Science 10 Endocrine System PDF

1  SCIENCE 10 The Endocrine System Quarter 3 Lesson # 1  SCIENCE 10 Lesson Objectives: identify the major endocrine glands in the human body; explain the role of hormones involved in the female and malereproductive systems (S10LT-IIIb-34...

1  SCIENCE 10 The Endocrine System Quarter 3 Lesson # 1  SCIENCE 10 Lesson Objectives: identify the major endocrine glands in the human body; explain the role of hormones involved in the female and malereproductive systems (S10LT-IIIb-34); and explain the different disorders in the endocrine system. 3  SCIENCE 10 Endocrine System The endocrine system is composed of different glands which secrete hormones that regulates: metabolism growth and development mood reproduction 4  SCIENCE 10 Endocrine System It is also known as the “system of checks and balances” that works to keep the body system healthy. It can be compared to thermostat. The endocrine system turns on and off in response to the level of hormones in the body. 5  SCIENCE 10 Hormones Hormones are organic substances released by the glands of the endocrine system directly into the bloodstream. The hormones act as chemical messengers in the body which stimulates many organs Hormones are capable of changing the physiological and metabolic behaviors of their target cells to maintain homeostasis. 6  SCIENCE 10 Hormonal Imbalances Changes in hormone levels such as too high or too low indicate a problem with the endocrine system. Stress, infection and changes in the blood's fluid and electrolyte balance can mainly influence hormone levels. 7  SCIENCE 10 Endocrine Glands and Hormones 8  SCIENCE 10 Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a small gland located at the base of the brain. Functions: 1. It regulates activities of the body, metabolism, and reproduction. 2. Together with pituitary gland, it helps regulate body temperature, blood pressure, and use of water. 9  SCIENCE 10 The hypothalamus produces the hormone oxytocin. The two main actions of oxytocin in the body are contraction of the womb (uterus) during childbirth and lactation. 10  SCIENCE 10 Oxytocin is associated with empathy, trust, sexual activity, and relationship-building. It is sometimes referred to as love hormone becauseof the levels of oxytocin increase during hugging and orgasm. 11  SCIENCE 10 The hypothalamus produces the hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin. Anti-diuretic hormone helps in conserving the fluid volume of your body by reducing the amount of water passed out in the urine. 12  SCIENCE 10 Diabetes Insipidus is an uncommon disorder that causes an imbalance of fluids in the body. One of the main cause of this condition is the damage of hypothalamus or pituitary gland which can affects the production of antidiuretic hormones. 13  SCIENCE 10 Pituitary Gland Pituitary gland which also found at the base of the brain. It is considered as the “master of all glands” as it stimulates the function(s) of other endocrine glands. 14  SCIENCE 10 Pituitary gland secretes the following hormones: 1. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) which stimulates melanocyte to produce melanin; 2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) which stimulates thyroid gland to release specific hormones; 15  SCIENCE 10 Pituitary gland secretes the following hormones: 3. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) which stimulates the adrenal gland to release specific hormones; 4. Growth hormones (GH) which regulates growth of skeletal system ; 5. Prolactin which stimulates milk production in mammary glands; 16  SCIENCE 10 Pituitary gland secretes the following hormones: 6. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates the gonads to produces sex gametes; 7. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) stimulates the gonads to produce sex hormones and the release of the egg cell from the female ovary 17  SCIENCE 10 Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder that results from too much Growth Hormone (GH) in the body. It can be caused by a benign tumour of the pituitary gland, which is called an adenoma and this causes the pituitary to produce too much GH. 18  SCIENCE 10 Dwarfism and gigantism are also examples of condition related to abnormal secretion of growth hormones. Prolactinoma and Hypopituitarism are also examples of health conditions related to the pituitary gland. 19  SCIENCE 10 Pineal Gland Pineal gland secretes melatonin. Melatonin regulates the night and day cycles or sleep-wake cycles. Darkness causes the body to produce more melatonin, which signals the body to prepare for sleep. Light decreases melatonin production and signals the body to prepare for being awake. 20  SCIENCE 10 Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is a butterfly- shaped gland that sits low on the front of the neck. Thyroid gland (through its secreted hormones), it acts throughout the body, influencing metabolism, growth and development, and body temperature. 21  SCIENCE 10 Thyroid Gland Thyroxine is the main hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland. Calcitonin is another hormone involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone. 22  SCIENCE 10 Thyroid Gland 23  SCIENCE 10 Parathyroid Gland are four tiny glands connected to the back of the thyroid gland. The parathyroid gland secretes parathormone which regulates body-calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream. 24  SCIENCE 10 Parathyroid Gland Hypocalcemia - happens because of hypoparathyroidism, which occurs when the body secretes a less-than-average amount of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Hypercalcemia is characterized to have above-normal levels of calcium in the blood. The high blood calcium can lead to osteoporosis and kidney stones. 25  SCIENCE 10 Pancreas is called a heterocrine gland because it has both endocrine function and exocrine functions. The pancreas is located beneath the stomach and it secretes hormones, insulin and glucagon. 26  SCIENCE 10 INSULIN -Its role is to lower glucose levels in the bloodstream and promote the storage of glucose in fat, muscle, liver and other body tissues GLUCAGON- This has the opposite effect to insulin which it helps release energy into the bloodstream from where it is stored, thus raising blood sugar levels. 27  SCIENCE 10 One of the common conditions related to pancreas hormones is diabetes mellitus. 28  SCIENCE 10 Adrenal Glands Adren al glands are small glands located on top of each kidney. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct parts: the outer part called the adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla. 29  SCIENCE 10 Adrenal Glands The adrenal cortex produces the following hormones: Mineralocorticoids The most important of which is aldosterone. This hormone helps to maintain the body’s salt and water levels which, in turn, regulates blood pressure. 30  SCIENCE 10 Adrenal Glands The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines: Catecholamines include adrenaline, noradrenaline and small amounts of dopamine – these hormones are responsible for all the physiological characteristics of the stress response, the so called 'fight or flight' response. 31  SCIENCE 10 Adrenal Glands Commonly, overproduction of aldosterone can occur,which causes a condition known a s p r i m a r y hyperaldosteronism. This causes high blood pressure, which is resistant to conventional blood pressure control tablets, and salt disturbances. 32  SCIENCE 10 Cushing Syndrome is due to overactive adrenal glands from excessive production of cortisol. The clinical findings include thinning and bruising of the skin, obesity, diabetes, psychiatric disturbances, high blood pressure, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, excessive facial hair and irregular periods in women. 33  SCIENCE 10 Addison's disease or adrenal insufficiency is due to underactive adrenal glands associated with lack of hormones. Adrenal insufficiency may be acute or chronic. 34  SCIENCE 10 Gonads Gonads which includes ovaries and testes which play important roles in the production of gametes or sex cells and sex hormones. 35  SCIENCE 10 Homeostasis Homeostasis is responsible in the regulation and maintenance of the internal environment of the body. The body has internal control system which responds immediately to change from the different conditions or internal environment. Control systems in the body - sensors, control center and communicating system and targets 36  SCIENCE 10 Homeostasis 37  SCIENCE 10 Sensors are receptors which are responsible in gathering information about the conditions inside and outside of the body. The body is made up of sensory neurons which carry impulses to the brain or spinal cord. 38  SCIENCE 10 Sensors The control center of the body is the brain which is the central part of the nervous system. The brain receives information from the body sensors and will process it. And it will responds by sending messages through the communicating systems- the nervous and endocrine systems. 39  SCIENCE 10 Target is any organ, tissue or cell which is responsible to the changes in the activity of the body in response to the message received. The human body is made up of electrical signals or neurons which receive input, process the input and produce a response. 40