Science MT3 Notes PDF

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ MOLES​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Terms MOLE CONCEPT _...

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ MOLES​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Terms MOLE CONCEPT _ - is the stoichio metry (math of chemistry) / \ elements science of measuring - study of substances and their relationship with each other in chemical reactions - to describe very large numbers of atoms ATOMIC MASS UNIT (AMU) _ - the unit of measurement for atomic masses of pure substances ↴ a unit for expressing masses of atoms, molecules, compounds, or subatomic particles - cannot be measured MOLE (mole, mol, N) _ - describes the amount of atoms/ions/molecules/particles present in a pure substance - 1 mole = element/compound’s atomic mass in grams(relative atomic mass 1 mole = avogadro’s number 1 mole = molar mass AVOGADRO’S NUMBER _ - by Amedeo Avodgardo - discovered in the early 19th century - the number of particles in one mole called Avogardo’s Number 23 - always is 6.02 x 10 for every element MOLAR MASS _ - mass of one mole - expressed in grams - will differ for different elements bc each element will have different amounts of protons & electrons and different atomic masses  Properties of Pure Substances PURE MEASURE WORD MOLAR MASS MASS AVOGADRO’S NO. PARTICLES MOLES SUBSTANCE (ex: 2.11 x (MM) (in grams) NUMBER (ex: 2.11 x 10^24 atoms) (in grams) (ex: 2.5 mol 10^23) of C) element atoms MASS OF 1 Moles to Mass PARTICLES FOR 1 Moles to Particles to MOLE OF THE 1. Get MM of MOLE Particles Moles SUBSTANCE the substance 1. Get the No. 1. Given molecule molecules 2. Multiply Always 1 MOLE Particles for 1 particles All given the given is 6.02x10 23 mol (Avogadro's multiplied by element moles to the #) 1/Avogadro's masses from MM 2. Multiply the number ionic formula given moles to the periodic compound units the Avogadro’s table are added Particles to # Mass to Moles together Mass 1. Given mass 1. Convert to Mass to multiplied by covalent molecules Particles Mole 1/MM compound 1. Convert to Mole S U M A M R Y Measure word Molar Mass is Get mole, Avogadro's Get mole, Multiply by used for # the Mass for multiply the Number is the multiply the 1/Avogadro’s of Particles ONE MOLE given mole by Number of given mole by # or 1/MM MM Particles for Avogadro’s # depending on ONE MOLE the question  Multistep Word Problems SOLVING FOR # of elements in a molecule/compound: Ex: # of O in H2O G: #mol G: #mass R: # of O atoms R: # of O atoms E: 1. get Avogadro’s # E: 1. get Avogadro’s # 2. get the # of elements in the compound 2. get the # of elements in the compound (H-2 and O-1) 3. since we are given mass, get MM to cancel the g 23 23 S: #mol x 6.02 x 10 molecules x 1 O atom S: #mass g x 1 mol x 6.02 x 10 molecule x 1 O atom 1 mol 1 molecule MM g 1 mol 1 molecule Solving for Percent Composition Percent Composition - the mass percentage of each type of element in the compound - all percentage of each element adds up to 100% 1. Find MM of the whole compound 2. Find the MM of the element needed 3. SOlve using percentage formula (mass of part/mass of whole x 100) Empirical Formula & Molecular Formula EF - Simplified version of MF (ex: CH2) MF - True formula of the compound (ex: C5H10) Empirical Formula​ Molecular formula Percent ➡ Mass ➡ Mole ➡ divide by small ➡ multiply EF ➡ EFM (empirical formula MM) ➡ MM of MF÷EFM = till whole (0.1⬇ - 0.2 to 0.8(x) - 0.9⬆) multiplier (rounded off) Ex: Al - 35.98% S - 64.02% Ex: C - 20.32g, H - 5.12g, N - 7.9g, 236.448g/mol (MM of MF) G: % (always given) G: g (for EF), MM of the MF compound (usually given) R: EF R: MM of EF E: MM MF Al = 26.9g = 1 mol of Al E: MF = MM of MF S = 32.07g = 1 mol of S MM of EFM S: 1. % ➡ g S: 1. Solve for EF Al 35.98% = 35.98g (the same number) C = 20.32g x 1 mol = 1.69mol ÷ 0.56mol = 3.02 = 3 S 64.02% = 64.02g 12.01g 2. g ➡ mol H = 5.12g x 1 mol = 5.07mol ÷ 0.56mol = 9.05 = 9 Al = 35.98g x 1 mol = 1.33 mol 1.01g 26.9g N = 7.9g x 1 mol = 0.56mol ÷ 0.56mol = 1 S = 64.02g x 1 mol = 2.00 mol 14.01g 32.07g​ = C3H9N 3. g ➡ ÷ by small 2. EFM (smallest is 1.33 mol) C = 3 x MM (12.01g) = 36.03 Al = 1.33mol ÷ 1.33mol = 1 H = 9 x MM (9.09g) = 9.09 S = 2.00mol ÷ 2.00mol = 1.5 N = 1 x MM (16.00g) = 16.00 = 61.18g/mol 4. ÷ by small ➡ x till whole 3. MM of MF ÷ EFM (bc there is a decimal between.2 to.8) 236.448g/mol = 3.864 = 4 x C3H9N = C12H36N4 Al = 1 x 2 = 2 S = 1.5 x 2 = 2 61.18g/mol ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ VOLCANISM​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Parts of a Volcano ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ash, Gasses,​ _ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Cinder, Pyroclastic ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Particles​ _ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Crater_ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ top of volcano where vent is located ​ Layers of Ash & Lava_​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Lava Flow_ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Vent (Main)_ ​ Secondary Vent_​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ opening through which ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ volcanic materials are released ​ Rock Layers in_​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Magma Chamber_ Earth’s Crust_​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ underground compartment ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ where magma is stored Terms VOLCANO _ - a crack/opening/hole on the Earth’s crust, allowing lava/magma and ash/gasses/rocky materials to be expelled CALDERA _ - when the volcano’s hole gets filled with rain and creates a water form/lake LAVA PLATEAU _ - landform created by the flow of lava  Layers of the Earth ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Atmosphere_​​ “moho”​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Ocean_ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Crust (solid)_ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Lithosphere (tectonic plates)_ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Asthenosphere_​ ​ ​ ​ MANTLE_​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Acts as lubricant for tectonic plates mostly contains ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Lower Mantle_​ ​ ​ ultramafic silicates ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Outer Core (liquid) ​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ CORE_ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Inner Core (rigid) ​ mostly contains iron, ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ nickel & sulfur  Tectonic Plates TECTONIC PLATES - when the world used to be one big plate “PANGEA” but the plates shifted & moved away from each other - heat and pressure within the earth cause the magma to flow in CONVECTION CURRENTS CONVECTION CURRENTS - makes the plates move - convergent plates move towards, divergent plates move away Convergent Plates (destructive) ➡ ⬅ (volcanoes: continental and oceanic (oceanic subducts)) subducts (moves down) bc of it’s —-—-—- it moves up due to its less greater density compared to the density than the volcano other plate \ \ \ —-—-—- from the heat of the rocks that move up due to convection - one plate subducts beneath the other making an earthquake and a line of volcanoes on the overriding plate - gas, melted from the rocks of the plate, make the opening of the volcano - TRENCHES - 2 oceanic plates colliding, which moves it down - VOLCANO - 1 oceanic, 1 continental Divergent Plates (silent) ⬅ ➡ - plates separate making an opening big enough for magma to release, which becomes solidified magma creating land (and sometimes building more volcanoes) - causes volcanic activity & shallow earthquakes | - rises bc it is less dense - melts the land HOT SPOT (ex: Hawaii’s volcanoes side by side) - region on the earth’s surface where it is very hot because hot gas plumes rise up and break the land - since plates move, the volcano’s original location will change but the hot spot location will stay the same as it will create another volcano in the same spot the previous volcano was at GAS PLUME - gas plume: magma, gas, water vapor - hot plumes rise upward, forming volcanoes on the overlying crust  Types of Volcanoes Shape & Activity Shield Volcanoes Composite Volcanoes/ Cinder Cones Stratovolcanoes - large, broad slopes - steep & symmetrical - smallest - multiple vents - multiple vents - bowl-shaped crater - one vent or - gentle and effusive eruption - explosive eruption - explosive eruption - erupts thin, fluid, “runny” lava - erupts viscous lava - short explosive that forms a gently sloping structure - powerful explosion - erupts cinders, ashes, and rocks - gas easily escapes Based on Dormacy (life) Active Dormant Extinct - large probability of - not currently erupting - has not erupted in 10 000 erupting again - has erupted in the last 10 000 years years - erupted recently and is expected to erupt - dead and not expected to again erupt again - no magma inside  Effects and Mitigation Eruptions Volcanic Eruptions - when lava and gas are discharged from the volcanic vent Effusive Eruption (quiet) - gentle and fluid lava - lava flows out of the crater and into its base - not many materials in the air - shield volcano * it is quiet because the magma has low viscosity and low gas content leading to the eruption is gentle Explosive Eruption (violent) - violent and thick lava - when pyroclastic materials are expelled - composite and cinder * it is violent because thick magma traps gas inside of it, which builds pressure and creates a big boom Phreatic Eruption - steam-driven eruption - water beneath or surrounding the volcano is heated by the volcano then boils and makes an eruption * The composition of Magma in a volcano is not only based on its temperature but also on the materials and the chemical composition in it Effects 1. Dome Growth​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 6. Volcanic Island Formation 2. Mud Flow/Lahar​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7. Minerals & Stones are Created/Spawned 3. Lava Flow​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 8. Global Cooling 4. Pyroclastic Flow and Ashfall​ ​ ​ 9. Hotsprings and Geothermal Energy 5. Soil Enrichment