ISCI 1A24 Volcanoes PDF

ISCI 1A24 Module 13: Volcanoes Dr. Rodrigo Narro Pérez January 9, 2025 Intro to Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions An event during which lava and/or pyroclastic debris expelled from a volcanic vent The 2023 Grindavik, Iceland volcanic eruption...

ISCI 1A24 Module 13: Volcanoes Dr. Rodrigo Narro Pérez January 9, 2025 Intro to Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions An event during which lava and/or pyroclastic debris expelled from a volcanic vent The 2023 Grindavik, Iceland volcanic eruption ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Intro to Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions An event during which lava and/or pyroclastic debris expelled from a volcanic vent ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 15, 2024 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Outline Introduction Terminology Location of Volcanic Activity Types of Lava Types of Volcanoes Volcanic Hazards ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 15, 2024 Learning Outcomes Volcanoes and Volcanic Activity: Identify areas of modern volcanism on a world map How are different types of volcanoes, volcanic activity and volcanic rocks related to plate tectonic setting? Describe the types of environmental hazards associated with volcanic activity ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Introduction – important volcanic eruptions White Island, New Zealand Tourist attraction Eruption on Dec 9th, 2019 Killed 22 people and 25 people injured Release of steam and volcanic gases caused explosion. Volcano experiences frequent eruptions and was on alert before the event ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Anak Krakatau (Indonesia) 2018 Volcano active July 2018 – May 2019 (new activity reported Dec 31, 2019) Lies in crater of Krakatoa (1883 eruption) Major collapse on Dec 22, 2018 caused tsunami 426 killed, over 7000 injured https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGcbNn4Vk1w volcano lost more than two-thirds of its height and volume in one week phreatic, explosive eruptions ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Krakatoa (1883) sound heard 3000 miles away 40m high tsunami killed over 36,000 people huge ash cloud produced What is the effect of huge ash clouds? Effects on climate global temperature reduced 0.5ºC for 10 years after Krakatoa eruption ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Steam Explosions Island arcs seawater seeps into rock and comes into contact with magma steam produced and blows up volcano phreatic eruption ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland April 2010 Eruption of 750 tons ash/second Ash plume disrupted flights to/from Europe for several weeks Subglacial eruption (also phreatic) ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Jökulhlaups in Iceland A type of glacial lake outburst flood Often associated with subglacial outburst floods caused by volcanic subglacial eruptions Can deposite/erode sediments and change proglacial landscape dramatically i.e. 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption Created over 140 events ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Jökulhlaups in Iceland 10 million cubic metres of water, tephra and sediment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJII-u-41Lg ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Jökulhlaups in Iceland Jökulhlaups in Iceland ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 15, 2024 Mt. St. Helens http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov Erupted explosively in 1980: Recent activity 2004 - 2008 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025  Earthquake activity Movement of magma below volcano Sept 2004 Sept 2005 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 15, 2024  Naples, 2019 Mount Vesuvius ~ 1 million at risk Pompeii 79AD 30,000 died ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 15, 2024  The GOES-17 satellite captured images of an umbrella cloud generated by the underwater eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano on Jan. 15, 2022. Crescent-shaped bow shock waves and numerous lighting strikes are also visible. Credits: NASA Earth Observatory image by Joshua Stevens using GOES imagery courtesy of NOAA and NESDIS ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Underwater volcano in Tonga on January 15 3 people killed in Tonga and 2 people killed in Peru Largest eruption since 1991 Mount Pinatubo ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Why is it important to understand how volcanoes work? Explosion Number Killed Laki (1783), Iceland >10,000 Krakatau, Indonesia >36,000 Mt Pelee (1902), Martinique >30,000 Mt St. Helens (1980) 62 Nevado del Ruis (1985), Colombia >20,000 Montserrat (1997), Martinique 19 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 To understand nature of Earth’s interior Resource exploration ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Geothermal Energy New Zealand, Iceland, B.C (Canada), Chile ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 b ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025  Optimal geothermal suitability distribution produced by the Maximum Entropy model using all parameters. Warmer colours indicate higher suitability scores. Dots indicate geothermal power plants in the test set whose suitability is not predicted by the model. ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 2. Terminology Magma – molten rock Lava – magma that reaches the earth’s surface ISCI 1A24 – Volcanoes ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 15, 2024  Pyroclastic debris lava and rock fragments ejected in a volcanic eruption Lava Bomb Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii in 1983 Lapilli ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025  Volcano - hill or mountain produced by volcanism Vent – opening through which eruption takes place ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025  Caldera on Fernandina Island in the Crater – depression over the vent Galápagos archipelago. Caldera – depression > 1km wide ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 3. Location of Volcanic Activity Where do we find volcanoes? Divergent plate boundaries e.g. submarine eruptions along mid-ocean ridges, Iceland ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 Convergent plate boundaries Pacific Ring of Fire Krakatoa Cascade Volcanoes (Mt. St. Helens) ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025  Hot spots - not associated with plate boundaries e.g. Hawaii, Yellowstone ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025  Related to mantle plumes, narrow columns of hot mantle rock Plume is stationary, plate moves Chain of volcanic islands produced Which is the youngest Hawaiian island? ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 e.g. Hawaiian islands Eroded by wave action to form seamounts ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 4. Types of Lava Affect style of eruption and type of volcano produced silica content of magma is critical Silica-rich (felsic) lavas Tonga Eruption – January 14, 2022 very viscous, flow slowly gases cannot escape easily violent eruptions, explosive e.g. rhyolite Rhyolite ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 4. Types of Lava Silica-poor (mafic) lavas low viscosity, flow easily gases escape easily quiet eruptions, lava flows e.g. basalt Intermediate lavas e.g. andesite Basalt Andesite ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 5. Types of Volcanoes Three Main types 1. Shield 2. Cinder (Pyroclastic) cone 3. Composite (Stratovolcano) ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science January 9, 2025 5. Types of Volcanoes: Shield Volcanoes Shield volcanoes broad, sloping cones (slopes between 2° - 10°), low viscosity lava flows, non-violent eruptions i.e. Hawaiian Islands Mauna Loa ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 5. Types of Volcanoes: Shield Volcanoes Basaltic lavas flow easily Two types Pāhoehoe ropey (hot lava) ʻAʻā sharp, jagged (cooler) ʻAʻā Pāhoehoe ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 Spatter cones form on shield volcanoes when gas is trapped in cooling lava Usually less than 10 m in height Fagradalsfjall Volcano, Southwest Iceland ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 5. Types of Volcanoes: (Cinder) Pyroclastic Cones made of loose pyroclastic debris, steep slopes, small felsic or intermediate lavas formed when gas escapes 50-350 m in height ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 5. Types of Volcanoes: (Cinder) Pyroclastic Cones Sunset Crater, Arizona made of loose pyroclastic debris, steep slopes, small felsic or intermediate lavas formed when gas escapes e.g. Sunset Crater, Arizona ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 5. Types of Volcanoes: Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes) alternating lava flows and pyroclastic debris intermediate steepness form over long period can be very large ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 5. Types of Volcanoes: Mount Vesuvius Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes) Mostly associate with intermediate lavas (andesite) violent eruptions Examples: Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Etna, Mt. Vesuvius Mount Etna ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 5. Types of Volcanoes: Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes) Mount Fuji, Japan Mount Garibaldi, BC ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 5. Types of Volcanoes: ISCI 1A24 – Volcanoes ISCI ISCI 1A24 1A24 – Volcanoes – Earth ScienceII Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards What kinds of hazard are produced by volcanoes? Lava flows Destructive to property, roads, etc ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 2018 Kilauea Eruption, Hawaii ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards 2018 Kilauea Eruption, Hawaii ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic Debris Volcanic Bombs, ash ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic Debris Volcanic Bombs, ash ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards Mount Saint Helen’s ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic flows Nuées ardente (“glowing cloud” in French) mixture of hot gases and volcanic debris Travel at > 100 km/hr Extremely dangerous Pyroclastic flows sweep down the flanks of Mayon Volcano, Philippines, in 1984 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic flows Nuées ardente (“glowing cloud” in French) mixture of hot gases and volcanic debris Travel at > 100 km/hr Extremely dangerous ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 Mount Unzen (Japan) eruption of 1991 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards St. Pierre, Martinique, 1902 (Mt. Pelee) 28,000 killed – 2 survivors (prisoners in jail) Whole city of St. Pierre destroyed ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards Debris flows (lahars) Mudflows (pyroclastic material, debris and water), flow along river valleys ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia (1985) ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia (1985) Over 23,000 dead Lahars reached speeds of 50 km/hour ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 6. Volcanic Hazards Toxic gases Water vapour, CO₂, CO, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide Heavier than air Move along topographic depressions e.g. Lake Nyos, Cameroon 1700 people killed by CO2 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025 ISCI 1A24 – Earth Science Jan 16, 2025