Recombinant DNA Lesson 1 PDF

RECOMBINANT DNA 0BJECTIV ES1.discuss the applications of recombinant DNA; 2. outline the processes involved in genetic engineering 3. appreciate the importance of recombinant DNA by listing its applications in daily life. HISTORY OF R DNA Genetically engineered organisms s...

RECOMBINANT DNA 0BJECTIV ES1.discuss the applications of recombinant DNA; 2. outline the processes involved in genetic engineering 3. appreciate the importance of recombinant DNA by listing its applications in daily life. HISTORY OF R DNA Genetically engineered organisms started in the early 1970s with the pioneering transfer of genes between bacteria of the same Escherichia coli (E. coli) species.  in 1978 Cohen and colleagues progressed to transfer an insulin synthesis gene into a plasmid of E. coli, with that producing the first genetically modified organism (GMO)  By 1982, this protocol received full approval from national drug regulatory authorities, notably the US Food and Drug Administration, thereby enabling the economically viable mass production of human insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels and is made naturally by beta cells in the pancreas.  This facilitated the widespread commercial availability of insulin at a price affordable to patients with the metabolic disorders’ types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, who either fail to produce or to metabolize sufficient insulin. WHAT IS 1.Molecules of DNA from two different species that are RECOMBINANT DNA inserted into host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. 2. It is often shortened to rDNA. 3. It is an artificially made DNA strand that is formed by the combination of two or more gene sequences. This new combination may or may not occur naturally but is engineered specifically for a purpose to be used in one of IMPORTANT applications of recombinant DNA I. Agricultural applications a. Distant hybridization b. Development of transgenic plants -Genetically transformed plants which contain foreign genes are called transgenic plants. c. Development of C4 plants  IMPORTANT applications of recombinant DNA II. Medicinal applications (applications in medicines) a. Production of antibiotics b. Production of hormone insulin c. Production of vaccines d. Production of interferon Interferons are virus-induced proteins produced by virusinfected cells. Interferons are antiviral in action and act as first line of defense against viruses causing serious infections, including breast cancer and lymph node malignancy.  IMPORTANT applications of recombinant DNA e. Production of enzymes Some useful enzymes can also be produced by recombinant DNA technique. For instance, enzyme urokinase, which is used to dissolve blood clots, has been produced by genetically engineered microorganisms. f. Gene therapy Genetic engineering may one day enable the medical scientists to replace the defective genes responsible for hereditary diseases (e.g., hemophilia, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria) with normal genes. This new system of therapy is called gene therapy. g. Solution of disputed parentage h. Diagnosis of disease By testing the DNA of prospective genetic disorder carrier parents, their genotype can be determined and their chances of producing an afflicted child can be  IMPORTANT applications of recombinant DNA i. Production of transgenic animals Animals which carry foreign genes are called transgenic animals. III. Industrial applications In industries, recombinant DNA technique will help in the production of chemical compounds of commercial importance, improvement of existing fermentation processes, and production of proteins from wastes. This can be achieved by developing more efficient strains of microorganisms. Specially developed microorganisms may be used even to clean up the pollutants. GENETIC ENGINEERING It is the process of using rDNA technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. Traditionally, humans have manipulated genomes indirectly by controlling breeding and selecting offspring with desired traits. It involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes. Most often, a gene from another species is added to an organism's genome to give it a desired phenotype. GENETIC ENGINEERING It is the artificial modification of an organism’s genetic composition. Genetic engineering typically involves transferring genes from one organism into another organism of a different species to give the latter specific traits of the former. The resulting organism is called a transgenic or genetically modified organism(GMO).  PROCESSES IN GENETIC ENGINEERING DNA Backcros Extractio Transformatio n s n Breeding Gene Gene Cloning Design  DNA EXTRACTION It is the artificial modification of an organism’s genetic composition. Genetic engineering typically involves transferring genes from one organism into another organism of a different species to give the latter specific traits of the former. The resulting organism is called a transgenic or genetically modified organism(GMO).  GENE CLONING Scientists use gene cloning to separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted and make thousands of copies of it. GENE DESIGN This is done in a test tube by cutting the gene apart with enzymes and replacing gene regions that have been separated. TRANSFORMATION The new gene is inserted into some of the cells using various techniques. Some of the more common methods include the gene gun, agrobacterium, microfibers, and electroporation. The main goal of each of these methods is to transport the new gene(s) and deliver them into the nucleus of a cell without killing it. BACKCROSS BREEDING The new gene is inserted into some of the cells using various techniques. Some of the more common methods include the gene gun, agrobacterium, microfibers, and electroporation. The main goal of each of these methods is to transport the new gene(s) and deliver them into the nucleus of a cell without killing it. THANK YOU