Science Study Guide PDF

Science Study guide *Remember that this study guide can be inaccurate, inconsistent and could exclude important information. Make sure to review by yourself and not rely too much on the study guide. It's also in progress. Legend ‎‎‎‎‎= Important information(memorise this) ‎‎‎‎‎= Important people C...

Science Study guide *Remember that this study guide can be inaccurate, inconsistent and could exclude important information. Make sure to review by yourself and not rely too much on the study guide. It's also in progress. Legend ‎‎‎‎‎= Important information(memorise this) ‎‎‎‎‎= Important people Contents GRASS -Steps in solving word problems Chemistry Chapter 5.1 -matter & energy -particle theory of matter -classifying matter(pure substances, mixtures, solutions, elements, compounds) Chapter 5.2, 5.3, 5.6 -properties of matter -physical changes & chemical changes Chapter 6.1, 6.4 -Periodic table ​ First 20 elements of the periodic table(name+symbol) -How the modern periodic table is organized ​ By atomic number ​ Metals, metaloids, non-metals ​ Akali metals, alkaline metals, halogens, noble gases -Mendeleev and the periodic table Chapter 6.6 -scientists+their experiments+their theories of the atom ​ Democritus, Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr Chapter 6.7 -atomic notations -atomic number -mass number; -draw Bohr-Rutherford model diagrams -reactivity of the alkali metals as you go down the group Chapter 7.1, 7.3, 7.4 - - - - - GRASS Matter & Energy Matter What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. -anything you can feel, smell, hear or see is classified as matter Energy What is energy? Energy is the ability to do work; ability to make things move -Energy is not like matter -Energy does not have mass -Energy does not take up space -Energy moves matter -Light, heat, sound, motion and electricity are forms of energy because they can make things move. Properties or Characteristics What are properties? Characteristics; used to describe substances. Characteristics or properties are what helps us identify matter. Every kind of matter has its own properties. No two kinds of matter have the same properties. What are characteristics? Distinguishing traits such as color, quality, quantity, features. The particle theory of matter What is the particle theory of matter The particle theory is a theory that describes the composition and behavior of matter. An easy way to remember the particle theory is “SPIASM”. -​ All matter is made up of Small Particles. -​ All particles of one substance are Identical. -​ The particles in matter are Attracted to each other. The attractive forces are stronger when the particles are closer together.  -​ The particles of matter have Space between them. The spaces between particles between particles are very large compared to the size of the particles themselves. -​ All particles of matter are constantly Moving. The more energy that the particles have(e.g. the higher the temperature), the faster they move. Using the particles to explain the three states of matter Using the particle theory to explain changes of state *This is super hard to understand(at least for me) so review this yourself and ask Ms. Lam if you don't understand something. -​ Melting According to the particle theory, when particles of a substance are heated, they absorb energy and increase their motion. Because of this motion they take up more space, and the solid expands. If the particles vibrate quickly enough they will break free from the  fixed pattern and the substance becomes a liquid. The attraction between particles also gets weaker. -​ Vapourization(Evaporation) Particles in the liquid state also absorb energy as the temperature rises. The particles move faster and the space between them increases. Because the attractive force is weaker when the particles are farther apart, particles with enough energy (particularly those near the surface) can escape from the liquid. These particles are now gas particles: they have evaporated. When enough heat has been added, all the particles will have enough energy to vapourize into the gas state. When talking about how the particle theory affects the change of state use this: 1.​ Temperature (increases or decreases) 2.​ Energy of particles (increases or decreases) 3.​ Motion (increases or decreases) 4.​ Spaces between particles (get bigger or smaller) or Attractive forces (stronger or weaker) *For more information read Ch. 5.1, p.175 Classifying matter Vocabulary *make sure to memorize these Pure substance A substance that is made up of only one type of particle Element A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances Compound A pure substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically joined together Mixture Has more than one type of particle Mechanical mixture (Heterogeneous mixture) A mixture in which you can distinguish between different types of matter, also called a heterogenous mixture Solution (homogeneous mixture) A uniform mixture of two or more substances Alloy A solid solution of two or more metals Solute In a solution, its the substance that is dissolved Solvent In a solution, its the substance that does the dissolving Homogeneous Means the substance looks the same throughout; if there are different particles, then the particles cannot be visually distinguished from each other. Heterogeneous Means that the different parts of the substance can be visually distinguished from each other(but sometimes this requires the use of a microscope) Classifying matter diagram *Remember what a molecule is Physical & Chemical changes Physical change Definition: a change that does not produce a new substance Reasons(clues) that a physical change may have occurred: 1.​ Change of state 2.​ Dissolving 3.​ Change of shape(e.g. cutting something into smaller pieces) Chemical change Definition: a change that substance goes through to make a new substance Reasons(clues) that a chemical change may have occurred: 1.​ A new (unexpected) change of color occurs 2.​ Energy(such as heat or light) is produced or absorbed 3.​ Gas bubbles are formed 4.​ A precipitate forms 5.​ The change is difficult to reverse(only use this reason if none of the others apply.) What is a precipitate A solid that forms when 2 liquids are mixed together. Density Definition: a word we use to describe how much space an object or substance takes up Formula of Density d = m/V Density=Mass/Volume Vanishing substances: Solutions Properties of matter *This topic can be confusing make sure to also review by yourself Physical properties Definition: Characteristic of a substance Examples: - qualitative properties ​ Physical state(solid, liquid, gas) ​ Optical clarity(opaque, transparent, translucent) ​ Color ​ Texture ​ Luste(shiny, dull) -qualitative properties ​ Density ​ Melting/freezing point  ​ Solubility ​ Hardness Venn diagram: Shows which properties are used to describe solids, liquids and gases Physical property Explanation Solubility Ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance Density How much mass is contained in a given volume of a substance State Whether a substance is a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature Boiling point Temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas Melting point Temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid Freezing point Temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid Odour What a substance smells like Malleability Ability to be hammered into thin sheets or molded Ductility Ability of a substance to be pulled into a wire Optical clarity How much light a substance lets through(transmits) Viscosity How easily a liquid flows Texture What a substance feels like Thermal conductivity How well a substance conducts heat Electrical conductivity How well a substance conducts electricity(electrons) Color What color is it? Red? Blue? Black? Brittleness The substance breaks apart or shatters easily Lastre How much light a substance reflects Shape What shape is it? Rectangle? Square? Circle? Hardness How difficult it is to scratch or dent a substance? Hard? Yk what else is hard? Crystal form The shape made by the regular pattern in a solid Characteristic physical properties Some physical properties are unique to a substance and can be used to identify the substance. They are always the same(unlike shape, for example.) -​ Density -​ Melting/freezing point -​ Boiling point -​ Solubility Chemical properties Definition: Description of what a substance does when it changes into another more new substance. Examples: ​ Reactivity with acid ​ Flammability ​ Resistance to corrosion ​ Toxicity(poisonous?) ​ Reactivity with water The periodic table *Make sure to memorize the first 20 elements of the periodic table(name+symbol) This is the modern periodic table: This is the simple periodic table you will be given in the exam You do not need to know about the table below about multi-valent metals, polyatomic ions and prefixes for molecular compounds. NOTE periodic table diagram.pdf How to draw a Bohr-Rutherford diagram Valence Electrons, Chemical reactivity and Ions An Element Definition: An element is a pure substance that can not be broken down into simpler chemical substances. Elements are pure substances because they are made up of only one type of particle. Elements are made up of particles called atoms. The smallest part of an element is one atom of the element. Each element is made up of a different atom and, therefore, has different properties. Two or more elements can be combined to form a compound. How to Count Atoms *Number 5 is the number of that element’s molecules not the number of atoms History of the Periodic Table The scientific contribution to the discovery of the periodic table *Memorize the dates and the names