Biology Chapter on Cell Theory and Types

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Organisms with complex cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

A set of fundamental principles about cells that are essential to understanding Biology.

The smallest unit of life that can perform all life processes.

Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.

The process by which a cell maintains a stable internal environment.

Scientist who coined the term 'cell'.

Scientist who observed 'animalcules' (bacteria).

Scientist who discovered the cell nucleus.

Scientist who studied plant cells.

Scientist who studied animal cells, also contributing to cell theory.

Scientist who proposed that cells arise from pre-existing cells.

A rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to some cells.

The outer boundary of a cell, controlling what enters and exits.

Organelle containing the cell's genetic material (DNA).

A type of asexual reproduction where an organism duplicates its genetic material and divides into two identical organisms.

Asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent organism.

Asexual reproduction where a detached body part develops into a new individual.

Asexual reproduction of plants from parts of old plants (like stems, roots, leaves), without use of reproductive parts.

Reproduction involving two parents, where offspring inherit traits from both.

Outside the body.

Inside the body.

Changes in genetic material (DNA) that can lead to inherited diseases.

A genetic disorder where a person has three copies of chromosome 21.

A genetic disorder in males due to an extra X chromosome.

A genetic disorder in females due to missing or incomplete X chromosome.

The process of producing sex cells (gametes) for sexual reproduction, reducing the chromosome number by half.

The first of two cell divisions in meiosis, resulting in two daughter cells with half the original chromosome number.

The stage of meiosis I where chromosomes become visible and crossing-over occurs.

The stage of meiosis I where homologous chromosomes line up in pairs at the cell's center.

The stage of meiosis I where homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

The stage of meiosis I where the nuclear membrane reforms and the cell prepares to divide.

The division of the cytoplasm in meiosis I, resulting in two daughter cells.

The second cell division in meiosis, resulting in four haploid daughter cells.

The stage of meiosis II where the nuclear membrane dissolves, releasing chromosomes.

The stage of meiosis II where chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.

The stage of meiosis II where sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.

The stage of meiosis II where a full set of chromosomes gathers at each pole.

The division of cytoplasm in meiosis II resulting in four daughter cells.

Reproduction involving a single parent, resulting in offspring genetically identical to the parent.

A form of asexual reproduction where specialized cells develop into new organisms.

A form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows out from the parent, eventually separating.

Increase in size and complexity of an organism.

The process by which organisms create new organisms.

The process of removing waste products from an organism.

The process of obtaining and using food for energy and growth.

Organisms made up of only one cell.

Organisms made up of more than one cell.

The outer boundary of a cell that controls what enters and exits.

Another name for the cell membrane.

The jelly-like substance inside a cell that holds organelles.

Specialized parts of a cell that perform specific jobs.

The control center of the cell, containing DNA.

The powerhouse of the cell, producing energy.

The part of the nucleus where ribosomes are made.

Part of the cell with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.

Part of the cell without ribosomes, involved in lipid and carbohydrate production.

Storage area in a cell for food, water, and waste.

Organelles that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids.

Waste disposal system of the cell, breaking down materials.

Structures involved in cell division, found in animal cells.

Organelles in plant cells that capture sunlight for photosynthesis.

Rigid outer layer of plant cells, fungi, bacteria and some algae that provides support.

Basic unit of life.

Tool used to view tiny objects that are not visible to the naked eye.

How much larger an object appears when viewed through a microscope.

Ability of a microscope to distinguish fine detail.

A microscope that uses multiple lenses to magnify and resolve images.

The parts of a microscope that enlarge the appearance of a specimen

The lens at the top of the microscope that you look through.

The lenses on the revolving nosepiece that are close to the specimen

The objective lens that provides a lower magnification.

Objective lens with a higher magnification.

The objective lens that requires oil for optimal viewing at the highest available magnification.

The microscope parts that provide and control the light for viewing the specimen.

Reflects light onto the specimen in older microscopes.

Regulates the amount of light passing through towards the specimen.

Focuses the light beam onto the specimen.

Supports and adjust the other parts of the microscope

Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.

Holds and rotates objectives.

Makes large adjustments to focus the image.

Makes small adjustments to sharpen the image.

Platform holding the specimen.

Hold the specimen in place on the stage.

Provide mechanical support for the microscope.

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its duplication

The first gap phase: growth and preparation for DNA replication

DNA replication and centrosome duplication.

The second gap phase: preparation for mitosis

Cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells

The first stage of mitosis

Chromosomes align at the cell's equator

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes decondense

The division of the cytoplasm, completing cell division.