Science Chapter 5 & 6 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic physical property?

  • Density
  • Reactivity with acid (correct)
  • Boiling point
  • Melting/freezing point

    • What defines an element?

  • A substance that can be broken down into simpler substances
  • A mixture of different types of atoms
  • A pure substance made up of only one type of particle (correct)
  • A solid with no fixed shape

    • Which of the following is a chemical property of a substance?

  • Flammability (correct)
  • Density
  • Solubility
  • Boiling point

    • Which of these properties remains consistent regardless of the sample size?

    <p>Density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the periodic table, how many elements should you memorize initially?

    <p>20 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to solid particles when they are heated?

    <p>They vibrate faster and may break free from their fixed pattern. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes vaporization in liquids?

    <p>Increased temperature causes particles to move faster and escape from the liquid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does increasing the temperature have on particles in a substance?

    <p>It increases their motion and reduces the attraction between them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when solid particles absorb enough energy during heating?

    <p>They vibrate enough to break free from their arrangement and become liquid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why liquid particles can evaporate?

    <p>Only the particles at the surface can escape due to weak attractions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does density measure?

    <p>The amount of mass in a given volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a qualitative property of matter?

    <p>Density (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a substance at its boiling point?

    <p>It changes from a liquid to a gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties describes how well a substance conducts heat?

    <p>Thermal conductivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is malleability defined?

    <p>Ability to be hammered into thin sheets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property describes how easily a liquid flows?

    <p>Viscosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'solubility' refer to?

    <p>Ability to dissolve in another substance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical property is measured at the point where a substance changes from a solid to a liquid?

    <p>Melting point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the temperature of particles during a physical change involving melting?

    <p>Temperature increases as particles gain energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a compound?

    <p>A pure substance made of two or more different elements chemically combined (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a mechanical mixture, how are the different components characterized?

    <p>They are visible and can be separated physically (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indicator of a chemical change?

    <p>A new color appears unexpectedly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a solution in which the components are not visually distinguishable?

    <p>Homogeneous mixture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the solute in a solution?

    <p>The substance that is dissolved (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a physical change?

    <p>The change can be reversed easily (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a precipitate?

    <p>A solid that emerges from a chemical reaction between two liquids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic that distinguishes matter from energy?

    <p>Matter has mass and takes up space. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the particle theory of matter?

    <p>Particles of a substance are identical but are attracted to each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms of energy are identified as capable of making things move?

    <p>Sound and light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the modern periodic table primarily organized?

    <p>By atomic number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass number in atomic notation?

    <p>The number of total particles in the nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is known for having high reactivity as you move down the group?

    <p>Alkali metals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'properties' refer to in the context of matter?

    <p>The characteristics used to describe substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the elements in the first 20 of the periodic table?

    <p>They vary in state and include metals, metalloids, and non-metals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Science Study Guide

    • This study guide may contain inaccuracies, inconsistencies, and omissions. Students should verify information independently.

    Legend

    • Red symbol = Important information
    • Orange symbol = Important people

    Contents

    • GRASS: Steps in solving word problems

    • Chemistry:

      • Chapter 5.1: Matter & energy, particle theory of matter, classifying matter (pure substances, mixtures, solutions, elements, compounds)
      • Chapter 5.2, 5.3, 5.6: Properties of matter, physical and chemical changes
      • Chapter 6.1, 6.4: Periodic table, first 20 elements (name and symbol), organization of the modern periodic table (by atomic number, metals, metalloids, non-metals, alkali metals, alkaline metals, halogens, noble gases), Mendeleev's periodic table
      • Chapter 6.6: Scientists (Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr) and their theories of the atom
      • Chapter 6.7: Atomic notation, atomic number

    • Additional Information (Page 2): Mass number, Bohr-Rutherford model diagrams, reactivity of alkali metals

    • GRASS (Steps in Solving Word Problems):

      • Given: Sketch, important facts, mathematical representation of these facts
      • Required: Question being asked, quantity to be calculated
      • Assemble: Formula relating given and required quantities
      • Substitute: Units for formulas, converting given units, values for formulas
      • Solve: Calculations, check, realism, number of digits in answer, concluding statement

    • Matter & Energy:

      • Matter: Anything with mass and occupies space
      • Energy: Ability to do work, make things move, not like matter

    • Properties or Characteristics:

      • Characteristics used to describe substances
      • Distinguishing characteristics: Color, quantity, quality, features, etc.

    • The Particle Theory of Matter: (SPIASM)

      • Small Particles
      • Identical
      • Attractive
      • Stronger
      • Motion
      • Size of particles is small compared to space between particles
      • Particles move faster with higher temperature.

    • States of Matter: Solids, liquids, gases

    • Changes of State: Melting, evaporation, vaporization, temperature, energy of particles, motion, spaces, attraction between particles

    • Classifying Matter:

      • Pure substances: Elements, compounds
      • Mixtures: Mechanical mixtures (heterogeneous mixtures), solutions (homogeneous mixtures) Alloy, Solute, solvent, Homogeneous, heterogeneous.

    • Physical and Chemical Changes:

      • Physical change: Does not form a new substance
      • Reasons for a physical change: Change of state, dissolving, change of shape
      • Chemical change: Change that forms a new substance
      • Reasons for a chemical change: Unexpected color change, energy change (heat, light), gas bubbles, formation of a precipitate, difficulty reversing the change

    • Density:

      • Definition: How much space an object or substance occupies
      • Formula: Density = mass/volume (d = m/V)

    • Vanishing Substances (Solutions):

      • Definition: Substance dissolved in another substance to form a combined substance
      • Solute: Substance dissolves
      • Solvent: Substance that is doing the dissolving

    • How Are Solutions Made?:

      • Solvent (e.g., water), solute (e.g., sugar)
      • Concentrated solutions: High solute concentration
      • Dilute solutions: Low solute concentration

    • Properties of Matter: Qualitative properties (physical state, optical clarity, color, texture, luster, density, melting/freezing point, etc)

    • Solubility: Ability to dissolve in another substance

    • Hardness: Resistance to scratching

    • Venn Diagram: Showing which properties are applied to solids, liquids, gases

    • Periodic Table: Organization of elements, atomic number defines elements, first 20 elements listed

    • Atomic Notation:

      • Mass number (A) = # of protons + # of neutrons
      • Atomic Number (Z) = # of protons = # of electrons (because atoms are neutral)

    • Atomic Mass and Isotopes:

      • Atomic mass: Average mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element
      • Mass number: Number of protons and neutrons in an atom of an isotope.

    • Bohr and Rutherford:

      • Bohr model: Electrons orbit in fixed energy levels around the nucleus
      • Rutherford model: Most of an atom's mass is in a small, positively charged nucleus

    • Valence Electrons, Chemical Reactivity, and Ions

      • Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost orbital
      • Chemical reactivity: Affected by valence electrons
      • Ions: Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

    • Counting Atoms

      • Subscripts: Represent number of atoms of an element in a molecule, outside of parentheses multiplies the number of atoms inside
      • Coefficients: Represent number of molecules, multiplies all the atoms of each element in a formula

    • History of the Periodic Table

    • The Greek Philosophers: Democritus (Atoms), Aristotle (Four basic elements)

    • Dalton Model: Atoms are tiny spheres, different elements are different in a reaction elements rearrange, atoms are not created or destroyed.

    • Thomson Experiment: Discovery of the electron

    • Rutherford Model: Discovery of the nucleus

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    Science Study Guide PDF

    Description

    This study guide covers essential topics from Chapters 5 and 6 of the Science curriculum, focusing on matter, energy, and the periodic table. Key concepts include classifying matter, properties of matter, and atomic theories by significant scientists. Verify information independently as this guide may contain inaccuracies.

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