Endocrine System - Science Notes PDF

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrime system is comp osed of glands that secrete different types of hormones that affect almost every cell, organ, and function of our body. It is essential in regulating gro-wth and development, metabolism'a as well as reproductive proce-sses and mood. How does your e...

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM The endocrime system is comp osed of glands that secrete different types of hormones that affect almost every cell, organ, and function of our body. It is essential in regulating gro-wth and development, metabolism'a as well as reproductive proce-sses and mood. How does your endocrine system fonction? Endocrine glands secrete chemicals known as hormones into the bloodstrem. Which carries them throughout the body. When a hormone In the blood reaches the target organ, it produces a notable effect. The endocrine system sends signals all over the body, much like the nervous system, but unlike the instant responses activated by the nervous system, the effects can take a few hours of even weeks. ENDOCRINE GANDS AND THEIR HORMONES The endocrine system contains a group of glands that release hormones into the body. The following bable list's all the major glands in the body, with their functions, locations, and the hormones they release. Gland Location Hormones Released Function Pituitary At the base of the brain Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Growth Hormone, Adre hocorticotropic Hor mone (ACTH), Protacion, Lukinining Hormone, Follide Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulates growth, and controls the functios of other glands Thyroid Below the voice box Thyroxin, Calatonin Regulates body metabolism, and causes storage of calcium in bones Parathyroid In the neck Parathyromone Controls, the calcium levels in your body, and normalizes bone growth Thymus In front of the heart Thymosin Enables the body to produce certain antibodies (treells Adrenal On top of the kidneys Adrenaline Prepares the body for action, controls the heart rate and breathing in times of emergencas Pancreas Between the kidneys Insulin, Glucagon Regulates Hood sugar levels Reproductive -Testes (male) Lower abdomen Androgen, Testosterone Estrogen Control maturation and male characteristics Ovaries (Females) Lower abdomen Progesterone Influence female traits and support reproductive function Effects of Hormones in the Body Several processes in the body are coordinated by hormones. Which regulate and balance the working of organs, tissues, and cells. The endocrine system influences how your heart beats,how your bones and tissues develops, and even capacity to have a baby. It plays your an essential role in the occurrence of disorders such as diabetes, thyroid des ease, growth disorders, and/or sexual dysfunction. Both men and women produce hormones in the same areas with one exception, the reproductive glands. Additional male hormones are produced in the testes while female hormones are produced in the ovaries. Some hormones have short-term effects while other Hormones have long-term effects such as those that control growth and the changes at the onset of puberty. 420 During puberty, there are many hormonal changes that happen in your body. One moment you laugh, and then. Suddenly you feel like crying. Sudden moods swings are relatively caused by the increasing amount of hormones in the body at this stage. It is therefore important to maintain a positive outlook in life and remember that these changes are only temporary and will stabilize with time. Hormonec act in very small amounts, if the organ and hormones do not produce the regulated amount of chemical your body. It may result in an abnormality of your body. This condition is called hormonal imbalance. An increase of decrease in its amount mong have a significant effect in the human body. KEY CONCEPTS: Hormones affect various processes in the body as they regulate and balance the functioning of agans, tissues, and cells. Hormones have great impact on your growth, appearance-emotions, and reproductive functions. These determine whether of not you develop disorders such as diabetes, thyroid deseasc, growth disorders, or sexual dysfuncion. Hormones act in very small amounts An increase or decrease in hormonal levels may result in body disorder due to hormonal imba. Lance. For most living creatures, reprodution is basically a normal process controlled by hormones. Even though human reproduction is also controlled by hormones, the process is rather mote complicated Unlike other organioms such as plants and animal, you can make decisions about reproduction-What influence thes decisions are your valves, emotions, expectations and goals. However, like any other living things, humans depend on reproduction for the survival of the species. It people stop to reproduce, the human species would become extinct. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The system involved in sexual reproduction is called the saproductive system. There is a striking difference betimes th male and the female reproductive systems, although they also share a number of similarities. For sample, the reproductive organs of the male and female are from the same developed embryological structures, and some hormones are commonly found in both male and female, in horying quantities and produce different responses. part using the table below: Port and Function Testis Produces sperm cells Scrotum Sac of skin that holds the testis Penis Deposits sperms into the vagina during mating Vas deferens (tube) Urethra Carries sperm from testes to urethra Carties sperm and urine out of the body Glands Provide liquid in which sperm can swim A seminal vesicle -Secretes a fluid that makes up most of the components of the seven B. prostate gland -Secretes a slightly alkaline miky Fluid that is discharged as part of the semen -bulbourethral gland -Seuetes a thick and dear mucus that lubricatec and neutralizes the any hace of acidic wine in the urethra THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The female reproductive system has the following functions: 1\. Produces female sex cells 2\. Recieves sperm cells from the male 3\. Nurtures the development of and provides nourishment for the new individual The female reproductive system consist of the ovaries, oviducts (Fallopian tubes), terus, vagina, and external genitalia. The internal reproductive organs of the female are located within the pelus, between the vrinary bladder and rectum. The uterus and the vagina are in the middle part, with an ovany on each side of the uterus. Part Function Ovary Produces egg cells Oviduct Serves as passageway of eggs from the ovary to the uterusisite of egy fertilization Uterus Serves as site of egg implantation; is where the fertilized egg develops Vagina Receives the penis of male during mating Ruberty involves the onset of sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce. When a female reaches puberty, egy cells start to develop in her ovaries that produce the sex cells. It is also the time when the body develops the capacity to conceive. THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS The male reproductive system also has prostate glands. Chemicals from these glands nourish the sperm cells and help them mature. The production of sperm cells and the release of semen can bo regulated by hormones or special chemicals that come from the testis, the brain and the pituitary gland (reter to Figure 100). These hormones keep the reproductive system properly functioning. The female reproductive system, just like the male reproductive system, is also regulated by hormones that control the growth and release of eggs from the Ovaries. While other hormones pre-pare the uterus so a baby can grow in it, other hormones still control the stretching of the Uterus during pregnancy. Key concepts Hormones play an important role in both male and female Reproductive systems. The pituitary gland control the functions of both the testes and the ovaries. These hormones keep the reproductive system properly functioning. FEEDBACK MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN REGULATIING PROCESS IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The Menstrual Cycle We have learned that, an average, an ovary releases only one egg every 28 days. Now, what controls this timing? Hormones control many of the changes in the reproductive system. Remember that hormones are chemicals that affect certain body organs. The monthly changes that take place in the female reproductive system are called menstruation. This cycle occurs every month from the first onset which could happen when a female is between 10 to 13 years old. The monthly cycle continues for about 40 years. Refer to To summarie the important events during the menstrual cycle are as follows 1\. The pituitary gland controls and starts the cycle. 2\. The pituitary gland teleases hormones that cause the egg in the ovary to mature The luteinizing hormone (LH) initiales the maturation of the follicles, converts ruptured follicies into corpus luteum and causes the secretion of progesterone The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) assists in the maturation of the follicles and causes the secretion. Of edragen from the follicies.. 3.Meanwhile, the ovary ikelf releases of hormone called estragen, which causes the uterine lining to increase in thickness. The uterine lining becomes thicker so that the fertilized egy can allech to it 4\. The ovary releases an egg on day 14. Assume that no sperm 15 present 5\. The egg moves through the oviduct and enters the uterus. 6\. Meanwhile the uletire lining continues to thicken. 7\. The egg has not been fertilized therefore, it will not attach to the uterus. 8\. The thick uterine lining is no longet necessary, so the cells of the thickened uterine lining break off and leave the vaginn. The wifertilized egg is lost and some blood is lost too. This loss of cells from the uterine lining, blood, and egg is called menstruation. 9.After menstruation, the cycle starts again. Did you know that menstrual cramps are the results of the strong contractions of the uterine wall that OCCUT before and during menstruation? The cramps can be caused by excessive secretion of prostaglandins. Shedding of the endometrium of the uterus results in the inflam-mation in the endometrial layer of the uterus and prostaglandins are produced inflammation. As a consequence of the inflammation.