Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical Psychology PDF

Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical psychology Greta Darmanin Kissaun Mary Rose Gatt understanding the unconscious mind, personal growth, and achieving wholeness by balancing various aspects of the psyche. Carl Gustav Jung 1875-1961 Was a Swiss psychiatrist and...

Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical psychology Greta Darmanin Kissaun Mary Rose Gatt understanding the unconscious mind, personal growth, and achieving wholeness by balancing various aspects of the psyche. Carl Gustav Jung 1875-1961 Was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who was the founder of analytical psychology. Together with Alfred Adler, Jung is a first-generation follower of Freud Studies in Word Association (1906) - sent to Freud Psychology of The Unconscious (1912) First president of the International Psychoanalytic Association, founded in 1910, and (initially) Freud’s ‘crown prince’.  Main divergences from psychoanalysis Divergence from Freud in 1913 - split that caused analytical psychology to separate from psychoanalysis Initially upheld Freud’s ideas, but later irreparable damage to relationship caused by Jung’s disagreement, mainly with respect to sexuality - he resisted Freud’s ‘pan-sexuality’. Spiritual more important than sexual. Also added teleological lens to the causality proposed by Freud - looks at future (prospective) as well as past (retrospective): “the person lives by aims as well as by causes.” While Freud emphasized how the past (like childhood and unconscious conflicts) shapes behavior, Jung said people also live by aims, what they expect, motivated by their potential and future goals. Emphasised the role of purpose - the search for wholeness and completion, creative development, the yearning for rebirth, not just the endless repetition of instinctual themes. Higher rather than primitive functions - eschewed the determinism of infancy, focused on awareness and existence. The unconscious is sophisticated, not primitive, and acts as a guide, rather than being merely a system of defence Jung saw the unconscious as a helpful force, not just a storage of repressed instincts. The unconscious communicates through dreams, symbols, and archetypes, offering insights into unresolved issues and pointing toward future goals.  Main divergences continued The foundations of personality are archaic (ancient), primitive, innate, unconscious and universal. Modern humans shaped by cumulative experiences of past generations.(cultural/tribal vs infantile origins of personality). collective unconscious There is a racially preformed and collective personality that is modified and elaborated by experiences - therefore personality is a result of inner forces and outer forces in a mutual relationship - acting upon each other Emphasises the importance of middle-age in the development of the person - a psychology for adults Jung’s work was influential in various fields: Psychiatry, anthropology, archeology, literature, philosophy and religious studies Main tenets of Jungian analytical psychology 1. The structure of personality 2. The dynamics of personality 3. The development of personality  The structure of personality: systems, attitudes, functions To Jung the total personality, or psyche consists of a number of different interacting systems: The Ego The personal unconscious and its complexes The collective unconscious and its archetypes The persona The anima and the animus The shadow The Self  In addition to these systems there are: The attitudes - introversion and extraversion The functions - thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting.  The Ego Ego is gatekeeper of consciousness. Chooses what comes in to the system in order to maintain identity and continuity.  The personal Unconscious The personal unconscious - contains all forgotten experiences that have lost their intensity  Personal Unconcious: Complexes The personal unconscious contains Complexes. A complex is an organised group or constellation of feelings, thoughts, perceptions and memories that exist in the personal unconscious. It has a nucleus that acts as an agent attracting to it or constellating various experiences. A group of emotionally charged thoughts that are related to a particular theme A complex is a group of related feelings, thoughts, and memories that are linked to a specific experience which can be triggered back into the conscious awareness by certain situations or people. NUCLEUS IS THE TRIGGER  The mother complex E.g the mother complex (Jung 1954). The nucleus is derived in part from racial experiences with mothers and in part from the child’s actual experiences with the real mother. At the core of any mother complex is a collective image of nourishment and security on the one hand and devouring possessiveness on the other. The mother complex involves thoughts, memories, and feelings related to your relationship with your mother, and these form an internal model for how you approach relationships throughout life. 2 sides where a person may feel both secure and loved but also experience feelings of suffocation or over attachment by the mum preventing independency. The collective unconscious The Collective Unconscious is the storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from our ancestors, also our animal ancestors - the psychic residue of human evolutionary development. The collective unconscious is like a mental storage that holds memories and experiences passed down from our ancestors—both human and animal. It's the shared, inherited knowledge and instincts from generations before us that influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Archetypes The structural components of the collective unconscious are called Archetypes: A universal thought form (idea) that contains a large element of emotion. Archetypes are universal ideas or patterns that exist in the collective unconscious and are experienced by all humans, regardless of culture or background.  Archetypes of the Maltese Collective unconscious: The Venus of Malta The structure and design of a given monument may be seen as an external symbol of the group’s internal world. The Venus of Malta is a tribute to the symbol of fertility and the womb which generates mankind’s very existence. The Venus figures have pendulous breasts, round buttocks and protruding stomachs representing pregnancy. The positive pole of the mother archetype Darmanin Kissaun (2016)  Archetypes of the Maltese collective unconscious: The goddess of death With the passage of time humanity developed and the great mother also became the wielder of death and destruction besides the giver of life. (Neumann, as cited in Darmanin Kissaun, 2016). The Hypogeum in Hal-Safi can be said to represents the ‘negative pole’ of the mother archetype (Darmanin-Kissaun, 2016) Aerial view of the temples The aerial view of the various temples also depicts the entrance to the temples -through the legs of the goddess, another representation of the devouring and encompassing aspect of the great mother. Darmanin-Kissaun (2016) The myth of the sun god’s son Phaethon  Personality archetypes There are many archetypes in the collective unconscious e.g. birth, rebirth, death, power, magic, unity, the hero, the child, God, the demon, the old wise man, the earth mother and the animal. The hero’s journey Which archetypes do these brands evoke?  Important archetypes Archetypes can become relatively independent from the rest of the personality and some have evolved so far as to warrant their being treated as separate systems within the personality. The following are the important archetypes that are central to how our psyche functions: Persona Shadow Self Animus and Anima  The Persona The Persona is a mask adopted by the person in response to the demands of social convention and tradition and to his or her own inner archetypal needs (Jung 1945). It is our public personality, contrasted by the private personality that exists behind the facade. The Shadow The shadow archetype consists of the animal instincts that humans inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life - hence the animal side of human nature.  The animus and the anima Jung ascribed the feminine side of man’s personality and the masculine side of woman’s personality to archetypes. Anima in men: feminine side of a man - emotion, intuition, nurturing, and sensitivity. Anima in women: The feminine qualities that are inside a woman which may not always show on the outside. Animus in women: masculine side of a woman - strength, logic, assertiveness, and independence. Animus in men: The masculine qualities that a man expresses.  The Self The main concept of Jung’s psychology of total unity is the self. The self is life’s goal. It is the midpoint of personality, around which all of the other systems are constellated. It holds these systems together and provides the personality with unity, equilibrium and stability. the ultimate goal of life—wholeness and unity of a person. the centre of personality around which all other parts (like your conscious mind, unconscious mind, anima, animus, etc.) are organized and connected. complete, integrated version of you — when all parts of your personality, conscious and unconscious, work together as one. The attitudes: Extraversion and introversion The extraverted attitude orients the person towards the external, objective world of things, people and activities The introverted attitude orients the person toward the inner subjective world of thoughts, fantasies, feelings and dreams(different from lay understanding of sociable/unsociable) Jung intended for the terms to refer to whether the ego is more offend faced towards the persona and outer reality, or toward the collective unconscious and its archetypes Jung didn’t use these terms just to describe being sociable or unsociable. Instead, he meant whether a person’s ego (the conscious self) is more focused on the outer world (extraversion) or the inner world (introversion), including archetypes from the unconscious mind.  The functions Jung introduced two pairs of functions to account for differences in the strategies people employ to acquire and process information (now called cognitive styles). Rational functions: Thinking and feeling; Irrational functions: Sensation and intuition Jung’s eight psychological types  The four functions - example Example clarifying the nature of the four functions - person standing at the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River (Hall et al, 1998):  The Dynamics of personality The personality, or psyche, for Jung is a partially closed energy system. It is partially closed because the personality dynamics are subject to influences and modifications from external sources, therefore cannot be perfectly stabilised as would a completely closed system. Energy is constantly flowing from one system of personality into other systems. These redistributions of energy constitute the dynamics of personality.  The dynamics of personality The three principles of psychic energy: The Principle of Opposites: If you have one quality, you must also have it’s opposite, or the potential for it’s opposite. The Principle of Equivalence states that if energy is expended in bringing about certain conditions, the amount expended will appear somewhere else in the system. Here Jung applied the first law of thermodynamics to the psyche, where the lowering of one value means the raising of another value. The Principle of Entropy: Here Jung applied the second law of thermodynamics: if two bodies of different temperatures are placed in contact with one another, heat will pass from the hotter to the colder body. The principle of entropy results in equilibrium (e.g. of two objects achieving thermal balance). Jung applied this principle to psychic energy : the distribution of energy in the psyche seeks an equilibrium.  Sublimation and repression Psychic energy can be transferred from one process to another process in the same or different system by means of equivalence and entropy. If the displacement is governed by the individuation process and the transcendent function, it is called sublimation. Sublimation is the displacement of energy from the more primitive to higher cultural, spiritual processes e.g. energy is withdrawn from the sex drive and invested in religious values. Repression occurs when the discharge of energy through both instinctual or sublimated channels is blocked Repressed energy cannot just disappear so it takes up residence in the unconscious, rendering it more highly charged than the conscious ego  The development of personality One very important feature of Jung’s personality theory is the emphasis upon the forward-going character of personality and development. Jung believed that humans are constantly progressing to a more complete stage of development (Hall et al, 1998) A central tenet of Jungian psychology is that personality has a tendency to develop in the direction of a stable unity. In order to realise this aim, it is necessary for the various systems of personality to become completely differentiated and fully developed. To have a healthy integrated personality, every system must be permitted to reach the fullest degree of differentiation, development and expression. This is called the individuation process. opposite of dividing - integrating  Two main goals of Jungian analysis 1. The expansion of the ego through the assimilation of contents from the personal and collective unconscious. In this way a greater balance and a spontaneous flow of psychic energy between the two realms can be achieved. 2. The individuation process and the work towards a more complex wholeness of the individual.  Criticism levelled at Jung’s theory Jung was accused of having psychotic fears from which he defended against by retreating into a subjective world. His obsession with wholeness was sometimes viewed as a flight from destructiveness, disintegration and madness His theories are very hard to verify experimentally because they are abstract and non-empirical Seen as overly mystical, esoteric and unscientific His writing is difficult to understand, not always logical.  Strengths of Jung’s theory His typologies have had a major influence on our culture, and personality assessment. His ideas about self-realisation and individuation emphasised health rather than merely pathology in the form of a psychology of healthy persons. His concept of the collective unconscious is often viewed as one of the most unique and creative ideas in psychology.. He took into consideration adult development and maturity and focused on middle age as a time for potential growth His theory is forward-looking, and not just retrospective, i.e. not merely focused on childhood experiences His concepts are applicable to psychotherapy. authentic meaningful life  References Darmanin Kissaun, G. (2016). Malta’s great mother archetype, individuation and separation in psychotherapy. In C.Cefai, & L.Lagana (Eds.), Psychology and the Arts: Perceptions and perspectives. Malta: University of Malta Publishing House. https://www.academia.edu/32436515/Maltas_great_mother_archetype_i ndividuation_and_separation_in_psychotherapy Hall, C. S., Lindsey, G., & Campbell, J. B. (1998). An introduction to theories of personality. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. Jung, C.G. (1953-1978). Collected works, H.Read, M.Fordham, & G. Adler (Eds.). USA: Princeton University Press.