Science Practice Questions PDF

The study of matter and energy is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Physical Science A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a possible explanation for a set of observations. Hypothesis The three states of matter are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Solid, Liquid, Gas The measur...

The study of matter and energy is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Physical Science A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a possible explanation for a set of observations. Hypothesis The three states of matter are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Solid, Liquid, Gas The measure of the amount of matter in an object is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Mass The force of gravity acting on an object is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Weight The change from a liquid to a gas is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Evaporation The process in which a solid changes directly into a gas is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Sublimation The amount of space an object occupies is called its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Volume The ability of a substance to be hammered into sheets is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Malleability A substance made up of only one kind of atom is called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Element The law stating that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Law of Conservation of Mass The basic unit of an element that retains its properties is called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Atom The process by which a gas changes to a liquid is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Condensation A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. Mixture The process of breaking down a compound into simpler substances using heat or electricity is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Decomposition The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Solubility A chemical reaction in which energy is released, often as heat, is called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reaction. Exothermic The study of the composition, structure, and properties of substances is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Chemistry The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Melting Point The state of matter that has no definite shape and no definite volume is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Gas What is the difference between a chemical change and a physical change? A chemical change results in a new substance being formed, while a physical change alters the form or appearance of a substance without changing its composition. How does increasing temperature affect the motion of gas particles? It increases their energy, causing them to move faster and spread further apart. Why does a can of regular soda sink while a can of diet soda floats in water? Regular soda is denser than water, while diet soda has a lower density due to artificial sweeteners, making it float. What property of a liquid allows insects to walk on water? Surface tension, which creates a film-like layer on the surface of the liquid. How do scientists use controlled experiments to test hypotheses? They change only one variable at a time while keeping all other factors constant to isolate the effects of the variable being tested. What happens to water molecules when they freeze? They slow down and arrange themselves into a fixed, structured pattern, forming ice. Explain why a helium balloon expands when heated. As temperature increases, the helium particles move faster and spread out, increasing the volume of the balloon. How can the mass of an object remain constant, but its weight change? Mass remains constant, but weight depends on gravity, which varies depending on location, such as on Earth vs. the Moon. Why do metals conduct electricity better than nonmetals? Metals have free electrons that move easily, allowing electrical current to flow efficiently. What are two ways mixtures can be separated? Filtration (separating solids from liquids) and evaporation (removing a liquid to leave behind dissolved substances). The process of separating a mixture based on boiling points is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Distillation A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ separates mixtures by the densities of their components. Centrifuge A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be used to separate iron from aluminum in a mixture. Magnet A compound is made of elements in a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ratio. Fixed A mixture does not have a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ratio of components. Fixed A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a homogeneous mixture where particles are evenly spread. Solution In a solution, the substance present in the largest amount is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Solvent The ability of a substance to dissolve in another is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Solubility A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a solid solution of metals, like brass or bronze. Alloy The amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Concentration A solution with a small amount of solute is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solution. Dilute A solution with a large amount of solute is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solution. Concentrated A mixture in which particles are large enough to settle out is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Suspension A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a mixture in which particles are too small to settle but scatter light. Colloid The force that resists motion between two touching surfaces is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Friction A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a push or pull exerted on an object. Force A force that opposes motion through air is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Air resistance The force pulling objects toward Earth is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Gravity The measure of the amount of matter in an object is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Mass A measure of the gravitational force acting on an object is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Weight What is the difference between a mixture and a compound? A mixture is a combination of substances that are not chemically bonded, while a compound consists of elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. How does a centrifuge separate a mixture? It separates components based on their densities by spinning rapidly, causing denser materials to settle at the bottom. Why is water called the \"universal solvent\"? Because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid. How does increasing temperature affect the solubility of most solids in water? It usually increases solubility, allowing more solute to dissolve. What is the purpose of a control variable in an experiment? To ensure that only the independent variable affects the results. What is the law of universal gravitation? It states that every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. How does air resistance affect falling objects? It slows them down, with greater resistance acting on objects with larger surface areas. Why does a hot-air balloon rise? Heated air inside the balloon is less dense than the surrounding air, creating an upward buoyant force. What causes friction between two surfaces? Microscopic roughness on the surfaces that interlock and resist motion. How do you calculate concentration? By dividing the mass of solute by the volume of solvent (g/mL). Archimedes' principle states that the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. Buoyant A fast-moving fluid exerts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure than a slow-moving fluid. Less \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the forward force that moves an aircraft through the air. Thrust The upward force that opposes gravity on an aircraft is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Lift Pascal's principle states that a fluid in equilibrium exerts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure in all directions. Equal The force that resists the motion of objects moving through a fluid is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Drag A machine makes work easier by changing the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or direction of the force applied. Size The mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ force to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ force. Output, Input A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a simple machine that consists of a wheel and a rope, chain, or belt. Pulley An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Screw The energy an object has due to its motion is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ energy. Kinetic The total energy of motion and position of an object is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ energy. Mechanical The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Photosynthesis A closed system is one in which no \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is transferred in or out. Energy The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, only transformed. Created, Destroyed A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ resource is one that can be replaced as quickly as it is used. Renewable The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a liquid or gas is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Convection The measure of how much energy is required to raise the temperature of a substance is called its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Specific Heat A substance that reduces the transfer of heat is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Thermal Insulator The temperature at which the motion of particles theoretically stops is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Absolute Zero What is Bernoulli's principle? It states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, its pressure decreases. Why do gliders need larger wings than jet planes? Gliders have no engines and rely on air currents, so they need large wings to generate enough lift. What does Pascal's principle say about pressure in a fluid? Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. Why is the efficiency of a machine always less than 100%? Some energy is lost due to friction. How does the law of conservation of energy apply to a roller coaster? The total mechanical energy (potential + kinetic) remains constant, but some is lost to friction. What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable energy resources? Renewable resources can be replenished quickly, while nonrenewable resources take millions of years to form. How does thermal conduction transfer heat? Through direct contact between particles, where faster-moving particles transfer energy to slower-moving particles. What happens to water molecules when they are heated? They move faster and spread apart, causing the water to expand. How does a bimetallic strip work in a thermostat? It expands and contracts with temperature changes, opening and closing an electrical circuit. Why does a hot air balloon rise? Heated air inside the balloon becomes less dense than the surrounding air, creating an upward buoyant force. Warm-air heating systems use \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to distribute heat throughout a building. Ducts Insulation is used in buildings to reduce the transfer of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ energy. Thermal A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solar heating system relies on the building's design to collect heat. Passive A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solar heating system uses pumps and fans to circulate heat. Active A heat engine is a machine that converts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ energy into mechanical energy. Thermal The process of burning fuel in a heat engine is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Combustion A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ combustion engine burns fuel inside the cylinders. Internal A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ combustion engine burns fuel outside the cylinders. External The four strokes in an internal combustion engine are intake, compression, power, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Exhaust Refrigerators work by transferring heat from the inside to the outside using a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Compressor A substance with a low boiling point that absorbs and releases heat in a refrigerator is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Refrigerant The unintentional release of heat into the environment from industrial processes is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pollution. Thermal The periodic table is arranged in order of increasing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ number. Atomic The center of an atom, which contains protons and neutrons, is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Nucleus Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Isotopes The number of protons in an atom is called its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ number. Atomic The outermost electrons of an atom, which determine its bonding properties, are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ electrons. Valence The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ metals. Alkali The most stable elements, which rarely form compounds, are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gases. Noble A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons is called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bond. Ionic What is the purpose of insulation in a home? To reduce the transfer of heat, keeping the building warm in winter and cool in summer. How does a refrigerator keep food cold? It removes heat from the inside and transfers it outside using a refrigerant and a compressor. What is the difference between a passive and an active solar heating system? A passive system uses building materials to trap heat, while an active system uses pumps and fans to distribute heat. How does an internal combustion engine generate power? It burns fuel inside cylinders, creating expanding gases that move pistons. Why is atomic number used to organize the periodic table instead of atomic mass? Atomic number uniquely identifies elements and better reflects periodic trends. What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment reveal about the atom? That atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by mostly empty space. What makes noble gases chemically stable? They have a full outer electron shell, making them unlikely to react with other elements. How does an ionic bond form? One atom donates electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract each other. Why do alkali metals react so easily with other elements? They have only one valence electron, which they readily lose to achieve stability. What is the role of valence electrons in chemical bonding? They determine how atoms interact and form bonds with other atoms. An ionic bond forms when one atom \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ electrons to another atom. Transfers A covalent bond forms when two atoms \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ electrons. Share A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Catalyst The law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in a chemical reaction. Created, Destroyed A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reaction. Synthesis A reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reaction. Decomposition A reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reaction. Single-displacement A reaction in which ions from two compounds exchange places to form two new compounds is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reaction. Double-displacement The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ energy. Activation A substance that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water is called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Acid A substance that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Base A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reaction. Neutralization A solution with a pH below 7 is classified as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Acidic A solution with a pH above 7 is classified as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Basic An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Hydrocarbon A long chain of amino acids forms a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Protein The nucleic acid that carries genetic information in cells is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. DNA A radioactive particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons is called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ particle. Alpha The time required for half of a radioactive substance to decay is called its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Half-life Gamma radiation consists of high-energy \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Electromagnetic waves What happens to mass during a chemical reaction? Mass is conserved; the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. How can you tell if a chemical reaction is occurring? By observing signs such as gas production, color change, temperature change, or precipitate formation. What is the difference between a catalyst and an inhibitor? A catalyst speeds up a reaction, while an inhibitor slows it down. Why do ionic compounds have high melting points? Because the strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions require a lot of energy to break. What happens when an acid and a base react? They undergo neutralization, forming a salt and water. How does pH relate to the concentration of hydronium ions? A lower pH indicates a higher concentration of hydronium ions, making the solution more acidic. What are two examples of organic molecules essential to life? Proteins and nucleic acids. Why do radioactive elements decay? Their nuclei are unstable and break down into more stable forms, releasing radiation. How can half-life be used to determine the age of an object? By measuring the remaining amount of a radioactive isotope and comparing it to its known half-life. What are the three types of nuclear radiation? Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. The time required for half of a radioactive isotope to decay is called its \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Half-life The process by which a large nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing energy, is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Nuclear fission The process in which small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, releasing energy, is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Nuclear fusion A continuous series of nuclear fission reactions is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Nuclear chain reaction The part of a nuclear power plant that absorbs excess neutrons to control the reaction is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Control rod The space around a charged object in which an electric force is exerted is called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Electric field The force of attraction or repulsion between charged particles is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Electric force A material through which charges can move freely is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Conductor A material that does not allow charges to move freely is called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Insulator The loss of static electricity as electric charges move off an object is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Electric discharge The rate at which charges pass through a given point is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Electric current The opposition to the flow of electric charge in a material is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Resistance A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Cell The potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in volts, is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Voltage A device that increases or decreases the voltage of an alternating current is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Transformer A circuit in which all parts are connected in a single loop is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Series circuit A circuit in which different parts are on separate branches is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Parallel circuit A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Electric generator A magnet created by passing an electric current through a coil of wire is called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Electromagnet The interaction between electricity and magnetism is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Electromagnetism What is the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? Fission splits a large nucleus into smaller ones, while fusion combines small nuclei into a larger one. How does a nuclear power plant control a chain reaction? It uses control rods to absorb excess neutrons and regulate the reaction. Why do electric field lines never cross? Each point in space has only one direction of the electric field, so lines cannot cross. How do conductors and insulators differ? Conductors allow electric charges to move freely, while insulators resist the movement of charges. What causes lightning? Lightning is an electric discharge caused by the buildup and sudden movement of electric charge in clouds. How does increasing resistance affect an electric circuit? Higher resistance reduces the flow of electric current. What is the function of a transformer in an electrical system? A transformer changes the voltage of alternating current, either increasing or decreasing it. How does a parallel circuit differ from a series circuit? A parallel circuit provides multiple paths for current, while a series circuit has only one path. What role do electromagnets play in electric motors? Electromagnets create a magnetic field that interacts with a permanent magnet to produce motion. Why is AC used in power transmission instead of DC? AC can be easily transformed to higher or lower voltages for efficient power transmission. A wave is any disturbance that transmits \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ through matter or space. Energy The material through which a wave travels is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Medium A wave that requires a medium to travel is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ wave. Mechanical Electromagnetic waves do not require a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to travel. Medium Waves that move the particles of the medium perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ waves. Transverse The highest point of a transverse wave is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Crest The lowest point of a transverse wave is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Trough A wave in which particles move parallel to the direction of the wave is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ wave. Longitudinal The areas where particles are close together in a longitudinal wave are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Compressions The areas where particles are spread apart in a longitudinal wave are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Rarefactions The number of waves that pass a given point in a certain amount of time is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Frequency The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Wavelength The maximum distance that the particles of a medium move from their rest position is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Amplitude The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface it cannot pass through is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Reflection The bending of waves due to a change in speed as they move from one medium to another is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Refraction The bending of waves around the edge of a barrier is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Diffraction When two waves meet and combine to form a wave of greater amplitude, this is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interference. Constructive When two waves meet and combine to form a wave of smaller amplitude, this is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interference. Destructive A frequency shift that occurs when a sound source moves relative to a listener is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Doppler Effect A loud sound heard when an object travels faster than the speed of sound is called a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Sonic Boom What happens to the speed of sound as the temperature of the medium increases? It increases because the particles move faster and transfer energy more quickly. Why can\'t sound travel through space? Sound needs a medium to travel, and space is a vacuum with no particles to transmit sound waves. How does the amplitude of a wave affect its energy? A wave with a larger amplitude carries more energy. Why do objects appear bent when viewed underwater? Light waves refract as they move from air to water because they change speed. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? As frequency increases, wavelength decreases, and vice versa. How does echolocation work? Animals send out sound waves that reflect off objects, allowing them to determine distance and location. Why does a siren sound higher in pitch as it approaches you? Due to the Doppler Effect, the sound waves are compressed, increasing their frequency. How does a standing wave form? When a wave and its reflection interfere in a way that creates nodes and antinodes. What is the difference between constructive and destructive interference? Constructive interference increases amplitude, while destructive interference reduces it. Why do we hear echoes in large empty rooms? Sound waves reflect off hard surfaces and return to the listener. A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ wave is an electromagnetic wave that consists of electric and magnetic fields vibrating perpendicular to each other. Electromagnetic The speed of light in a vacuum is approximately \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ km/s. 300,000 The transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Radiation Light waves do not require a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to travel. Medium A wave with a shorter wavelength has a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ frequency. Higher The visible spectrum consists of the colors \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet The bending of light as it moves from one medium to another is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Refraction A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a piece of glass that separates white light into different colors. Prism The process by which light bounces off a surface is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Reflection The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Law A material that allows most light to pass through is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Transparent A material that scatters light as it passes through is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Translucent A material that does not allow any light to pass through is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Opaque A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lens is thicker in the middle and causes light to converge. Convex A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lens is thinner in the middle and causes light to diverge. Concave The colored part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil is called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Iris The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye where images form. Retina A person who can see nearby objects clearly but has trouble seeing distant objects is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Nearsighted A person who can see distant objects clearly but has trouble seeing nearby objects is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Farsighted The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a network of satellites used to determine precise locations on Earth. Global Positioning System (GPS) What are the two components of an electromagnetic wave? An electric field and a magnetic field, which vibrate perpendicular to each other. Why do we see a rainbow after a rainstorm? Raindrops act like prisms, refracting and dispersing sunlight into its component colors. How does the law of reflection apply to mirrors? It states that the angle at which light hits the mirror (angle of incidence) is equal to the angle at which it reflects (angle of reflection). What is the function of the cornea in the human eye? It helps focus light onto the retina. Why do objects appear bent when viewed underwater? Refraction occurs as light changes speed moving from water to air, causing the apparent bending. How does a magnifying glass make objects appear larger? It uses a convex lens to bend light rays and create a virtual, magnified image. Why do polarizing sunglasses reduce glare? They filter out light waves vibrating in certain directions, reducing reflected glare from surfaces like water or roads. What is the difference between a reflecting telescope and a refracting telescope? A reflecting telescope uses mirrors to collect and focus light, while a refracting telescope uses lenses. How do fiber-optic cables transmit information? They use total internal reflection to carry light signals over long distances with minimal loss. What is a hologram? A three-dimensional image created by using laser light to record and reconstruct an object\'s light waves.