Endocrine System PDF

Endocrine System -comes from the greek words “endo” (within) and “krine” (secrete) Its job is to secrete Hormones, which are chemical messengers produced by the glands in the endocrine system The glands in the endocrine system are called Ductless Glands. -these glands secrete hormones directly int...

Endocrine System -comes from the greek words “endo” (within) and “krine” (secrete) Its job is to secrete Hormones, which are chemical messengers produced by the glands in the endocrine system The glands in the endocrine system are called Ductless Glands. -these glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and are NOT connected to each other. FUNCTIONS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: -Metabolism -Homeostasis -Sleep Cycles -Reproductive Cycles (Sexual functions) -General Growth and Development - Mood / Stress Level LIST OF GLANDS: -pineal gland - hypothalamus gland -pituitary gland -parathyroid gland -thymus gland -adrenal gland -pancreas -ovary / testis HYPOTHALAMUS -aka the Control Center -its a small part of the brain, located on the base of the brain, near the pituitary gland Hormone it releases: Function: They all stimulate the anterior pituitary to… ​ Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone -​ release FSH and LH (GnRH) ​ Corticotropin Releasing Hormone -​ release Adrenocorticotropic (CRH) hormone (ACTH). ​ Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) -​ release Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)  ​ Growth Hormone Releasing -​ release Growth Hormone Hormone ​ Prolactin Releasing Hormone -​ release Prolactin Pituitary Gland -aka the Master Gland -has 2 main parts, Anterior pituitary gland and Posterior pituitary gland (Image facing left)​ Anterior - front​ Posterior - back ANTERIOR LOBE: Hormone it releases: Function: Male n Female ​ Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) Male: stimulates spermatogenesis (production of sperm cells). Females: stimulates growth of follicle, secretion of estrogen and maybe ovulation. ​ Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Male: stimulates secretion of testosterone and progesterone. Female: stimulates ovulation, growth of corpus luteum, and secretion of estrogen. ​ Thyroid Stimulating Hormone -​ stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine (increases metabolic rate of most body cells)  ​ Growth hormone -​ stimulates growth and protein synthesis ​ Adrenocorticotropic Hormone -​ stimulates adrenal glands to release its hormones ​ Prolactin -​ stimulates milk production POSTERIOR LOBE Hormone it releases: Function: ​ Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) -​ promotes reabsorption of water in kidneys and sweat glands. Sir said, this happens lang kapag ur really thirsty and you haven't had water in a while. The ADH will tell the kidneys to reabsorb the water so you get rehydrated. ​ Oxytocin (the happy hormone ?) Male: Causes sperm ejection Female: stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth, milk ejection, maternal behaviors. PINEAL GLAND: -the name comes from a pinecone, because it's shaped like a pinecone. Hormone it releases: Function: ​ Melatonin -​ Circadian rhythm = body clock or third eye When your studying and theres not alot of light, pineal gland secretes melatonin to make your eyes work better to see what you’re studying THYROID GLAND -butterfly shaped gland that sits low on the front of your neck. Its below the Adamn’s apple, along the front of the windpipe. Hormone it releases: Function  ​ Thyroxine -​ increases metabolic rate of most body cells ​ Calcitonin -​ inhibits release of calcium from bones PARATHYROID -​ 4 small glands of the endocrine system, located in the neck behind the thyroid Hormone it releases: Function: ​ Parathyroid hormone / -​ stimulates release of calcium from Parathormone (PTH) bones. PANCREAS -​ Located in the abdomen behind the stomach Hormone it releases: Function ​ Insulin -​ lowers blood sugar ​ Glucagon -​ converts glycogen to glucose, thereby raising blood glucose levels OVARIES -​ The main reproductive organ of women. Consist of 2 ovaries, which are similar in size and shaped like almonds, produce female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) Hormone it releases: Function: ​ Estrogen -​ Causes development of female secondary sexual characteristics and maturation of eggs -​ promotes growth of uterine lining. ​ Progesterone -​ Stimulates development of uterine lining and formation of placenta Placenta - The placenta is a temporary body organ that develops during pregnancy. It attaches to the lining of your uterus and delivers oxygen and nutrients to your growing baby through the umbilical cord. TESTES -​ Aka testicles, a pair of sperm-producing organs that maintain the health of the male reproductive system.  Hormones it releases: Function ​ Testosterone -​ Stimulates development of genitalia and male secondary characteristics -​ Stimulates spermatogenesis and growth EFFECTS OF HORMONES IN THE BODY: -​ When you have hormonal imbalance, you have too much or too little of a certain hormone. Even tiny changes can have serious effects throughout your whole body. Lets say, from birth you had growth hormones, because of that, you would be really really tall ! Or if you have too little growth hormones, you would be kinda short, maybe resulting in dwarfism. Hormonal imbalance is a buff or debuff you start with when you’re born. ​ ​ Nervous System​ ​ FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM: Gather information from both inside and outside the body. Transmits information to the processing areas of the brain and spine. Processes the information in the brain and spine Sends information to the muscles, glands, and organs so they can respond appropriately PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM: - Central Nervous System (CNS) - sending and receiving messages to various parts of the body. - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - relays information between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. - Somatic Nervous System - controls voluntary movement and processes sensory information from the body. - Autonomic Nervous System - controls involuntary movement in the body. - Sympathetic Nervous System - Ur fight or flight response - Parasympathetic Nervous System - helps the body relax and perform basic functions. It's also known as the "rest and digest" system. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)​ The command center of the entire nervous system. ​ Information gathered by sensory receptors is delivered to and processed by the central nervous system. ​ Brain and spinal cord are the two parts of the central nervous system.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ BRAIN​ an amazing three-pound organ that controls all functions of the body. ​ interprets information from the outside world. ​ Intelligence, creativity, emotion, and memory are a few of the many things governed by the brain. ​ Protected within the skull, the brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.​ ​ Meningeal layers - three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. ​ The layers are:​ - Dura Mater (closest to the skull), protects the brain.​ - Arachnoid Mater (after pia mater that has blood projections inside). ​ - Pia Mater (closest to the brain). ​ ​ cerebrum-spinal-fluid (CSF) - in between arachnoid mater and pia mater which stops the brain from hitting the skull directly.​ ​ White matter - collection of axons (transmit electrical signals).​ Gray matter - collection of cell bodies.​ ​ CEREBRUM​ Largest part of the brain and composed of right and left hemispheres divided by corpus callosum.​ ​ Lobes of the Cerebrum:​ Frontal - motor area involved in movement and in planning and coordinating behavior.​ Temporal - auditory perception, speech and complex visual perceptions.​ Parietal - sensory processing, attention and language.​ Occipital (visual center) - plays a role in processing visual information.​ ​ CEREBELLUM​ Located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​