School Health Nursing PDF 2024

Summary

This document discusses the importance of school health and nursing, providing knowledge and learning objectives regarding school health development and global causes of deaths and disabilities in children. It also explains school health services and the role of school health nurses.

Full Transcript

14.12.2024 Purpose: The aim of this lesson is to provide knowledge about school health and nursing...

14.12.2024 Purpose: The aim of this lesson is to provide knowledge about school health and nursing SCHOOL HEALTH Learning objectives: At the end of this lesson, the students will be NURSING able to: Know the development and importance of school health Know the global causes of death and disability in children and school health Selda SEÇGİNLİ, PhD, Proff. Explain school health services and the roles of school health nurses S cho o l H e a lth S cho o l H e a lth It is the comprehensive efforts of developing, implementing, and evaluating services, both within Schools are essential for young the school and the community, that provide each and people to acquire knowledge, Access to education and safe every student with the resources needed to thrive socioemotional skills including and supportive within a healthful environment. selfregulation and resilience, and school environments have been critical thinking skills that linked to better provide the foundation for a health outcomes. It is a comprehensive service that aims to increase the healthy future. health level of school-age children to achieve and maintain physical, mental and social health. The De ve lo pme n t o f S cho o l H e a lth in The Wo rld The De ve lo pme n t o f S cho o l H e a lth in T h e Wo rld School health studies began around 1750. In 1833, the first law called "medical observation in schools" was passed in France. The first school health book was published in England in 1882. In 1872, health education was made compulsory in schools in Japan. Infectious diseases screening was carried out by Lilian Wald in New York in 1902. Thereupon, 39 nurses were assigned to various schools. In 1874, the "school health organization" was established in Sweden. The first meeting of experts on school health services was held by WHO in 1950. School health programs were started in Paris in 1879 In 1969, the National Association of School Nurses was founded in America. 1 14.12.2024 S cho o l H e a lth Why A re S cho o l H e a lth S e r vice s Impo r t a n t? Preschool (36 months-69 months) It is easier to prevent growth and development disorders if they are detected early. Primary school-4 years (69 months-11 years), Protective measures taken during this period will be beneficial throughout life. Secondary school - 4 years (12-15 years old), The probability of accidents occurring in the school environment is high. High school- 4 years (16-19 years old) Vision and hearing problems can set students up for failure. The World Health Organization (WHO) indicates the school age group as 5-24 years Health education can be provided at school. The incidence and spread of infectious old. diseases may be faster. However, preventive measures such as vaccination can be According to TUIK 2015, 32.62% of the population in Turkey is in the school age taken more easily. group. Global estimates of top-five causes of death for school-age children and adolescents, by sex and age group, 2016 Global estimates of t o p - f i ve c a u s e s o f Y L D fo r s c h o o l - a g e c h i l d re n a n d a d o l e s c ent s , by s e x a n d a g e g ro u p , 2 016 Estimated years lived with disability (YLD) – a measure that aims to capture the amount of time lived in states of less than good health – show that skin diseases, irondeficiency anaemia, anxiety disorders and childhood behavioural disorders are top-five causes of YLD among most subgroups (WHO, 2021) HBSC is a WHO collaborative cross-national Healt h Beh avio u r study of adolescent health in Sch o o l- ag ed and well-being. Ch ildren (HBS C ) St u dy The latest survey was undertaken in 2017–18 in 45 countries in Europe and North America. 2 14.12.2024 3 14.12.2024 Age, gender and class: how the COVID-19 pandemic affected school-aged children in the WHO European Region Conclusions? (WHO, 2023) Negative impacts most commonly were related to: mental health, physical activity and school performance Positive impacts to relationships with family and friends. Girls more often reported negative impacts in most areas of their lives and boys more often reported positive impacts. Physical activity has been found to have a significant positive association with students’ cognitive functioning and better concentration, higher achievement tests scores. S cho o l H e a lth S e r vice s Diagnosing the health of students, Wh at is t h e For nutrition, iron intake and breakfast consumption are also associated with improved Organizing programs that improve health, Relat io n sh ip cognitive performance Immunization and controlling infectious diseases, Bet ween Healt h Managing the health care of children with disabilities An d Academic A negative association has also been found with and chronic diseases, chronic health conditions and academic Ach ievemen t ? achievement Providing first aid services in case of sudden injury or illness, Improving school environmental health. school absences Establishing healthy behaviors during childhood is easier and more effective than trying to change unhealthy behaviors during adulthood. Who le S cho o l, Who le Co mmun ity, Schools play a critical role in promoting the health and safety of young people and Who le Child helping them establish lifelong healthy Mo d e l (WS CC) behaviors. Every school has a unique set of needs. To better serve students, school health nurses can incorporate the WSCC model components 4 14.12.2024 Phy s ic a l E d u c a t ion Healt h & Phy s ic a l Edu cat io n Ac t iv it y Health education helps students Schools can create an environment acquire the knowledge, attitudes, that offers many opportunities for and skills they need for making students to be physically active health-promoting decisions, throughout the school day achieving health literacy, adopting Physical education provides cognitive health-enhancing behaviors, and content and instruction designed to promoting the health of others. develop motor skills, knowledge, and behaviors for healthy active living Nu t rit io n E nv iro n me nt He a l t h S e r v i c e s & S e r v ic e s School nutrition services provide students with opportunities to learn about and practice healthy eating. School health services provide first Marketing and promoting healthier aid, emergency care, and assessment foods of and planning for chronic Encouraging participation in the school conditions. meal programs, Role-modeling healthy eating Ensuring that students have access to free drinking water throughout the school day. Co u n s e l i n g, Ps yc h o l o g i c al , Social & Emotional & So c i a l Cl i m a te Se r v i c e s These prevention and intervention A positive social and emotional school services support the mental, climate is conducive to effective behavioral, and social-emotional teaching and learning. The school health of students and promote climate can affect student success in the learning process. engagement in school activities; relationships with other students, staff, family, and community; health and growth; and academic performance. 5 14.12.2024 Ph ys i c a l En v i r o n me n t E m p l o ye e We l l ne s s The school building and its contents Fostering the physical and mental Protect from physical threats (e.g., health of school employees protects crime, violence, traffic, and injuries) school staff and, by doing so, helps to and biological and chemical agents support students' health and in the air, water, or soil academic success. Healthy school employees are more productive and less likely to be absent. Co m m u n i ty F a m i l y En g a g e m e n t I n v o l v e men t Families and school staff work Community groups and local together to support and improve businesses can create partnerships students' learning, development, and with schools, share resources, and health. volunteer to support student learning and health-related activities. Schools, students, and their families can contribute to the community through student learning and by sharing school facilities with community members. H o w D o e s Th e W S C C M o d e l H e lp Wha t Role Do Families And Community To Im p r o v e L e a r n i n g A n d H e a l t h ? Agencies P lay The WSCC model meets the need for greater emphasis on both the psychosocial and physical environment as well as the increasing roles that community agencies and families Family and community involvement in schools is important to the learning, play in improving childhood health behaviors and development and health of students. development. When schools engage families in meaningful ways to improve student health and The WSCC model also addresses the need to engage learning, families can support and reinforce healthy behaviors in multiple students as active participants in their learning and health. settings—at home, in school, in out-of-school programs, and in the community. 6 14.12.2024 physical activity and physical education Why Were Th ese Healt h To pi c s Select ed? nutrition Wh at Regular physical activity in childhood and adolescence improves tobacco use prevention Healt h cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, helps build healthy bones, helps To pics Do es alcohol and other drug use prevention control weight, improves cardiovascular and metabolic health biomarkers Th e Healt hy such as blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and may reduce symptoms of depression. Sch o o l chronic health conditions (e.g., asthma, food allergies) Address? unintentional injury and violence prevention (safety) sexual health, including HIV, other STD and pregnancy prevention Why We re The s e H e a lth To pics S e le cte d ? Why We re The s e H e a lth To pics S e le cte d ? Healthy eating in childhood and adolescence is important for proper growth and development and can help prevent Substance misuse can occur at any age, the teenage and obesity, dental caries, iron deficiency anemia, and other young adult years are particularly critical at-risk periods. health problems. Research shows that the majority of adults who meet the criteria for having a substance use disorder started using substances during their teen and young adult years. Tobacco use can lead to lung diseases, including cancer, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchitis, and emphysema. Why We re The s e H e a lth To pics S e le cte d ? Why We re The s e H e a lth To pics S e le cte d ? Safety relates to preventing unintentional injuries and violence, which are Children spend a significant amount of their time in schools, it is leading causes of death and disability among children, adolescents, and important to understand the relationship between chronic health young adults conditions and academic achievement. Types of violence are homicide, suicide, assault, sexual violence, rape, child Studies indicate that students who are able to manage their chronic health maltreatment, dating and domestic violence, and self-inflicted injuries. conditions tend to have better academic achievement. Children and adolescents engage in many behaviors that increase their risk Sexual risk behaviors place adolescents at risk for HIV infection, other of injury, including not using seat belts, driving after drinking alcohol, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and unintended pregnancy. carrying weapons, and engaging in physical fights 7 14.12.2024 Histor y of Histor y of School Nursing The school nurse responsibilities 1 9 00- 1920 Lina Rogers Struthers was hired as the first School Nursing included not only student health school nurse pon the recommendation of 1 9 30- 1940 assessments but an advisor and a Lilian Wald. health educator. School nurses presented topics such After ill and infectious children were ent as proper rest and sleep, cleanliness, home, the school nurse would visit the and dental health student’s home to provide education and make community referrals to assist the family School nurses developed health in accessing the necessary medical care. education curriculum with the classroom teacher Instead of sending the student with a health concern home, when possible the physician kept the student in school and had the school Teachers were expected to provide first aid nurse examine and treat them, eliminating the and illness management along with monitoring for signs of contagious diseases student’s absence from school. School nurses completed environmental assessments of the to improve health Histor y of school building, looking for potential Hi st o r y o f The concept of a comprehensive and educational hazards and provided outcomes for Sch o o l Nu r si n g school health School Nursing recommendations for improvement. 1 9 7 0 -1 9 9 0 program (CSHP) was students and reduce overall health care introduced in the 1 9 5 0 -1 9 6 0 1980s. costs by emphasizing prevention They provided health education to students, emphasizing nutrition and mental health. injuries, violence, substance abuse, risky With the development of new vaccines sexual behaviors, for diseases such as polio and measles, psychological and the school nurse also administered emotional disorders, immunizations at school and problems due to Hearing test poverty Hist o r y o f Sch o o l Nu r sin g The role of the school nurse has 2 0 0 0-2020 expanded: In Türkiye staff and student health education injury and illness management, Nurses have been working in boarding schools and hostels affiliated with the Ministry of surveillance, National Education since 1983. health related screenings- such as vision The first person to bring school nursing practices to the agenda in Turkey was academic and hearing nurse İnci Erefe. medication administration, With the amendment made in the Nursing Regulation in 2011, the duties and powers of complex nursing interventions such as the "School Health Nurse" were defined. gastrostomy tube feedings, tracheostomy Appointing nurses in institutions with a quota of 150 or more cares, urinary catheterizations, and medication administration via injection, nasal inhalation, and intramuscular injection 8 14.12.2024 Res p o n s ib il i ties o f n urs es a cco rd i n g t o Re g u l a t i o n o n Res p o n s ib il i ties o f n urs es a c c o rd i n g t o Regul a t i o n o n Am en d m en t s t o T he Nurs i n g Regul a t i o n -Türk iye A m en d m en t s t o T h e Nurs i n g Regul a t i o n -Türk iye Identifies problems and needs Ensures coordination with the school administration regarding early diagnosis of health Carries out Health Education activities risks, planning of appropriate interventions Ensures cooperation between students, teachers and their families whose problems are Determines the material requirement list detected as a result of mental health Evaluate the health status of each new student joining the school and regular periodic Plans, carries out and supervises the health training of the personnel working in the physical examinations of the students school canteen on subjects such as personal hygiene, canteen hygiene and food safety. Plans, implements and evaluates nursing services for treatment and care of students and Provides health training to the personnel carrying out school cleaning school employees who become ill Provides health training to the personnel working in the school kitchen Takes part in immunization and health screenings Creates the school's health report regularly and reports it to the school Controls and evaluates situations concerning environmental health (water supply, garbage disposal, toilets, heating and ventilation) administration. Res p o n s ib il i ties o f n urs es a cco rd i n g t o Re g u l a t i o n o n Am en d m en t s t o T he Nurs i n g Regul a t i o n -Türk iye S cho o l H e a lth S e r vice s Ensures coordination between teachers working at the school, the student and the 1. Health examinations at school family in order to enable students to realize and demonstrate their physical and School entrance examinations psychological potential and to improve their self-confidence. Periodic examinations (head-to-toe examination) Provides health consultancy for students with chronic diseases and allergies to the 2. Health screenings at school student, their family and their teachers Vision screening Works in cooperation with students, families, school administration and educators in 3-Health education developing accident prevention and safety measures. Hearing screenings. 4-Immunization and controlling infectious Dental health screenings. diseases 5-Approach to Special Health Problems Growth-development screening Vision screening School entrance examinations If vision problems are not detected early during school years, they can significantly Creating student health records and identifying students at risk begins negatively affect school success. at this stage. Vision problems mostly occur between the ages of 5 and 7. Periodic Examinations Snellen chart should be used When abnormal findings are observed, the child is referred for detailed It is performed at least once a year to evaluate child health. examination by a specialist. During periodic physical examinations, physical examination stages If 50% or less function is observed during eye examinations under the age of 5, or are followed from head to toe. if eye functions are less than 2/3 over the age of 5, referral should be made. Children with health problems are monitored more frequently. Visual Acuity Test with Snellen Eye Chart Exam Screening programs are aimed at problems that may arise during the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcULvDBJOVs school years and hinder education. 9 14.12.2024 Hearing Screening Family history should be taken. Hearing-related problems significantly affect speaking and understanding skills. Growth-Development Screening A whisper test is applied in hearing screening. In case of any problem detected, referral and The frequency of follow-up between the ages of 5-19 during the school period is set counseling steps should be applied from the screening stages. as once a year. Dental Screening Growth is evaluated through physical measurements such as height measurements Family history should be taken into account. The incidence of tooth decay is around 35% and weight measurements. The child must be without shoes during height and it is quite common. Six-year-old teeth appear in the first year of school. At the age of measurements. When measuring weight, there should be no extra sweaters or 12-13, all teeth are completed except the third molars. jackets on. Teeth should be evaluated in terms of number, size and shape. Rickets, oral and dental cysts, hormonal disorders, and traumas affect oral and dental health. Special health problem- Asthım Immunization Not keeping furry or furry animals in the classroom Because children are crowded together at school, their risk of encountering The humidity level of the classroom should be kept below 50% with a humidifier. infectious diseases increases. Out-of-class activities should be limited during pollen season The entire school environment should be dust-free and clean. When the child is accepted to school, all information regarding vaccination is obtained from the parents and recorded in the student file. Wood stove and campfire smoke should not be inhaled Heavy perfumes and highly scented cleaners should not be used. MMR booster (Measles, Rubella, Mumps) with quadruple combination vaccine Lawn mowing and spraying should be done when children are not at school. (DTaP-IPV) in the first grade Heating and ventilation systems should be cleaned regularly Tetanus diphtheria vaccine (Td) in 8th grade Classrooms should be ventilated during breaks Trees with pollen should not be in the school garden Regular training should be provided to teachers, students and families, and awareness should be increased. Implementing school health and mental health programs for children with asthma Creating and supporting an "asthma friendship" group with asthmatic children in schools Special health problem- Diabetes School nurse: School Environment How to Keep Your School Environment Healthy Provides coordination between the child with diabetes, his/her care https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iB4O-voQlNg team, family, teacher and school administration, Making the first attempt in emergency situations and School Health and Safety Policies and Environment It should be the person who educates teachers and school administrators about the difficulties and problems that children may encounter in their school lives. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6HDxdUbaSM 10 14.12.2024 The studies are grouped under 6 headings: Health Service, Healthy and Safe School Environment, Healthy eating, Health Education, Physical Activity, Family/Community Participation As of the end of 2016, annual periodic monitoring and examinations of students were started by Family Health Center Diabetes P r ogr am At S chool Nutr ition Fr iendly S chools P r ogr am There are approximately 30,000 children with Type 1 diabetes under the age of 18 in our country, and at least 23,000 of It was signed between the Ministry of National Education and the Ministry of them are school-age children. Health in 2010 Children with diabetes spend at least 30 hours a week at school It is aimed to increase school health to better levels by increasing awareness about In order to solve the problems experienced by children with healthy nutrition and active living and supporting good practices in this regard. diabetes at school, the Diabetes at School Program was launched in November 2010 in Türkiye The aim of this education platform is to ensure that children with diabetes spend their time at school as safely as at home, to support them and to train school staff, especially teachers, for this purpose. Tur key' s Addiction Fighting Tr aining RE F E RE NCE S P r ogr am (TBM) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC). https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/wscc/index.htm WHO guideline on school health services. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. It reaches approximately 10 million students every year through collaborations with the public and private sectors, especially the Wisconsin Association of School Nurses. (2023). School Nursing Past and Present. https://www.wischoolnurses.org/a-day-in-the-life-home/past-and- Ministry of National Education. present#:~:text=School%20nursing%20began%20in%20the,%2C%20scarlet%20fever%2C%20an This educational program that aims to raise awareness of addictions in d%20diphtheria. the society in general, especially children Hemşirelik Yönetmeliğinde değişiklik yapılmasına dair yönetmelik https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/04/20110419-5.htm Tokur Kesgin M, Çağlar S (2019). The Development of School Nursing Around the World and in Turkey. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 16(4), 343 - 352. 10.5222/KUHEAD.2019.343 https://hsgm-saglik-gov-tr.translate.goog/tr/sagligin-gelistirilmesi-programlari/okulda-sagligin- korunmasi-gelistirilmesi-programi.html?_x_tr_sl=tr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=tr&_x_tr_pto=wapp 11

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