural practice)* **Philippines...

**SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION** **Trepanation**- making an opening like a small round hole in the head - Earliest brain surgery goes back around **6000 years ago** in **Cappadocia, Turkey** **China:** - Raising fish in rice paddies *(thousand year old agricultural practice)* **Philippines:** - **Mummification:** process of preserving a deceased human. - In Northern Luzon, mummification is prevalent in Cordillera, specifically in **Benguet, Ifugao, and Mountain Province**. - **Mummies:** classified based on the method and the medium of preservation. **Egypt:** - Egyptians mummify their dead to find their body easily in the afterlife to live forever. **Scientific Revolution** - **historical changes** in thought & belief, to changes in social & institutional organization - unfolded in **Europe** between **1550-1700** **Science as an idea** - Includes **theories** and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world **Science as an intellectual activity** - involves systematic observations and **experimentations.** **Science as a body of knowledge.** - a **subject or a discipline** or a field of study, it deals with the **process of learning** about the natural and physical world **Science as a personal and social activity** - both **knowledge and activities** by humans to develop better understanding of the world around them **Philosophy: noble ideas** to provide possible explanation to certain phenomena. **Period of Enlightenment** - **mathematics ,physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry** transformed the views of society about nature. - Started in **Europe** - **Birth of modern science** **INDIVIDUALS &THEIR REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS** - **Nicholaus Copernicus** - Developed **(Copernican Model)** **heliocentrism**, it is the name given to the astronomical model published in **1543**. - Copernican Model was **banned & ignored by Rome** (16th century) - heretic & unacceptable to be taught to Catholics - **Charles Darwin** - **Theory of Evolution by Means of Natural Selection.** - Published **The Origin of Species** in **1859**. - Joined the **5 year** voyage through **HMS Beagle** on the island of **Galapagos** - **Sigmund Freud** - **Method of Psychoanalysis:** scientific way to study human mind & neurotic illness. - was unorthodox focuses human sexuality and & the evil Nature of man. - **Human sexuality** is the way people experience and **express themselves sexually** - involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors **CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE** ***Development of Science in Mesoamerica:*** - Maya civilization - Inca civilization - Aztec civilization **Maya Civilization** - lasted 2000 years - known for their works in **Astronomy, celestial bodies, predicting eclipse,** and **astrological cycles for planting** - first people to produce **rubber products** - **Mayan hieroglyphics** - Skilled in mathematics - Developed number systems based on numeral 20 **Inca Civilization (1438-1533)** - Stone bldgs. - Irrigation system - Calendar with 12 months - First suspension bridge - Quipo (knotted ropes) - Inca textiles **Aztec civilization (1300 -- 1521)** - Mesoamerican culture in central Mexico - Mandatory Education - Chocolate - Antispasmodic medication - Chinampa - Floating farm - Aztec calendar - Invention of canoe **India** - Known for manufacturing iron and metallurgical works - Traditional medicine - Notable in astronomy - Known for mathematics - "Rules of Brahmagupta" - Rules governing the use of zero and negative numbers **China** - Medicine - Acupuncture - Astronomy - Science and mathematics - Compass - Seismographs - Arts & Philosophy - Music **Middle Eastern countries** - Golden Age of Islam - Placed greater value on science experiments than plain thought experiment - started around 11th - 13th century - Mongols conquered Islam. - **Ibn al-Haytham** - Father of Optics - Intromission Theory of Light - **Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi** - Mathematics - Concept of algorithm - Algebra derived from **al-jabar** (beginning title of one of his books) - **Ibn Sina** - Pioneered the science of **Experimental Medicine** - Discovery of contagious disease - Introduction of Clinical Pharmacology - **Jabir Ibn Hayyan** - Father of Chemistry - The foundation of Modern chemistry. **DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA** - Astronomy - Math - Medicine - Alchemy - World's oldest mathematical instrument was found in Africa - **Lebombo Bone (37,000 years old)** - Egyptians are good in **4 fundamental mathematical operations** and other mathematical skills. - Have basic knowledge on Algebra & Trigonometry.