Science 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer PDF

SCIENCE 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer Topic 1-4: Internal Parts of the Volcano Volcanism, Magma, and Geothermal Energy Volcanism...

SCIENCE 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer Topic 1-4: Internal Parts of the Volcano Volcanism, Magma, and Geothermal Energy Volcanism 1.​ Magma Reservoir ➔​ Process of molten rock, or magma, erupting onto ➔​ Also known as magma storage zone or the surface of a planet. magma chamber. ➔​ Phenomenon that occurs when a planet loses ➔​ Large pool of liquid rock beneath the internal heat, causing rock near the surface to surface of the earth. melt. ➔​ A place where molten rock (magma) is ➔​ Often associated with tectonic plates, where stored prior to eruption. magma chambers can form when one plate moves under another. 2.​ Crater ➔​ Bowl/funnel-shaped depression that Volcano usually lies directly above the vent from ​ Natural opening in the surface of the Earth the mouth or opening of the volcano. where molten rocks, hot gases, smoke, and ashes ​ Caldera are ejected. ★​ Large depression when the volcano ​ Contains hot molten materials such as magma, erupts and the summit of the volcano lava, and ashes. collapses. ○​ Magma - molten rock that's ★​ Apolaki Caldera - biggest caldera in the underground. world discovered by Jenny Anne ○​ Lava - molten rock that has reached the Barretto in 2019, that reaches 150 surface of the Earth. kilometers (93 miles). The term “apolaki” ​ Volcanology - the study of the volcano means “giant lord". This caldera is ​ Volcanologist - devoted to study of volcanoes currently inactive ​ PHIVOLCS: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. 3.​ Lava Flow ​ Volcanoes in the Philippines: The Philippines is ➔​ Outpouring of the molten rock on the located along the Ring of Fire, with nearly 300 surface of the volcano. volcanoes, 24 of which are active ➔​ Molten rock that oozes from an erupting ​ Pacific Ring of Fire: horseshoe-shaped region vent. around the Pacific Ocean that experiences frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity. 4.​ Throat ​ It both has positive and negative effects ➔​ Entrance of the volcano. ➔​ Part of conduit that ejects lava and volcanic ash. Parts of the Volcano 5.​ Conduit ➔​ Underground passage which magma travels through. ➔​ A passage that connects the magma chamber to the surface. 6.​ Sill ➔​ Flat sheet-like igneous rock formed when magma intrudes between the rock layer. ➔​ Flat piece of rock formed when magma hardens in a crack in a volcano. Created By: Exequiel Rivera (9T) & Gabryle Doromal (9P) ​ ​ ​ SCI9 | 3QE REVIEWER | 1 To Be Checked By: Clyde Delos Reyes & Jairich Arciaga (9P)  SCIENCE 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer 7.​ Solidified lava ➔​ Layers of lava that solidify & form rocks. Types of Volcano According to Activity ➔​ Hardened and stacked remnants of lava flows from multiple eruptions over time, 1.​ Active Volcano helping shape the volcano. ➔​ Have a record of eruption within the 50 years/10,000 years/recently/until now. 8.​ Ash ➔​ Showing regular signs of activity. ➔​ Collection of solid particles that are ejected from a volcano during an Volcano Location eruption. ➔​ Consists of fragments of rocks, minerals, Mt. Mayon Albay and volcanic glass Mt. Banahaw Lucena City 9.​ Parasitic cone Mt. Bulusan Sorsogon ➔​ Also called Secondary Cone ➔​ Formed by an accumulation of volcanic Mt. Kanlaon Negros Occidental debris. ➔​ A smaller cone-shaped structure formed Mt. Hibok-Hibok Camiguin islands on the sides of the main volcano. Mt. Pinatubo Zambales ➔​ It develops when magma from the secondary vent erupts and accumulates Mt. Taal Batangas around the opening, creating a mini volcano attached to the main one. Mt. Matumtum Cotabato 10.​Vent ➔​ Opening through which magma, gases, 2.​ Inactive Volcano ➔​ Also called Dormant or Sleeping Volcano and other materials are expelled from ➔​ Have currently erupted and then entered beneath the Earth's surface. a long-period of inactivity. ➔​ Not erupted for the past 10,000 years. External Parts of the Volcano Volcano Location 11.​ Ash cloud Alligator Lake Laguna ➔​ Plume of volcanic materials ejected into the atmosphere during an eruption. Anilao Hill Batangas 12.​ Summit Balo Dome South Cotabato ➔​ Also called apex ➔​ Highest point of a mountain or volcano Banton Island Romblon Base Peak South Cotabato 13.​Flank ➔​ It is the sloping side of the volcano. Basilan Peak Basilan ➔​ Can also be used to describe the side of a mountain. Bee Hive Peak South Cotabato 14.​Base Bigain Hill Batangas ➔​ Bottom & lowest part of the volcano. ➔​ It supports all the parts of the volcano Bucutua Island Sulu Kitanglad Volcano Bukidnon Created By: Exequiel Rivera (9T) & Gabryle Doromal (9P) ​ ​ ​ SCI9 | 3QE REVIEWER | 2 To Be Checked By: Clyde Delos Reyes & Jairich Arciaga (9P)  SCIENCE 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer 3.​ Extinct Volcano 3.​ Shield Volcano ➔​ No record of eruption. ➔​ Largest type of volcanic structure ➔​ Have not shown signs of activity ➔​ Formed by accumulation of lava ➔​ Hard to predict resulting into a broad, slightly domed structure that resembles a warriors Volcano Location shield. ➔​ Broad, gently sloping cone, domical Wood Volcano Zamboanga del Norte shape Bacauan Volcano Zamboanga del Sur Bigong Volcano Zamboanga del Sur Buga Volcano Zamboanga del Sur Bulibu Volcano Zamboanga del Sur Balungao Volcano Pangasinan Category Composite Cinder Cone Shield Alu Volcano Sulu Definition Perfect Cone Scoria Largest Crater Large Bowl-shape Flat Materials Lava cinders Cinders, ash Lava layers Slope Perfect Steep Gentle Base Broad Narrow Wide Eruption Both Explosive Silent Volcanic Eruptions Types of Volcanoes According to Shape Volcanic Eruption ➔​ A natural phenomenon that begins inside the 1.​ Composite Volcano earth where the molten materials come out in the ➔​ Also known as perfect cone or crater stratovolcano ➔​ Tall peak and most well-known Types of Volcanic Eruptions ➔​ Formed from alternating layers of lava and cinders. ➔​ Strato meaning layers. 1.​ Phreatic ➔​ Also known as ➔​ Large, nearly perfect sloped structure Steam-blast or ➔​ Stratification: formation of layers hydrothermal ➔​ Silent but explosive ➔​ Steam-driven 2.​ Cinder cone Volcano (Scoria) eruption as the hot ➔​ Forms from cinders and ash. rocks come in ➔​ Characterized by a narrow base and contact with water steep slope. ➔​ It is short-lived, ➔​ Explosive in a short period of time characterized by ash columns but may be an onset of a much larger eruption. Created By: Exequiel Rivera (9T) & Gabryle Doromal (9P) ​ ​ ​ SCI9 | 3QE REVIEWER | 3 To Be Checked By: Clyde Delos Reyes & Jairich Arciaga (9P)  SCIENCE 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer 2.​ Phreatomagmatic Lahar ➔​ Violent eruption due to the contact ➔​ Type of mudflow composed of pyroclastic between water and magma material and water, which turns into cement ➔​ As a result, a large column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway Properties of Magma emission of pyroclastics (base surges) are observed Temperature ➔​ Measure of the degree of heat or thermal energy 3.​ Strombolian in a substance ➔​ A periodic weak to violent eruption ➔​ Ranges from 650°C to 1200°C, affecting viscosity characterized by fountain of lava and eruption style ➔​ Inverse relationship with Viscosity: High 4.​ Vulcanian temperature, lower viscosity ➔​ Tall eruption, columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra Viscosity ➔​ Resistance to flow of a fluid, determining 5.​ Plinian magma’s movement and eruption style ➔​ Excessively explosive type of eruption of ➔​ High viscosity magma creates steep volcanoes, gas and pyroclastic materials while low viscosity magma creates flatter volcanoes General Stages of Volcanic Eruptions ➔​ Inverse relationship with Temperature: High viscosity, lower temperature 1.​ Build-up of Magma ○​ The magma reservoir fills up of molten Composition ➔​ Vary widely but is mainly composed of 8 main rocks elements: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, 2.​ Increase in pressure calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium ○​ Outside air fills in the magma reservoir Silica Content and increases the pressure inside the ​ Amount of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) in a volcano. substance 3.​ Formation of vent ○​ The vent is formed in order for the molten rocks to reach the earth's surface 4.​ Ascent of Magma ○​ The magma begins to climb the vents, eventually reaching the crater 5.​ Volcanic Eruption ○​ The molten rocks have reached the earth’s surface and are now called lava. Molar Mass Fraction What is Magma? ​ Reason why the oxygen is mixed with other elements Magma ➔​ Molten or partially molten rock located beneath the earth’s surface Lava ➔​ Molten rocks that flows in the Earth’s surface Created By: Exequiel Rivera (9T) & Gabryle Doromal (9P) ​ ​ ​ SCI9 | 3QE REVIEWER | 4 To Be Checked By: Clyde Delos Reyes & Jairich Arciaga (9P)  SCIENCE 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer Types of Magma Geothermal Energy 1.​ Mafic or Basaltic Geothermal Energy ​ Darker magnesium and calcium ➔​ Heat energy coming from the earth ➔​ Stored energy from deep inside the layers of the Silica content Low, 45 - 55% earth ➔​ Form of renewable energy derived from the heat Viscosity Flow easily stored inside the earth Temperature 1,000°C - 1,200°C ➔​ Geo meaning “Earth,” thermal meaning “heat” Eruption Effusive, least Uses of Geothermal Energy 2.​ Andesitic or Intermediate 1.​ Geothermal Power Plants ​ Moderate amount of minerals ​ Uses heat from deep inside of the earth Silica content Intermediate, 55-65% to produce steam and generate electricity Viscosity Little bit sticky ​ Usually used to power many residences Temperature 800°C - 1,000°C Eruption Effusive or explosive 3.​ Felsic or Rhyolitic ​ High in potassium and sodium with low iron and magnesium content Silica content High, 65 - 75% Viscosity Thick and sticky 2.​ Geothermal Heat Pumps Temperature 650°C - 800°C ​ Constant underground temperatures of the shallow earth as thermal storage Eruption Explosive that enables efficient heating ​ Usually used for only one location Positive and Negative Effects of Volcanoes Positive Effects Negative Effects Creation of minerals Loss of life Fertile soil Damage to property Geothermal Energy Respiratory diseases Land Formation Economic damage Tourism Climate change Lush Vegetation Habitat loss Created By: Exequiel Rivera (9T) & Gabryle Doromal (9P) ​ ​ ​ SCI9 | 3QE REVIEWER | 5 To Be Checked By: Clyde Delos Reyes & Jairich Arciaga (9P)  SCIENCE 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer Geothermal Power Plants The Cycle of Geothermal Power Plants Geothermal Power Plants 1.​ Production well brings hot water ➔​ Used to generate electricity using energy 2.​ Hot water turns into steam ➔​ Important parts/materials: hot water, steam, 3.​ Turbine turns on turbines, generator, cooling tower, injection 4.​ Generator also turns on well 5.​ Energy goes to Power lines 6.​ Excess steam goes to cooling towers 7.​ Injection well into the Earth Elements of Geothermal Power Plants 1.​ Heat Source ​ Magma located deep beneath the crust 2.​ Reservoir ​ Made of permeable rock for holding water 3.​ Caprock ​ Serves as a seal and prevents water from escaping Advantages and Disadvantages 4.​ Water ​ Acts as a medium for the cycle to continue Advantages Disadvantages Eco-friendly Financial constraint Steps of Geothermal Power Plants Renewable energy Restricted location 1.​ Hot water is pumped from deep underground Risk of triggering an Sustainable source of through a well under high-pressure called the earthquake energy Production well. Gases are released No fuel is required during digging 2.​ When hot water reaches the surface, the drop in Sustainability management Cost-effective pressure causes the water to turn into steam. 3.​ The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to Topic 5: a generator that produces electricity. Climate Weather 4.​ Left-over steam will go to the cooling tower. ➔​ Day-to-day condition of earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and space 5.​ Cooling tower cools the steam which condenses ➔​ Occurs in a place within a short period it back to water. ➔​ Daily basis ➔​ Meteorology - study of weather (Meteorologist) 6.​ The cooled water is pumped back into the earth via an injection well to begin the process again. Climate ➔​ Refers to overall weather conditions over a long 7.​ This cycle repeats in order to power the period of time residents. Created By: Exequiel Rivera (9T) & Gabryle Doromal (9P) ​ ​ ​ SCI9 | 3QE REVIEWER | 6 To Be Checked By: Clyde Delos Reyes & Jairich Arciaga (9P)  SCIENCE 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer ➔​ Overall changes & variations, may take - Windward - Side of the mountain faces the wind and decades/century receives warm & moist air ➔​ Long period of time - Leeward - The air goes down the opposite side to the ➔​ Climatology - study of climate (Climatologist) windward side, the leeward slope has lost its moisture resulting in warm air & low relative humidity Factors Affecting Climate 1.​ Latitude (horizontal) ➔​ Measures the distance north/south of the equator ➔​ Sun’s ray to strike the earth’s surface at different angles, creating variances in temperature of earth (because of the 23.5 degrees tilt of the Earth) ➔​ Tropical climate - Near the equator, climate here is always warm ➔​ Temperate climate - Climate ranges from hot to cold, depending on the season ➔​ Polar climate - Cold areas/region Topic 6: when sun’s ray strike earth Greenhouse Effects ➔​ The further to the equator, the lower the Greenhouse Effects temperature ➔​ Natural warming process of earth that results when gases in the atmosphere trap heat from 2.​ Altitude earth that should otherwise escape into space ➔​ Distance above sea level ➔​ Gases can be naturally occurring or be ➔​ Higher place, lower temperature man-made ➔​ Different greenhouse gases: 3.​ Ocean currents -​ Carbon dioxide (CO2) ➔​ Continuous and directional movement of -​ Methane (CH4) water that flows in a definite path -​ Nitrous oxide (N2O) (loops) -​ Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) ➔​ Easterlies - Pushes warm water East to -​ Sulfur hexafluorides (SF6) West -​ Perfluorocarbons (PFC) ➔​ Westerlies - Pushes warm water West -​ Water vapor to East ➔​ Coriolis Effect - The change in direction of the currents caused by the earth’s rotation 4.​ Distance from bodies of water ➔​ The climate of the place is influenced by surrounding bodies of water 5.​ Topography ➔​ Physical features of areas of land Created By: Exequiel Rivera (9T) & Gabryle Doromal (9P) ​ ​ ​ SCI9 | 3QE REVIEWER | 7 To Be Checked By: Clyde Delos Reyes & Jairich Arciaga (9P)  SCIENCE 09 3rd Quarter Examination Reviewer Global Warming -​ Colder sea surface temperature in ➔​ rising of earth’s temperature because of too Eastern and Central Pacific many fossil fuels & carbon​ Climate change ➔​ Refers to long-term shifts in temperature & weather patterns 2 Causes of Climate Change 1.​ Natural ​ Volcanic Eruption ​ Solar flare or sun spot 2.​ Anthropogenic ​ Greenhouse gases ​ Industrial process ​ Deforestation ​ Agriculture (pesticides or fertilizers) ​ Coal mining ​ Burning of Fossil fuels Possible effects of climate change ➔​ Melting of ice glaciers ➔​ Rise of sea and ocean levels ➔​ Changes in ocean current ➔​ Changes in weather patterns ➔​ Extreme storms & cyclones ➔​ Drought ➔​ Forest fire & wildfire ➔​ Death of living plants and animals Extreme Weather Conditions ➔​ El Niño -​ Happens every December to January that’s why it's connected to Christ Little Boy El niño -​ Warmer average sea surface temperatures over the central and eastern Pacific -​ Colder sea surface temperature in Western Pacific ➔​ La Niña -​ Little girl -​ Warmer than average sea surface temperature in the Western Pacific Created By: Exequiel Rivera (9T) & Gabryle Doromal (9P) ​ ​ ​ SCI9 | 3QE REVIEWER | 8 To Be Checked By: Clyde Delos Reyes & Jairich Arciaga (9P)