Science Second Quarter Lecture - Cells PDF

**SCIENCE SECOND QUARTER LECTURE** **Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences** **Modern Cell Theory** \- "All living organisms are made of cells." \- "Cell is the basic unit of life" \- "Cells form from pre-existing cells" **Prokaryotes** \- Unicellular \- Ex. Bacteria...

**SCIENCE SECOND QUARTER LECTURE** **Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences** **Modern Cell Theory** \- "All living organisms are made of cells." \- "Cell is the basic unit of life" \- "Cells form from pre-existing cells" **Prokaryotes** \- Unicellular \- Ex. Bacteria, Archaea \- DNA \- Ribosomes \- Cytoplasm \- Cell Membrane \- Cell Wall (Most) \- No membrane-bound organelles \- Have Chloroplasts \- No Nucleus **Eukaryotes** \- Unicellular or Multicellular \- Ex. Eukarya, Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi \- DNA \- Ribosomes \- Cytoplasm \- Cell Membrane \- Cell Wall (Some) \- Complex \- With membrane bound organelles \- With Nucleus **Ribosomes** \- The organelle responsible for the production of protein. **Homeostasis** \- Regulates the entrance and exit of materials inside of a cell. **Robert Hooke** \- Author of Micrographia 'Small Drawings' \- Member of the Royal Society \- Coined the term 'Cell' - "Cellula' small room \- Used a compound microscope with a magnification of 30x to examine an oak tree bark (cork) \- 'The Cell Hooker' **Anton Van Leeuwenhoek** \- Anton Van Cant Spell His Last Name \- Father of Microbiology \- Developed microscope with a magnification of 300x \- Named protozoa/bacteria "Animalcules" \- Discovered that they are 'motile' and reported that motility is a quality of life. \- Credited for making the first observations of red blood cells and sperm cells \- First evidence against Spontaneous Generation. **Robert Brown** \- Brown Robert \- Noticed that pollen grains in water jiggled around called 'Brownian motion' \- Discovered the nucleus **Matthias Jakob Schleiden** \- Schleiden-San \- A German biologist who studied different specie of plants. \- Co-founder with Schwann in the cell theory \- Author of 'Contributions of Phytogenesis' \- Recognized the importance of nucleus. \- Plant. **Theodore Schwann** -Theodore-Schwann!! (swan) \- A German physiologist who founded the modern histology \- Cell is the basic unit of animal structure \- Schwann cells \- Coined the term metabolism \- Animal. **Rudolf Virchow** \- Rudolph Virtue \- A German physician and political activist. \- Father of Pathology \- 'Omnis cellula e cellula' \- Observed cancer cells with the earliest cases of leukemia. \- Disease. (Pathology) **Cell: Parts and Functions!** **Cell** \- Basic unit of life that can perform all activities associated with life. \- Growth -Reproduction \- Excretion \- Nutrition **Unicellular** \- One Cell **Multicellular** \- More than one cell. **Parts of a Cell** \- Plant Cell \- Animal Cell **Cell Membrane** \- Plasma Membrane \- 'security guard' \- controls the kind of substance that enters and exits the cells \- without the plasma membrane, anything can go in and out (like the restaurant) **Cytoplasm** \- A jelly-like substance \- Contains the *organelles* of the Cell **Organelles** \- Specialized parts of the cell that performs specific functions. **Nucleus** \- Contains the DNA \- 'Brain of the Cell' \- Controls all the activities occuring *inside* the cell. **Mitochondrion** \- Powerhouse of the cell \- Releases the energy needed for cell activities \- Supplies energy **Nucleolus** \- Where ribosomes are produced **Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough)** \- Presence of Ribosomes **Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth)** \- No ribosomes \- Involved in the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates that are used to build cell membrane **Vacuole** \- Storage room of the cells \- Membrane bound structure which main function is for storage of food, water, and waste. **Golgie Bodies** \- Mr. McFeely the Mailman \- Responsible for transporting, modifying, and packing proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery. **Lysosomes** \- Suicide bags (Don't call Lysosomes at 3AM..) \- Act as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting or breaking down the trash or unneeded materials in the cytoplasm. **Centrioles** \- Cylindrical structures which play an important role in cell division. \- Found on animal cells **Chloroplasts** \- Contains the pigment chlorophyll that captures energy from sunlight for photosynthesis **Cell Wall** \- Outer covering positioned next to the cell membrane in most plant cells, fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea. **Cell** \- Basic unit of life. \- Made of different organelles that function together to perform a specific function. **MICROSCOPE** **Microscope** -A tool used to see organisms or objects that are too small for the naked eye. (ex: Alden, atoms) **Magnification** \- It describes how much larger an object appears when viewed. \- Size **Resolution** \- The capacity of a microscope to distinguish small gaps between two separate points which humans cannot distinguish. \- Quality **Compound Microscope** \- Optical microscope that uses visible light to form an image. It uses glass lenses to magnify and resolve images. \- **Two** or more double convex lenses to magnify the object. *The Microscope has three major parts!* **Magnifying Parts** \- The parts that make the specimen look bigger. \- Eyepiece/Ocular Lens \- Objective Lenses \- A. Low Power Objective \- B. High Power Objective \- C. Oil Immersion Objective \- Remember Lens - Magnifying **Illuminating Parts** \- The parts that supply and regulate light towards the specimen \- Mirror \- Iris Diaphragm \- Stage Condenser \- Remember that Illuminating - Illusion (Anything that has to do with utilizing light) **Mechanical Parts** \- The parts used for support and in adjusting the different parts. \- Body Tube \- Revolving Nosepiece \- Adjusting Knobs \- A. Coarse Adjustment Knob -B. Fine Adjustment Knob \- Stage \- Stage Clips \- Arm and Base \- Remember 'parts used for support'. **MITOSIS AND CELL CYCLE** **The Cell Cycle:** **G1 Phase** \- Growth: Cell increases in size. \- Protein Synthesis: Produces proteins \- Preparation - Prepares for DNA replication. \- G1 Phase obviously goes first, but always remember (1) **S Phase** \- DNA Replication: DNA is duplicated, resulting in two identical copies for each chromosome. \- Centrosome Duplication: The centrosome is also duplicated to prepare for cell division. \- Remember S means RepliDupli (Replication Duplication) **G2 Phase** \- Continued Growth: The cell continues to grow in size. \- DNA Check: The cell checks for errors in DNA replication and repairs any damage. \- Remember G2 '2' meaning last. **Mitosis** \- The major purpose of mitosis is for growth, development, repair and asexual reproduction \- Always remember that Mitosis is the one responsible for asexual reproduction! \- It takes place in somatic cells. \- Involves one cell division. \- Two daughter cells are produced. \- All daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell. **Stages of Mitosis:** **\ Prophase** \- The nuclear envelope starts to break down, and chromosomes become visible. \- Always remember that it all starts with Prophase. **Metaphase** \- The chromosomes line up at the cell's equator. **Anaphase** \- The sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell. **Telophase** \- The nuclear envelope reforms around the separated chromatids, and the cell begins to return to it's normal state. **Cytokinesis** \- The cell splits into two daughter cells, completing cell division. \- Always remember that the process ends during Cytokinesis. **Meiosis** \- The production of *sex cells* in preparation for sexual reproduction. \- The number of chromosomes of a species remains the same from one generation to the next, thus reducing the chromosomes number of germ cells by half during meiosis. *Bonus: "Meion" - To make small* \- It takes place in reproductive cells or gametes. \- Involves two successive cell divisions. \- Four daughter cells are produced. \- Daughter cells show variation in the genetic makeup when compared with the parent cell. Always remember the differences of Mitosis and Meiosis! **Meiosis I Stages:** **Prophase I** \- Chromosomes become visible, and crossing-over occurs between homologous chromosomes. **Metaphase I** \- Homologous chromosomes line up at the center of the cell in pairs. **Anaphase I** \- Homologous chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell. **Telophase I** \- The nuclear membrane reforms, and the cell prepares to divide into two. **Cytokinesis I** \- The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells, each with half the chromosome number. **Meiosis II Stages** **Prophase II** \- The membrane around the nucleus in each daughter cell dissolves away, releasing the chromosomes. **Metaphase II** \- The chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell. **Anaphase II** \- The sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles due to the action of the meiotic spindle. **Telophase II** \- At each pole of the cell, a full set of chromosomes gather together \- Four haploid daughter cells are produced called gametes. **Cytokinesis II** \- Identical to Cytokinesis I. **SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION** **Reproduction** \- The process by which living organisms like humans, animals, and plants form new individuals of the same kind. \- To make new life. **Asexual Reproduction** \- The creation of a new organism from a *single* *parent* and does not involve the combination of gametes or sex cells. \- The offspring is exactly the same as the parent. \- Genetic makeup is exactly the same as the parent. \- Fission -Budding -Spore Formation -Fragmentation -Regeneration -Vegetative Propagation **Spore Formation** \- Organisms reproduce by forming spores. \- Reproduction in fungi, bacteria, and some plants involves the production of specialized cells that can grow into new organism. **Budding** \- New organism formed from an outgrowth from the parent. \- New organisms grow from the body of the parent organism, often as small outgrowths that eventually detach. **Fission** \- Organism grows and duplicates its genetic materials then divides into two. **Fragmentation** \- Happens when new organism grows from a fragment of the parent. \- Key word: *fragment*. **Regeneration** -When a body part is detached from the parent. This part grows and develops into a completely new individual. **Vegetative Propagation** \- New plants are obtained from the parts of old plants like stems, roots, and leaves without the use of the reproductive parts. **Sexual Reproduction** \- The type of reproduction that involves *two parents*. \- The offspring's traits and genetic makeup is a combination of its parents. \- Fungi \- Flowering plants \- Animals \- You. **External** \- Key words: 'external, outside' **Internal** \- Key words: 'internal, inside' **Mutations in Gametes/Genetic Disorders.** **Down Syndrome** \- When a developing baby has three copies of chromosome 21 in every cell instead of the typical two copies. \- Short neck \- Small ears \- Small hands and feet \- Delays in speech and language development \- Attention problem. **Klinefelter Syndrome** \- Common genetic condition where a male is born with an extra X chromosome. \- Smaller penis. \- Abnormal body proportions. \- Experiencing increased breast tissue. \- Having weaker bones or more fractures. **Turner Syndrome** \- Genetic disorder affecting girls and women. -The cause is a completely or partially missing X chromosome. \- Broad chest. \- Unusually short. \- Grow more slowly than their peers. \- Have delayed puberty. \- Don't experience breast development. \- No periods? Good luck for the test. And thank you, Sir Pangan for being our Biology teacher this school year.