Science - The Male and Female Reproductive Systems PDF

1 SCIENCE - THE MALE AND SPERM AND SEMEN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE Sperm cells are produced in the testes SYSTEMS and stored in the epididymis. They travel...

1 SCIENCE - THE MALE AND SPERM AND SEMEN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE Sperm cells are produced in the testes SYSTEMS and stored in the epididymis. They travel through the vas deferens, mixing with MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM fluids from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles to form semen. The Parts of the Male Reproductive semen is transported through the System urethra and expelled during ejaculation. ​ URETHRA: A tube that passes through the penis to the outside of the body, carrying both urine and FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM sperm. ​ PENIS: A soft, tubular organ that Parts of the Female Reproductive serves as the external sexual organ System for delivering sperm into the female reproductive system. It contains ​ OVARIES: Small, almond-shaped erectile tissue that enlarges and organs that secrete hormones such stiffens during ejaculation. as estrogen and progesterone, and ​ TESTES: Coiled tubules within the produce mature egg cells. Ovulation testes produce sperm cells. occurs every 28 days, releasing a ​ EPIDIDYMIS: A coiled J-shaped ripened egg. tube located at the back of each ​ FALLOPIAN TUBES: These tubes testicle, where sperm are stored for extend from each ovary into the 2-4 days after production. uterus, housing the egg until ​ VAS DEFERENS: The tube that fertilization. carries sperm from the epididymis to ​ UTERUS: A hollow, muscular organ the urethra. where the fertilized egg develops. If ​ SCROTUM: A pouch of skin that fertilization does not occur, the houses and protects the testes. It uterine lining sheds during helps maintain a slightly lower menstruation. temperature to ensure the survival of ​ CERVIX: The narrow passage sperm. connecting the uterus to the vagina. ​ SEMINAL VESICLES: These glands ​ VAGINA: A hollow tube that secrete a thick fluid that nourishes connects the cervix to the external the sperm. body, stretching during childbirth and ​ EJACULATORY DUCTS: Muscular sexual intercourse. tubes that contract during ejaculation ​ VULVA: The external genitalia, to force semen out of the body. including: o​ Mons Veneris: Fatty tissue over the pubic bone. o​ Labia Minora: Small, inner lips. o​ Labia Majora: Large outer lips covered with pubic hair. Made by: Justine Marmita 10 - Volta  2 o​ Clitoris: Erectile tissue located near the junction of the labia minora. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE o​ Vaginal Orifice: The opening to the vagina. The menstrual cycle is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium). It begins when an egg matures in the ovary. If fertilization does HORMONAL REGULATION IN THE not occur, the endometrium is shed, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM leading to menstruation. Hormones play a vital role in regulating ​ Phases of the Menstrual Cycle: the reproductive systems of both males o​ Proliferative Phase (Days and females, particularly during puberty, 1-13): The follicle matures ovulation, pregnancy, and development. and the endometrium rebuilds. ​ Testes (Male): Secretes o​ Ovulation (Day 14): The testosterone, which regulates the mature egg is released from development of male sex organs, the ovary. secondary sexual characteristics, o​ Luteal Phase (Days 15-28): and sex drive. The endometrium thickens in ​ Ovaries (Female): Secrete estrogen preparation for implantation. and progesterone, which regulate female secondary sex characteristics, sex drive, and the menstrual cycle. DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE ​ Pituitary Gland: Releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 1.​ Gametogenesis: The formation of and luteinizing hormone (LH) and sperm and egg cells. Prolactin. 2.​ Fertilization: The sperm penetrates o​ In prolactin, it stimulates the the egg, and their nuclei fuse. production of milk in the 3.​ Cleavage and Flagellation: The mammary gland. fertilized egg undergoes mitotic o​ LH in females stimulates division to form a blastocyst. ovulation, maturation of egg 4.​ Gastrulation: Formation of the three cells, and progesterone germ layers, from which all organs production. Whereas in develop. males, it stimulates sperm 5.​ Growth and Tissue Specialization: and testosterone production. The organs acquire their unique o​ FSH in females stimulates the structure and function. maturation of egg cells in the ovary and estrogen production. Whereas in males, it stimulates sperm production. Made by: Justine Marmita 10 - Volta  3 EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS OVERVIEW First Week: Fertilization unites the sperm and egg, forming a zygote. The The endocrine system consists of zygote travels through the fallopian glands that secrete hormones directly tube, nourished by maternal secretions, into the bloodstream. These hormones and undergoes mitotic divisions regulate the body’s daily activities, (cleavages). development, and internal balance, -​ Upon reaching the uterus, it functioning like a thermostat to maintain develops into a morula and then a stability. If disrupted, it can affect energy, blastocyst with an inner cell mass appearance, and reproduction. and outer layer (trophoblast). Embryo Stage: The embryo forms the placenta, connecting it to the uterine ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR wall for oxygen and nutrients. ROLES -​ By 25 days, the umbilical cord forms 1. HYPOTHALAMUS: Located at the as its lifeline. It is enclosed in an base of the brain, it connects to the amniotic sac filled with fluid, which cushions and maintains its pituitary gland. It regulates temperature, temperature. metabolism, and reproduction by releasing hormones like oxytocin DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS (muscle contraction, milk production) and ADH (water balance). ​ 2 Months: The embryo transitions into a fetus, measuring 1–2 inches 2. PITUITARY GLAND: Called the (about 3 cm) long, and starts “master gland,” it controls other glands developing human-like features. and secretes growth hormone, ACTH ​ 4 Months: The fetus grows larger, with more defined features. (stimulates adrenal glands), and ​ 7 Months: Eyelashes and other prolactin (milk production). physical features develop. ​ 8–9 Months: The organs fully 3. ADRENAL GLANDS: Found above mature, and the fetus prepares for the kidneys, they release adrenaline for birth. The placenta continues to the fight-or-flight response and support the baby until delivery. aldosterone to regulate metabolism and kidney function. 4. THYROID: Located in the neck, it produces thyroxine to control metabolism and calcitonin to regulate calcium levels. Made by: Justine Marmita 10 - Volta  4 5. PARATHYROID: These four tiny POSITIVE FEEDBACK glands behind the thyroid regulate calcium and phosphorus in the body This mechanism amplifies processes to through parathyroid hormone. achieve a specific goal. Which sometimes makes bad things even 6. PANCREAS: Found below the worse. stomach, it secretes insulin to lower blood sugar and glucagon to raise it, ​ Example: During a cut, positive maintaining balance. feedback accelerates blood clotting until the wound is sealed. 7. THYMUS, OVARIES, AND Similarly, it stimulates stronger TESTES: The thymus produces white uterine contractions during blood cells called T lymphocytes, while childbirth. ovaries and testes produce reproductive hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone). HOMEOSTASIS AND FEEDBACK MECHANISMS Homeostasis maintains the body’s internal stability by regulating temperature, fluids, and nutrients. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK This mechanism reduces changes to restore balance. ​ Example: When blood sugar rises, the pancreas releases insulin to lower glucose levels. When glucose drops too low, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise it. Made by: Justine Marmita 10 - Volta  5 HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS INFORMATION FROM DNA Hormonal Regulation: Proteins like Proteins are essential molecules in all insulin regulate processes such as living organisms, playing a variety of glucose transport. roles in maintaining cellular structure and function. The human body contains Blood Clotting and Transport: at least 10,000 different types of Proteins such as hemoglobin transport proteins, with their unique properties oxygen, while others aid in blood determining the characteristics and clotting. functions of the cells they inhabit. Cellular Functions: Proteins act as ion channels, carriers, and receptor molecules in cell membranes. KEY BUILDING BLOCKS OF AMINO ACIDS Proteins are composed of long chains of DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS amino acids, the fundamental building 1. TRANSCRIPTION blocks of life. There are 20 amino acids, categorized into two groups: ​ Occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is transcribed into Non-essential amino acids: messenger RNA (mRNA). Synthesized by the body through ​ The mRNA carries the genetic metabolic processes. information from DNA to the Essential amino acids: Must be ribosome in the cytoplasm. obtained through dietary intake. These are: 2. TRANSLATION 1. Histidine 2. Isoleucine ​ Takes place at the ribosome, 3. Leucine where mRNA is decoded into a 4. Lysine specific protein. 5. Methionine ​ Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers 6. Phenylalanine amino acids to the ribosome, 7. Threonine where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 8. Tryptophan facilitates the assembly of the 9. Valine protein. Made by: Justine Marmita 10 - Volta  6 THREE TYPES OF RNA IN PROTEIN CONCEPT MICRO SYNTHESIS ​ RNA carries DNA's instructions. 1.​ Messenger RNA (mRNA): ​ Amino acids are the building Transfers genetic instructions blocks of proteins. from DNA to ribosomes. ​ Transcription and translation are 2.​ Transfer RNA (tRNA): Brings the two processes of producing amino acids to the ribosome for proteins from DNA. protein assembly. ​ The three kinds of RNA involved 3.​ Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): A in protein synthesis are structural and functional messenger RNA (mRNA), component of the ribosome, ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and aiding in decoding mRNA and transfer RNA (tRNA). protein synthesis. ​ Amino acids are divided into two types: essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids. ​ Proteins are vital for physiological DNA REPLICATION: PREPARING processes, acting as ion FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS channels and transport molecules, among many other Unzipping the Double Helix: Enzymes roles. like helicase separate DNA strands, exposing the template bases. Base Pairing: Free nucleotides pair with the exposed bases on each template strand (A pairs with T, C pairs with G). Bonding: DNA polymerase bonds the new nucleotides together, forming a complementary strand. Proofreading and Sealing: DNA polymerase proofreads the new strands for errors, while DNA ligase seals any gaps in the DNA backbone. Made by: Justine Marmita 10 - Volta  7 ​ Deletion: Loss of a segment of a HERITABLE MUTATIONS IN SEX chromosome. CELLS ​ Duplication: Extra copies of a chromosome segment. ​ Inversion: Reversal of the MUTATIONS - are changes in genetic direction of a chromosome material that can either introduce segment. beneficial variations or have harmful effects. These alterations may arise due to DNA copying errors during cell TYPES OF GENETIC MUTATIONS: division or exposure to mutagens like ionizing radiation. RECESSIVE DISORDERS: Recessive disorders occur when a child inherits Mutagens - physical or chemical two defective genes (one from each agents that can disrupt the parent). Examples: structure or sequence of DNA, leading to mutations ​ Sickle cell anemia: Causes abnormally shaped red blood cells; fatal at an early age. ​ Tay-Sachs disease: A brain TYPES OF MUTATIONS: disorder causing early death SOMATIC MUTATIONS: Occur in within five years. non-reproductive (somatic) cells. This is ​ Phenylketonuria (PKU): not passed to offspring since they don't Prevents breaking down affect sex cells phenylalanine, causing mental retardation. Treatable with a GERMINAL MUTATIONS: Occur in special diet. germ cells, which give rise to sex cells. ​ Cystic fibrosis: Excessive Germinal can be passed to the next mucus production damages generation to the next offspring. lungs. CHROMOSOME MUTATIONS: These SEX-LINKED DISORDERS: More involve structural or numerical changes common in men due to a single X in chromosomes and can significantly chromosome. Women, with two X impact an organism. chromosomes, may mask recessive defective genes but still pass them to ​ Insertion: Addition of genetic offspring. Examples include color material from another blindness and hemophilia. chromosome. ​ Translocation: A segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. Made by: Justine Marmita 10 - Volta  8 HUMAN GENETIC SYNDROMES: IMPACT OF MUTATIONS Result from chromosomal abnormalities causing physical and mental defects. Germ cell mutations can be inherited, Examples: while somatic cell mutations only affect the individual. Some mutations may be ​ Cri du chat: Deletion of beneficial and favored by natural chromosome 5. Wide-set eyes selection. and small heads. ​ Williams syndrome: Loss of part CAUSES OF MUTATIONS of chromosome 7. Elfin facial features. 1.​ Smoking: Raises risks of ​ Down syndrome (Trisomy 21): mutagenic damage, cancer, and Extra chromosome 21. Causes heritable defects. mental retardation and distinctive 2.​ Old age: Women conceiving after features. 40 are at higher risk of ​ Edward syndrome (Trisomy chromosomal errors in offspring 18): Severe abnormalities. Rarely (e.g., Down syndrome). live beyond one year. 3.​ Chemotherapy: Induces ​ Patau's syndrome (Trisomy unstable DNA mutations in 13): Severe mental retardation; treated patients. most infants don’t survive. 4.​ External factors: Radiation and ​ Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY): hazardous chemicals break down Males with extra X DNA, leading to permanent chromosomes. Underdeveloped mutations. physical features. ​ Turner’s syndrome (45 chromosomes): Affects women. Survivors have underdeveloped physical characteristics. Made by: Justine Marmita 10 - Volta