Theories of Personality Chapter 3 PDF

Theories of Personality, 12E Chapter 3: Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Lear...

Theories of Personality, 12E Chapter 3: Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  Chapter Objectives (1 of 2) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 3.1 Compare and contrast Jung’s theory with that of Freud, providing three examples of similarities and differences. 3.2 Describe Jung’s concept of psychic energy and the three principles that apply to it (opposites, equivalence, and entropy). 3.3 Outline the relationships among the ego, personal unconscious, and collective unconscious. 3.4 Define “archetype” and provide three examples of archetypes. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Chapter Objectives (2 of 2) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 3.5 Summarize Jungian’s personality traits as they relate to the “attitudes” of introversion and extraversion and the “functions” of thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. 3.6 Identify what personality changes must occur to achieve individuation. 3.7 Analyze the problems with the Myer-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI). 3.8 Summarize the Jungian view of personality in five sentences. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3  3.1 The Life of Jung (1875–1961) Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  Introduction Disagreed with Freud regarding the: − Role of sexuality − Forces that influence personality − Unconscious Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  An Unhappy Childhood Was introduced at an early age to religion and the classics Viewed: − Father as kind, weak, and powerless − Mother as powerful and emotionally unstable  As a result of his mother’s dysfunctional behavior, Jung became wary of all women, a suspicion that took many years to dispel − Introverted, lonely, and isolated Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6  Strange Dreams and Fantasies As an escape, he turned inward to his unconscious. Whenever he was faced with a problem, he would look for a solution through his dreams and visions. Jung’s personality theory was intensely autobiographical. His theory focused on the inner growth of the individual rather than on relationships with other people. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  The Study of Medicine Studied medicine and specialized in psychiatry Became a disciple of Freud (considered Freud a father figure) − Severed the relationship after disagreements Had a neurotic episode − Overcame through self analysis of his unconscious Jung had an active sex life (contrary to Freud), and sex played a minimal role in his theories. Jung remained productive in research and writing for most of his 86 years. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  3.2 Psychic Energy: The Basis of Jung’s System Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  Psychic Energy: Basis of Jung’s System Jung disagreed with Freud on the nature of libido. − Not a sexual energy but a broad and generalized form of psychic energy − This energy fuels the psyche (Jung’s term for personality) Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Principles of Psychic Energy Opposition principle − Conflict between opposing processes required to generate psychic energy Equivalence principle − Continuous redistribution of energy − Expended or weakened energy is transferred elsewhere in the personality Entropy principle − Tendency toward balance or equilibrium Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  Knowledge Check 1 Where did Jung draw his ideas on the functioning of psychic energy from? Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  Knowledge Check 1 Answer Where did Jung draw his ideas on the functioning of psychic energy from? − Jung drew on ideas from physics to explain the functioning of psychic energy. He noted the existence of opposites or polarities in physical energy in the universe, such as heat versus cold, height versus depth, and creation versus decay. So it is with psychic energy, he argued. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  3.3 Aspects of Personality Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  The Ego and the Attitudes: Extraversion and Introversion The ego − Conscious aspect of the psyche − Selective about what is admitted into awareness The Attitudes − Extraversion: Oriented toward other people and the external world  Open, sociable, and socially assertive − Introversion: Self-oriented  Withdrawn and often shy, and tend to focus on themselves Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Psychological Functions Ways of perceiving a person’s external and internal worlds − Nonrational functions—sensing and intuition − Rational functions—thinking and feeling − We have the capacity for all four psychological functions  Only one pair of functions is dominant  Within the dominant pair, only one sub-function is dominant The interactions of the two attitudes and the four functions produce eight psychological types. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  Psychological Type Characteristics Extraverted thinking Logical, objective, dogmatic Extraverted feeling Emotional, sensitive, sociable Extraverted sensing Outgoing, pleasure seeking, adaptable Table 3.1 Extraverted intuiting Creative, able to motivate others, and to seize opportunities Jung’s Introverted thinking More interested in ideas than in people Psychologica Introverted feeling Reserved, undemonstrative, yet capable of deep emotion l Types Introverted sensing Outwardly detached, expressing themselves in aesthetic pursuits Introverted intuiting Concerned with the unconscious more than everyday reality Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Discussion Activity In groups of four to five students, discuss the following: Of Jung’s eight personality types, which type seems to best describe your personality? 1. Describe examples of how the selected type reflects your personality. 2. Discuss with your group how situations can influence your usual personality type. 3. Make a few notes and share your group’s ideas with the class. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  3.4 Assessing Personality Types: The Myers- Briggs Type Indicator Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Developed in the 1920s by Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers Inspired by personality differences between her daughter and her daughter’s future spouse, Katharine began studying psychology and personality After learning about Jung’s work, they began developing the MBTI. The MBTI is considered the most visible practical outgrowth of Jung’s work. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  Research on Psychological Types One early study of college students found that their job interests were closely related to Jungian attitudes − High in intuiting—creative vocational interests − High in sensing—conventional vocational interests A study of women admitted to the U.S. Naval Academy − High in extraverted-sensing-thinking-judging were most likely to graduate − Higher in feeling and perceiving were most likely to drop out Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Studies of Cognitive Functioning People categorized as introverted thinking types tend to have better memories for neutral or impersonal stimuli, such as numbers. Persons labeled extraverted-feeling types have better memories for human stimuli with emotional overtones, such as facial expressions. Brain wave activity differed for each of the psychological types. Introverted-thinking and extraverted feeling types may differ in their ability to recall significant personal experiences. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Studies of Diverse Cultures College students in Singapore − Extraverts preferred to communicate with other people in person. − Introverts preferred online contacts. Research on junior and mid-level managers in India − Those who scored very high on the thinking function tended to be collaborative in their efforts to manage conflict. − Those who scored high in feeling tended to avoid dealing with conflicts. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  Criticisms of the MBTI Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a seriously flawed personality assessment tool. There is no evidence than the MTBI is a better predictor of personality than other measures. It is unclear what the MTBI does measure since it asks people about their preferences rather than their actual thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Treats types as separate rather than two ends of one spectrum. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  Research Activity In groups of four or five students (using your smartphones, laptops, or tablets) work together to conduct research on the MBTI tests found online: − What are some examples of MBTI test found online? − Is taking the test being promoted by the website? − Based on what you learned about the MBTI, are the results of these online tests valid? − After your group has discussed several examples, share your group’s findings with the large group for further discussion. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  3.5 The Personal Unconscious Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  The Personal Unconscious and Complexes Personal unconscious: Reservoir for material that was once conscious − Similar to Freud’s preconscious Complexes: Pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious − Organized around a common theme − May be conscious or unconscious Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes Collective unconscious: Deepest level of the psyche − Contains the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and prehuman species Archetypes: Images of universal experiences in the collective unconscious − The persona − The anima and animus − The shadow − The self Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28  Jung’s Model of the Psyche Figure 3.1 Jung’s model of the psyche (or personality) Source: https://uregina.ca/~lawlorda/jung/jung.htm Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  Reflection Activity 1 Consider the following: What roles have complexes and archetypes played in your personality development? Make a few notes and share your ideas with the class. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  3.6–3.7 The Development of the Personality and Individuation: How to Reach Fulfillment Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  The Developmental Stages (1 of 2) Jung believed that personality is determined by what we hope to be as well as by what we have been in the past Childhood − The ego begins to develop in early childhood  At first in a primitive way because the child has not yet formed an ego  Little more than a reflection of the personalities of their parents Young adulthood − Beginning at puberty, the psyche assumes a definite form and our focus during these years is external (education, career, and family) Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  The Developmental Stages (2 of 2) Middle age—a time of crisis Table 3.3 Jung’s developmental − A natural time of transition stages Childhood Ego development begins when the after life goals have been met child distinguishes between self and others. − Interests shift from physical Puberty to young Adolescents must adapt to the growing demands of reality. The and material to the spiritual, adulthood focus is external, on education, career, and family. The conscious is philosophical, and intuitive dominant. Middle age A period of transition when the − Begin the process of realizing focus of the personality shifts from external to internal in an attempt to or actualizing the self balance the unconscious with the conscious. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33  Individuation Becoming a full individual, fulfilling one’s capacities, and developing one’s self. − Confront the unconscious − Dethrone the persona − Accept our dark sides − Accept our anima and animus − Transcend Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34  Think, Pair, Share Activity Life Goals and Change − Think for a few minutes about how your life goals might change from now to midlife. − Divide into pairs and discuss for about 10 minutes with your partner how the following question applies to your personal experiences:  How might you find new meaning in life as your life goals change?  Example: After achieving success in a career, a person decides to join a group that provides on site support for less advantaged countries. − Share a few highlights from your discussion with the large group. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35  3.8–3.9 Questions About Human Nature and Assessment in Jung’s Theory Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36  Questions About Human Nature Jung’s perspective − Deterministic versus free will—less deterministic than Freud’s − Mixed position about nature and nurture influences − Past versus present focus—more focus on the present − Uniqueness fades over time − Growth throughout life − Optimistic Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37  Jung’s Assessments of His Patients Jung used life-history reconstruction − Examining past experience to identify developmental patterns that may explain present neuroses Analysis of data was subjective and unreliable − No verbatim and verification of accuracy Jung’s techniques for assessing the functioning of the psyche drew on studies of religion, anthropology, and history Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38  Jung’s Assessment Techniques Word-association Symptom Dream analysis Myers-Briggs Type test analysis Indicator (MBTI) Projective technique Similar to Interpretation of Based on Jung’s catharsis dreams to psychological types and uncover attitudes unconscious content Person responds to a Verbal report Held that dreams Popular self-report stimulus word with of symptoms are prospective inventory any word that comes and to mind compensatory Uncovers complexes Interpretation Used amplification Used for hiring and of free to analyze dreams promotion associations Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  Knowledge Check 2 What are three aspects of Jung’s case study method, called life- history reconstruction, that are questioned from a scientific perspective? Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  Knowledge Check 2 Answer What are three aspects of Jung’s case study method, called life- history reconstruction, that are questioned from a scientific perspective? − Jung’s case study method, called life-history reconstruction, did not rely on objective observation, was not systematic and controlled, and was not amenable to replication and verification. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  3.10 Reflections on Jung’s Theory Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Contributions and Criticisms of Jung Contributions Criticisms − Word association became a − Concepts were difficult to standard projective technique understand − Influenced future theorists − Writings were inconsistent and − lacked systematization First to emphasize the role of future in determining behavior − Embrace of the occult and − supernatural Midlife crisis is supported by considerable research − Notable lack of modern empirical research Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43  Reflection Activity 2 Consider the following: − Are there aspects of Jung’s theory that conflict with your experiences or knowledge of psychological science? − Which aspects are most troubling to you? − Make a few notes and share your ideas with the class. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44  Self-Assessment Read through the table of contents at the beginning of the textbook for Chapter 3 on Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology 1. Which main points are you confident with the information? 2. Which of the main points do you still have questions about? 3. Go back to the sections in the text for additional information on the main points you still have questions about and look for greater understanding of the concepts involved. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45  Summary (1 of 2) Jung argued that personality is shaped by the future as well as the past, and he placed even greater emphasis on the unconscious than Freud did. Psychic energy operates in accordance with the principles of opposites, equivalence, and entropy. The ego is the center of consciousness and is concerned with perceiving, thinking, feeling, and remembering. Archetypes are recurring themes that express our experiences, and their expression contributes to our personality. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46  Summary (2 of 2) The psychological functions include thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. Thinking and feeling are rational functions; sensing and intuiting are nonrational. Individuation does not occur until middle age, when people must confront their unconscious and abandon the behaviors and values that guided the first half of their lives to understand their true selves. The MBTI measures thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting, but this measure is neither strongly valid nor reliable. Research has supported some of Jung’s ideas, but broader aspects of his theory have resisted attempts at scientific validation. Schultz | Schultz | Maranges, Theories of Personality, 12th Edition. © 2025 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47