Genetic Engineering PDF
Document Details
Uploaded by TenaciousLogic7602
Angeles City Science High School
Tags
Summary
This document provides an overview of genetic engineering, including its key concepts, history, and the process of modifying DNA. It discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their development in various fields.
Full Transcript
1/3/25 GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering is the direct Genetic modification of an organism’s...
1/3/25 GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering is the direct Genetic modification of an organism’s genome, which is the list of specific traits (genes) stored in the DNA. Engineering Organisms created by genetic engineering WEEK 1 are called genetically modified organisms (GMOs). HISTORY OF GMO DEVELOPMENT Genetic Engineering 1973 created first genetically modified bacteria 1974 created GM mice HISTORY OF GMO DEVELOPMENT HISTORY OF GMO DEVELOPMENT 1982 2003 first commercial began to sell GMOs as development of GMOs pets (Glofish) (insulin-producing bacteria) 1994 began to sell genetically modified food (Flavr-Savr) 1 1/3/25 WHAT IS THE GMO PROCESS? WHAT IS 01 02 Inserting new genetic Direct replacement of THE GMO material randomly or in targeted locations genes (recombination) PROCESS? 03 Removal of genes 04 Mutation of existing genes WHAT IS A GENE? A gene is a sequence of DNA on a chromosome that codes for one protein. HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? STEP 1 DNA is first extracted (removed) from cells. 2 1/3/25 HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? STEP 2 DNA is then cut into Restriction enzymes are “scissor- like” enzymes that recognize and smaller pieces with cut specific sequences in the DNA. Restriction Enzymes What base sequences were these Restriction Enzymes specific HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? for? STEP 3 The cut DNA sequence is then combined with the DNA of another organism. HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? What do we call the DNA that comes from 2 sources? RECOMBINANT DNA 3 1/3/25 HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? GENE SPLICING the process that allows DNA Ligase scientists to attach pieces of DNA segments to the DNA of other organisms HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? HOW IS DNA MODIFIED? STEP 4 WHAT WILL THE The recombinant DNA is then placed inside a RECOMBINED living cell. DNA DO? Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering 1. DNA containing the “gene of interest” 2. Bacterial plasmid Plasmid 1. Cutting or cleaving of DNA and § small circular DNA molecule found in plasmid by “restriction enzyme” bacteria and some other microscopic Restriction enzymes organisms “scissor-like” enzymes § physically separate from chromosomal cut specific sequences in the DNA DNA and replicate independently (Extra Chromosomal DNA) § act as vector for the gene of interest 4 1/3/25 Genetic Engineering What base sequences were these Restriction Enzymes specific for? 1. Cutting or cleaving of DNA and plasmid by “restriction enzyme” 2. Inserting of gene of interest into “Sticky Ends” the open plasmid by “DNA Ligase” ATGAATTCT ATG AATTCT TACTTAAGA TACTTAA GA Sticky Ends - an end of a DNA double GA “Sticky Ends” helix at which a few unpaired nucleotides of one strand extend beyond the other. Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering 1. Cutting or cleaving of DNA and 1. Cutting or cleaving of DNA and plasmid by “restriction enzyme” plasmid by “restriction enzyme” 2. Inserting of gene of interest into the 2. Inserting of gene of interest into the open plasmid by “DNA Ligase (DNA- open plasmid by “DNA Ligase (DNA- joining enzyme)” joining enzyme)” 3. Insert the recombinant plasmid back to the bacterial cell so that it will make a multiple copies 4. Isolation of the gene copies and insertion to other organisms to confer the desired traits Genetic Engineering GMO Bacteria Bacteria are the most common GMOs because their simple structure permits easy manipulation of their DNA. One of the most interesting uses for genetically modified bacteria 1. Isolate DNA from two sources (gene of interest and plasmid). is the production of hydrocarbons (plastics and fuels) usually only 2. Cutting or cleaving of DNA and plasmid found in fossil fuels. by “restriction enzyme” –Cyanobacteria have been modified to produce plastic (polyethylene) 3. Inserting of gene of interest into the and fuel (butanol) as byproducts of photosynthesis open plasmid by “DNA Ligase (DNA- –E. Coli bacteria have been modified to produce diesel fuel joining enzyme)” 4. Insert the recombinant plasmid back to the bacterial cell so that it will make a multiple copies 5. Isolation of the gene copies and insertion to other organisms to confer the desired traits 5 1/3/25 Transgenic bacteria: gene inserted into bacteria, so they produce things humans Banana Vaccines need. Modified virus injected in For example: insulin and clotting factors in sapling tree causes the bananas to contain virus blood are now made by bacteria. proteins Venomous Cabbage Scorpion genes added to the cabbage prevent insects from eating it Other Reasons to Genetically Modify Crops Engineering Animals Insect resistant Herbicide resistant Drought/freeze resistant Could genetic engineering Disease resistant be used to modify any Higher yield Faster growth animals to solve problems? Improved nutrition Longer shelf life Bioluminescent Animals Fast-Growing Salmon Genes from two other fish cause this salmon to continually produce growth hormones Uses: Protein tracking Disease detection using bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to identify different types of Less Smelly Cows cells Modifying bacteria Novelty pets (Glofish are available now) responsible for methane production in cattle results in 25% less-flatulent cows 6 1/3/25 GMO Concerns Biotechniques What are some concerns regarding genetically modified foods and animals? Risk to human health; unsafe to eat GMO Harm to the environment and wildlife ‘Designer Increased pesticide and herbicide use Farmers’ health Babies’ Seed and pollen drift Gene Medical therapy Improvements Biolistics. In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. 7