SCI 101 - STS Module 5 PDF

GEC 107 l Science, Technology and Society l IASTE Module 5 Genetically Modified Organisms CONTENT A. Genetic Engineering B. Genetically Modified Organisms OBJECTIVES In this module, you will: 1. Define genetic engineering. 2. List and briefly explain th...

GEC 107 l Science, Technology and Society l IASTE Module 5 Genetically Modified Organisms CONTENT A. Genetic Engineering B. Genetically Modified Organisms OBJECTIVES In this module, you will: 1. Define genetic engineering. 2. List and briefly explain the five basic steps in genetic engineering. Describe why each is necessary. 3. Identify the fundamental differences between genetically engineered crops and non-genetically engineered crops. 4. Explain the limitations to traditional breeding that are overcome by genetic engineering. 5. Identify the approximate length of time required to obtain a marketable transgenic crop line (complete the entire crop genetic engineering) MATERIALS FOR THIS TOPIC Lecture Notes: PDF/Word format lectures that can be read for approximately 30-60 minutes. PowerPoint Presentation: 30-60 minutes approximately for each subtopic Suggested Web Readings: What is genetic engineering? (2017). @yourgenome · Science Website. https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-genetic-engineering/ Smith, M. (2022). Genetic Engineering. Genome.Gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics- glossary/Genetic- Engineering#:%7E:text=Genetic%20engineering%20is%20the%20process,selecting%20offspri ng%20with%20desired%20traits. Suggested Online Videos: “What is genetic modification?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rx953M-tpp4 “What is genetically modified food?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FZewFiw7IE “Genetically modified food: The Future” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BalxcRtP-m4 “Genetic engineering in Health and Medicine” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRK03f6fX4Y “Ethics of Genetic engineering in Food: Are GMOs good or bad?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TmcXYp8xu4 GEC 107 l Science, Technology and Society l IASTE Introduction Given the sensitive nature of Genetic Engineering, it is simple to see why it has raised so many serious issues in regards to plants, animals, and humans. What, then, is nanotechnology? The dictionary cites that nanotechnology refers to “a field of applied science and technology whose theme is the control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale, and the fabrication of devices or materials that lies within that size range” (“Nanotechnology”). Like Genetic Engineering, the concept of nanotechnology also raises many ethical issues, as well as other concerns. The Google images adverse effects and concerns of Genetic Engineering, in regards to plant, animal, and 1. How will you describe genetic human life will be discussed, as well as the engineered products/crops? 2. What genetically altered products concerns regarding nanotechnology. have you already consumed or come into contact with? Genetically modified organism A genetically modified organism is one whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering. Genetically modified organisms or GMOs, are commonly used in foods and medicines. This has led to concern about the dangers they might cause to the environment and to human health. GEC 107 l Science, Technology and Society l IASTE How it was modified? ⚫ Eliminating, modifying or adding copies of specific genes often from other organisms through modern molecular biology techniques. ⚫ Other names: ◼ Recombinant DNA (rDNA) ◼ Genetic engineering ◼ Gene splicing Genetic engineering is accomplished in three basic steps. These are (1) The isolation of DNA fragments from a donor organism; (2) The insertion of an isolated donor DNA fragment into a vector genome and (3) The growth of a recombinant vector in an appropriate host. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0020723800873741 9?journalCode=genv20#:~:text=Genetic%20engineering%20is%2 An illustration showing how genetic modification is used to 0accomplished%20in,vector%20in%20an%20appropriate%20host produce insulin in bacteria.. Image credit: Genome Research Limited Google images 3.Where it used? Food - Canola, Soya bean, Golden rice and corn Etc. Medicine - Insulin, hormones and vaccine Etc. Genetically modified medicines can be produced cheaper and easier. GEC 107 l Science, Technology and Society l IASTE History 1972 – 1st rDNA molecule produced 1977 – Genetech use rDNA to make insulin 1982 – Monsanto bovine growth hormones use in cow increase milk production 1987 – 1st outdoor field test of GMO “Frostban” bacteria 1987 – national academy of science concluded transferring genes between species no serious environment hazard 1992 – USDA approves “flavrsavr” tomatoes - calgene 1996 – Monsanto introduce roundup ready soybeans 56 Google images GM crops 1. Rice 2. Wheat 3. Corn 4. sunflower 5. Canola 6. Soy 7. Sugar beet 8. Papaya 9. Squash 10.Potato 11.Tomato 12.Brinjal 13.Alfa alfaTypes of GM Foods Types of GM Foods 1. First-generation crops Traits such as herbicide tolerance, better insect resistance and better tolerance to environmental stress. The ensuing crops are not significantly different from the traditionally grown crops in terms of appearance, taste and nutrition. Examples of such crops are herbicide resistant soybean, insect resistant maize, and herbicide and insect-resistant potato. 2. Second-generation crops Increased levels of protein, modified or healthier fats, modified carbohydrates, increased flavor or increased micronutrients. Examples rice with a higher level of beta-carotene, tomatoes with higher levels of carotenoids, maize with increased vitamin C, soybean with improved amino acid composition, and potatoes with higher calcium content. 3. Third Generation Increased ability to resist abiotic stress Create “pharma plants” to help produce active pharmaceutical products. In Feb 2009, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved recombinant anti- thrombin prevention of blood clots, hereditary anti-thrombin deficiency. This is 1st human biologic  GEC 107 l Science, Technology and Society l IASTE drug derived from the milk of goats that have been genetically engineered to produce human anti- thrombin in their milk. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014. ISAAA brief No. 49 Agribiotech Applications (ISAAA): Ithaca, NY.Institutional framework 1) Ministry of Agriculture; 2) Ministry of Environment and Forests 3) Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology The legislative framework on agro biotechnology rests mainly with the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Ministry of Environment and Forests has notified the Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro Organisms/ Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells, 1989, or in short, the Rules, in 1989. ⚫ Recombinant DNA Safety Guidelines, 1990 by Department of Biotechnology covering research in biotechnology, field trials and commercial applications; ⚫ Revised Guidelines for Research in Transgenic Plants, 1998 by Department of Biotechnology; ⚫ Protocols for Food and Feed Safety Assessment of GE Crops, 2008 by Department of Biotechnology; ⚫ Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Foods Derived from Genetically Engineered Plants, 2008 by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR); ⚫ Guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for Confined Field Trials of Regulated, Genetically Engineered (GE) Plants, 2008 by Department of Biotechnology and Ministry of Environment and Forests. ⚫ Bt Cotton is the only GM crop grown in IndiaCultivation of Bt Cotton was allowed in 2002. GEC 107 l Science, Technology and Society l IASTE ⚫ India has become a net exporter of Cotton in the last one decade. ⚫ 90% of total cotton cultivation area is covered by Bt Cotton. ⚫ Yield is more than 80% compared to non-Bt Cotton. ⚫ More than 600 hybrid seeds are in circulation now Pros of genetically modified foods ✓ Improved yield ✓ More resistant to disease ✓ Less likely to be damaged by insect ✓ Tolerance to herbicides ✓ Better nutritional value ✓ Increased shelf life ✓ Improvement in health and ✓ environment ✓ Better climatic survival by increasing ✓ tolerance to draught, flood or frosty ✓ conditions to allow the use of ✓ previously inhospitable land ✓ Higher crop yields ✓ Reduced farm costs ✓ Increased farm profit ✓ More food - Cheaper food ✓ Reduced risk ✓ Tolerent / resistance crops Increased nutrition (Pests, Diseases, Drought, Frost, Flood) ✓ Edible vaccines ✓ Reducing world hunger and ✓ Improving world health GEC 107 l Science, Technology and Society l IASTE Criticisim of GM Foods Environmental hazards Unintended harm to other organism Difficult to design toxin kills crop- damaging pests, not other insects Reduced effectiveness of pesticides Develops resistance DDT Gene transfer to non-target species Cross-breeding Transfer of herbicide resistance from crops to weeds The “superweeds” will then have herbicide tolerance as well Solution Create buffer zone Human health risks Allergenicity: We already have allergies to peanuts and other foods. Introducing gene may create more allergies. Unknown effects on human health However, proposal to introduce a gene from Brazil nuts into Soyabeans was abandoned. On the whole, with the exception of possible allergenicity, scientists believe that GM foods do not present a risk to human health. GEC 107 l Science, Technology and Society l IASTE Economic concerns Lengthy and costly process May be patented Monsanto, Novartis, Dow, DuPont hold patents for GM crops Make substantial profit by exporting it to Ems’. Farmers from developing countries/EM cannot afford. More gap between rich and poor Other invention discouraged/stopped Suicide gene technology Only one growing per season Next time would produce sterile seeds that do not germinate. REFERENCES Website https://www.britannica.com/science/genetically-modified-organism https://www.livescience.com/40895-gmo- facts.html#:~:text=A%20genetically%20modified%20organism%2C%20or,to%20as%20%22trans genic%22%20organisms. https://www.nongmoproject.org/gmo-facts/what-is-gmo/ WORK OUTPUT #5 ⚫ To submit this work output, upload it in PDF format on designated folder in MS Teams or send it via personal message on Messenger if connection is unstable. You may also write your answers on a sheet of paper, take a picture (convert it in PDF format) of it and submit (on designated folder in MS Teams) or send (via Messenger). ⚫ Indicate your SURNAME, FIRSTNAME – PROGRAM YEAR SECTION when submitting. Eg. YAMAUCHI, FRIENCHIE ANN B– BSBIOLOGY ⚫ Note: Instruction for this requirement will be discussed via MS Teams. TASK #1 A. Read the following articles and make a reflection paper on the issues related to them as well as a proposed solution for these specific issues: ⚫ Genetically Modified Pig Heart https://edition.cnn.com/2022/03/09/health/pig-heart-transplant-death/index.html ⚫ PH Golden rice https://www.world-grain.com/articles/15607-philippines-approves-golden-rice-for- commercial-use