كتاب تاريخ وجغرافيا المملكة العربية السعودية للصف الثالث - PDF

Here is the structured markdown format of the provided text: # SAUDI History and Geography Book 3 ### Authors * Aqeel Alonazi * Adnan Naim ## Contents ### Unit 1: Education in Saudi Arabia * Lesson 1: History of Education in Saudi Arabia * Lesson 2: General Education * Lesson 3: Techni...

Here is the structured markdown format of the provided text: # SAUDI History and Geography Book 3 ### Authors * Aqeel Alonazi * Adnan Naim ## Contents ### Unit 1: Education in Saudi Arabia * Lesson 1: History of Education in Saudi Arabia * Lesson 2: General Education * Lesson 3: Technical Education * Lesson 4: Higher Education ### Unit 2: Saudi Culture (1) * Lesson 1: Men's National Dress * Lesson 2: Women's National Dress * Lesson 3: Saudi Hospitality and Food * Lesson 4: Coffee and Dates ### Unit 3: Saudi Culture (2) * Lesson 1: The Camel of Saudi Arabia * Lesson 2: The Arabian Horse * Lesson 3: Folk Dance * Lesson 4: Sport ### Unit 4: The Islamic Occasions * Lesson 1: Ramadan * Lesson 2: Lailatul Qadr * Lesson 3: Eid Al-Fitr * Lesson 4: Eid Al-Adha ### Unit 5: Transportation in Saudi Arabia * Lesson 1: History of Transportation * Lesson 2: Roads and Railways * Lesson 3: Air Transport and Airports * Lesson 4: Seaports ### Unit 6: Agriculture and Water Resources * Lesson 1: Agriculture in Saudi Arabia * Lesson 2: Agricultural Products * Lesson 3: Water Resources * Lesson 4: Irrigation System ### Unit 7: Flora and Fauna * Lesson 1: Identifying Flora and Fauna * Lesson 2: Plant Life * Lesson 3: Animal Life * Lesson 4: Reptiles and Insects ### Unit 8: The Saudi Industries * Lesson 1: The Industrial Sector in Saudi Arabia * Lesson 2: Oil & Gas, as the first pillar of Saudi Industry * Lesson 3: Petrochemicals the second pillar of Saudi Industries * Lesson 4: Mining, the third pillar of Saudi Industries ## Preface We exist in the age of internet technology which together with the television and radio Media play a vital role in the dissemination of information. However, very few people have the time and resources to verify the validity and accuracy of this avalanche of information. That is why all forms of media have a huge responsibility to ensure as far as possible, that the information that is being fed to the masses on a daily basis is fair, accurate, factual and responsible. Today's youth is the first in the history of mankind, to grow up in this fast-paced-high-tech, Digital Revolution. Just as governments of the world have channeled billions into horrific machines of war, so too, should all nations channel billions into education, knowledge and research. Will we see, a new generation of students who are intellectually enlightened or a cerebrally crippled generation? We need to replace the guns of war with the pens of education. We need to develop world-class school teachers and university lecturers, so that they can develop the brains of our children into world-class thinkers and leaders with impeccable character, accountability, honesty, integrity, vision and conduct. It is precisely for this reason that this exhaustive investigation and research was undertaken and you are now presented with a factual description of Saudi Arabia, its glorious historical past and strategic geographical location. I have interacted with my colleague, Mr. Aqeel Al-Onazi at close quarters, while serving as Rector of an International English College in Riyadh and have been indelibly impressed by the remarkable and drastic transformation of education during his tenures as an official on the Foreign Education in Saudi Arabia, he holds a Bachelor of Arts and Education. And has over 26 years in education. Mr. Adnan Naim is a dedicated educator. He holds a Bachelor of Arts and Education. He also holds a high degree in Methodology. He is a supervisor of English and an accomplished writer who has been instrumental in simplifying written works for students. More importantly, he has work-shopped English Teachers on Writing Skills, Teaching Aids and Classroom Management. Taking knowledge to teachers and the learners is the most vital contribution an educator of true substance can make. This book is primarily aimed at the budding generation of aspiring students. Apart from imparting knowledge, it is a great source of entertainment for the interested reader. It delves into the basics to "keep it simple and straight, "and is enhanced with beautiful illustrations. I hope this book will serve as an inspiration to all youth to strive for excellence in everything that they do and thereby unlock the natural potential that lies dormant in them. It is also hoped that this book would bring a greater understanding between people, nations and religions so that all of us jointly, can work towards developing a harmonious environment. DR ALLIE SHEIK D.Litt.et.Phil (Doctor of Literature and Philosophy) ## Unit 1 - Education in Saudi Arabia ### Lesson 1: History of Education in Saudi Arabia When the Kingdom was founded in 1932AD, education was limited. It depended on religious schools in mosques in urban areas. These schools taught Islamic law and basic literacy skills. The modern Saudi educational system provides quality instruction in diverse fields of modern and traditional arts and sciences. This diversity helps meet the Kingdom's growing need for highly-educated citizens to build on its rapid progress. The primary education system began in Saudi Arabia in the 1930sAD. In 1951AD, the country had 226 schools with 29,887 students. In 1954AD, the Ministry of Education was established, headed by then Prince Fahd bin Abdulaziz as the first Minister of Education. The first university, now known as King Saud University, was founded in Riyadh in 1957AD. Today, Saudi Arabia's nationwide public educational system comprises 24 universities, more than 33,105 schools, and a large number of colleges and other educational and training institutions. The system provides students with free education, books and health services and is open to every Saudi. Over 25 percent of the annual State budget is for education including vocational training. The Kingdom has also worked on scholarship programs to send students overseas. Thousands of students are being sent to higher-education programs every year. The study of Islam remains at the core of the Saudi educational system. ### Lesson 2: General Education General education in the Kingdom consists of six years of primary school and three years each of intermediate and high school. The government provides free general and higher education, and financial help for male and female students in some areas of general education. King Fahd established and administered the Ministry of Education in 1954AD. He also laid down plans that served the country's educational needs. Education is free to all Saudi citizens, including textbooks and tools. Many of the kindergartens that exist in the education system of Saudi Arabia are privately run. Children that attend the kindergarten section are generally aged between 4 and 6 years. This is sometimes supplemented by an additional year before the kindergarten section for children aged 3 years old. This nursery and kindergarten education generally consists of mixed groups of boys and girls. The kindergarten provides a good basis for the work expected from Grade 1 (aged 5 to 6) and is grounding the core subjects of the curriculum. ### Lesson 3: Technical Education Substantial progress has also been made in the field of technical education and vocational training through the establishment of well-equipped and properly-staffed training institutes. The formation of skilled Saudi labor force raises productivity levels and thereby makes important contribution to economic development. The Saudi government has exerted tremendous efforts to expand the Kingdom's vocational training system, both quantitatively and qualitatively, to meet the challenges of economic development and technological change. ### Lesson 4: Higher Education There are now more than 24 universities in Saudi Arabia for men and woman. The first and biggest is the King Saud University in Riyadh. It was established in 1957AD. This university offers a wide range of subjects from zoology to medicine, engineering to education. In 1967AD, King Abdul Aziz University was established in Jeddah. It provides subjects such as Arts, Science and Engineering. In 1961AD, the Islamic University was established in Madinah. This university was then supplemented by the opening of the Umm al-Qura University in Makkah in the 1980'sAD. King Faisal University was opened in the Eastern Province with faculties to study agriculture, architecture and Medicine. King Fahd University of Petroleum and Mineral was founded in Dhahran, the heart of the kingdom's oil exploration programme. There is also Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University with its huge campus at the outskirts of Riyadh. In addition to this, there are many other colleges that have been established, such as technical, military, women and police colleges. University students receive financial help and free housing. In addition, meals, books, and transportation are provided at low prices. Female students are provided with free transportation. To meet the increasing demand for higher education, many universities and colleges have been established. They offer subjects from engineering, medicine, and geology to social and Islamic studies ### Unit 1 Activities 1. What is General education consisted of? 2. Who was the first Minister of Education in Saudi Arabia? 3. Why did the government of Saudi Arabia establish the vocational institutes? 4. Where is King Abdul Aziz University located? ## Unit 2- Saudi Culture (1) ### Lesson 1- Men's National Dress The climate and the customs of Saudi Arabia influence the dress of the country. There are general differences from area to area but generally, the trend is the same. Boys and men wear a long and loose fitting shirt known as the 'thobe'. It is a cover-all, which is long sleeved and long in length. This is generally white and made of cotton. In cooler months, the material can vary and so can the colour. Garments are required. It can be beige, grey, plain or striped. It is a tailored garment, which buttons at the neck and wrists. In addition to the thobe, the men wear a headdress. This is worn over a white skullcap known as a `taqia`. The headdress is called a 'ghutrah' or `shemagh’ and it is a square piece of material. It can be found in two colours. The white is called a ghutrah and red is called the shemagh. The colour worn depends entirely on what each person likes. When worn, the ghutrah is folded diagonally to form a triangle and is draped across the wearer's head. It is then left to hang either down the back or over the shoulders. The ghutrah is designed to protect against the weather, smoke and dust. The ghutrah is held on top of the head with an «iqal». The iqal is a black, braided piece of rope or cloth that holds the ghutrah against the head. ### Lesson 2- The Women’s National Dress The women of Saudi Arabia wear the traditional «abayah» over their every day garments. Their traditional dresses are often colourful under the «abayah» and western fashions are often followed just as closely as their friends in the other countries. In addition to the abayah, the women wear a veil to cover their faces, generally only leaving the eyes uncovered. This veil is known as the «Negab» and is black in colour. Finally, a «hejab» or thin black veil is worn to cover the face completely. The Saudi women's dress is based on Islamic teachings which require them to cover their hair and body completely with uptight dress. ### Lesson 3 -Saudi Hospitality and National Food Saudi Arabian people always make a visitor welcome, even a stranger. First coffee, Qahwah, is prepared and drunk in tiny cups with dates. It is tradition to drink three cups or more. It is up to the visitor. Then tea, without milk (Shai), is offered. After these formalities a meal is served, which is usually lamp or chicken with rice (Kabsa). Many different and delightful foods are served in Saudi Arabian cuisine. The food is cooked in a variety of ways and methods, from traditional to modern. Generally, modern eating habits have been adopted, such as cutlery, tables, and chairs. However, eating while sat on the floor, or eating with the hand can still be used. It is proper to wash your hands before eating a meal and then again after. The meal will usually begin with the saying: <<<Bis millah» - in the name of God And ended by the saying either: «Alhamdullilah» - God be praised or: «Na`amullah A`layk» - May Allah give you more. Islamic dietary laws forbid the eating of pork and the drinking of alcohol. This law is enforced strictly throughout Saudi Arabia. ### Lesson 4- Coffee and Dates Saudi Arabian coffee making is an art in itself. Its careful preparation is almost ceremonial and its taste is distinctive. First of all, some water is poured into a traditional coffeepot and heated until boiling. Then, roasted coffee beans are placed into a bowl and grinded to a powder with a pestle. This powder is then transferred to the water in the coffeepot and heated again to boiling point. In addition to this, spice called cardamom is ground and added to the coffee where the ingredients are boiled up together. The coffee is then poured into small cups and offered to the guest along with some traditional dates. ### Unit 2 Activities 1. What is the national dress for men? 2. What is the national dress for women? 3. What is tagia? 4. What is the difference between ghutra and shemagh? 5. What is a Negab? 6. How is Arabic coffee made of? 7. What is said at the beginning of a meal? ## Unit 3- Saudi Culture (2) ### Lesson 1- The Camel of Saudi Arabia People living in the deserts have been using camels to help them for hundreds of years. Camels in Saudi Arabia vary in colour from light sandy to dark brown. White camels can also be found as black ones. They have one hump. The hump is used for storing food and water. When a camel becomes very thirsty, it can drink twelve buckets of water in ten minutes. A camel is known as the «Ship of the desert». It has been used for centuries as a mode of transport across the land. This is because camels are very strong and can carry heavy things. Camels feet are very wide. This allows them to walk easily over soft sand and hard ground. They also have special noses and long eyelashes, which keep sand from blowing in them. When camels walk across a desert in a big group, this is called a 'caravan.' Camels produce milk that can be drunk by people. It is very sweet and is best drunk when freshly milked from the camel. Camels' meat can be eaten by people, although it can be quite chewy. One of the most important camel races in the world is run at a racecourse outside Riyadh. This racecourse is in an area called Aljanadriyah where the circuit is 20 kilometers long. Racing camels are called 'hajins' and are usually very valuable. ### Lesson 2- The Arabian Horse The Arabian horse was originally found in the deserts of Arabia and has lived there for thousands of years. It is one of the oldest breeds of horse in the world as well as being regarded as the most beautiful. The people who lived in the desert - the Bedouins - were the original breeders of the Arabian horse and their wealth was estimated by the number of horses they owned. It can be several different colours, brown, grey and chestnut. The Arabian horse is generally very strong and can keep going on a ride for a very long time - this is called endurance. This earned the horse the description of <drink of the wind». They are also fast horses and therefore are used a lot in horse racing. The horse has always had a special place in the life of the people of Arabia. In addition to their strength, they are known for their intelligence and affection. The male horse is called a foal. There are now several horse breeding centres in the Kingdom. One of the largest of these is the King Abdulaziz Original Horse Centre at Dirab, near to Riyadh. There are also many places where horse riding is taught. The Riyadh Equestrian School in Malaz is one of the many riding centres in the Kingdom. ### Lesson 3- Folk Dance One of Saudi Arabia's most compelling folk dances is Al Ardha. It is the country's national dance. This sword dance is based on ancient Bedouin traditions. Drummers beat out a rhythm and a poet chants verses while sword-carrying. Men dance shoulder to shoulder. Al-Sihba folk music, from Hejaz, has its origins in Al-Andalus. In Makkah, Medina and Jeddah, dance and song incorporate the sound of the mizmar. A mizmar is an oboe-like woodwind instrument in the performance of the mizmar dance. The drum is also an important instrument according to traditional and tribal customs. Samri is popular traditional form of music and dance in which poetry is sung. ### Lesson 4- Sports Men can often be found playing sports. Women rarely participate in sports, and always away from the presence of men. This often leads to indoor gyms. Football is the most popular sport in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has recently participated in the Summer Olympic Games and in international competitions in volleyball and other sports. The Saudi Arabian national youth baseball team has also participated in the Little League World Series. In addition to this, training courses have been developed to encourage an active participation at all levels of sport. These training courses also include the training of referees and coaches in an attempt to widen the horizon of sports within the community. Major national and international competitions take place within Saudi Arabia. The GPYW (General presidency of youth welfare) has stimulated all sports, from track and field, to water sports. It does not just promote the able-bodied but it also has an interest in aiding the handicapped to take an active role. Other sports available are basketball, volleyball, swimming, tennis, shooting, martial arts, equestrian, archery, squash and cycling to mention just a few. ### Unit 3 Activities 1. What is the ship of the desert? 2. Which sport are Arabian horses good at? 3. Where was the Arabian horse originally found? 4. Who were the original breeders of Arabian horse? 5. Draw and color a picture of Saudi man in national dress. ## Unit 4- The Islamic Occasions ### Lesson 1- Ramadan Ramadan is a holy month for all Muslims. In this month, the Holy Quran was descended to Prophet Muhammad, (peace be upon him.) Fasting is one of the five pillars of Islam. Every adult Muslim must stop eating and drinking during the days of Ramadan. The main idea of fasting is a spiritual one. It gives an idea about the suffering of the poor. It also teaches a lesson in self-control. Fasting also means keeping away from everything which may harm others. Ramadan is the month of worship and charity. Rich people help poor people. Everyone forgets his problems and forgives others. ### Lesson 2- Lailatul Qadr There is a special night in Ramadan. It is «Lailatul Qadr.» It is one of the last ten nights of Ramadan. On this night, the Holy Quran was descended to Prophet Mohamed, (peace be upon him.) So, it is a sacred night. At this night, Muslims perform more prayers. They stay awake most of the night praying and thanking Allah for all His blessings. They pray to Allah to forgive their sins and guide them to the right. In fact, Lailatul Qadr is a spiritual night for all Muslims. They forget worldly issues and concentrate on the Hereafter. ### Lesson 3- Eid Al-Fitr After the last day of Ramadan, there is a special Muslim occasion, called Eid Al-Fitr. Early in the morning of the first day of Eid Al-Fitr, Muslims pay the Zakat to the poor and they pray special prayers. After that, Muslims all over the world begin to congratulate each other. They thank Allah for His great blessings. During the three days of Eid Al-Fitr, people visit friends and relatives. They carry gifts and sweets. Children also celebrate this special occasion. They wear new clothes and receive gifts and money from their parents and relatives. In Fact, Eid Al-Fitr is a big Muslim celebration as well as Eid Al-Adha. ### Lesson 4- Eid Al-Adha Eid Al-Adha (Arabic : عيد الأضحى or the Festival of Sacrifice is a religious festival celebrated by Muslims worldwide as a commemoration of God's forgiveness of Ibrahim (Abraham) from his vow to sacrifice his son, as commanded by Allah. Muslim tradition names Ismael as the son who was to be sacrificed, whereas the Judeo-Christian tradition names Isaac. It is one of two Eid festivals celebrated by Muslims, whose basis comes from the Quran. Eid Al-Adha annually falls on the 10th day of the month of Dhul Hijja of the lunar Islamic calendar. The festivities last for three days. Eid Al-Adha occurs the day after the pilgrims conducting Hajj. Men, women, and children are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in any mosque. Muslims who can afford to do so sacrifice their best domestic animals (usually sheep, but also camels, cows, and goats) as a symbol of Ibrahim's )Abraham's) sacrifice. The sacrificed animals, called «udhiya» Arabic: أضحية«. A large portion of the meat is given towards the poor and hungry people so they can all join in the feast which is held on Eid-Al-Adha. The remainder is cooked for the family celebration meal in which relatives and friends are invited to share. People in these days are expected to visit their relations, starting with their parents, then their families and friends. ### Unit 4 Activities 1. What is the main idea of fasting Ramadan? 2. What is Lailatul Qadr? 3. When dose Eid Al-Fitr occur? 4. What do Muslims do on Eid Al-Fitr? 5. When dose Eid Al-Adha occur? 6. What do Muslims do on Eid Al-Adha? ## Unit 5- Transportation in Saudi Arabia ### Lesson 1- History of Transportation The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has built a huge network of modern roads. These roads link all parts of the country. In addition, there is a railway network and air transport services offered by Saudi Arabian Airlines, the largest air carrier in the Middle East. Sea transportation has also witnessed rapid development, including the establishment of a number of seaports linking the Kingdom with the rest of the world. ### Lesson 2- Roads and Railways #### Roads The length of the Kingdom's road network reached more than 56,000 kilometers. The length of paved agricultural roads reached 130,000 kilometers. The cost of the roads total more than SR 130 billion. The Saudi Arabian Public Transport Co. (SAPTCO), the national bus system, runs a fleet of buses that provides public transportation inside the kingdom and neighboring countries. An electric sky train system has been approved and the first phase will be installed in King Abdullah Road, King Fahd Road and Al Olaya Road. It will run for 25km and will include communication services such as phones and internet. #### Railways The construction of a railway line linking the capital Riyadh with Dammam, the seaport on the Arabian Gulf coast, dates to 1951AD. Saudi Railway Authority operates two separate passenger and cargo lines between Riyadh and Dammam passing through Hofuf, and Haradh. Two future railway projects connecting Riyadh with Jeddah and Makkah in the western region and connecting Riyadh with Buraidah, Ha`il and Northern Saudi Arabia are underway. In addition, the Saudi Government is building a 400-kilometer link between the holy shrines cities. ### Lesson 3- Air Transport & Airports #### Air Transport Saudi Arabian Airlines (SAUDIA) is responsible for the transportation of passengers and baggage on its domestic and international flights. Recently, new airlines have been established in line with the continued privatization objectives of Saudi Arabia. The new firm's purpose is to develop the air transport sector and meet the growing demands of businessmen, companies, and officials. #### Airports The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has 27 airports. Four are international, 6 regional and 17 domestic: International airports include: * King Khaled International Airport in Riyadh: Thirty-five kilometers north of the capital Riyadh. it was opened in 1983AD. Built on an area of 240sq. kilometers. its operational capacity is 20 million passengers annually. * King Abdul Aziz International Airport in Jeddah: It was built in 1981AD on an area of 105sq. kilometers. Each of its three terminals is considered a separate airport. There is one for domestic flights, another for international flights and a third for pilgrim flights. Jeddah is the main air gateway for pilgrims. * King Fahd International Airport in the Eastern Region: This is the Kingdom's most modern airport, comprising an area of 780sq. kilometers. ### Lesson 4- Sea Ports Saudi Arabia has eight major ports with 183 piers, making it the largest seaport network in the Middle East. The Kingdom receives 12,000 ships per year. Many opportunities for investment are available in seaport operations, since privatization of this sector began in 1997AD. Incentives are available to the private sector to invest in the heavy equipment necessary for the operation of the ports. The major seaports in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are: 1. Jeddah Islamic Seaport. 2. King Abdul Aziz Seaport - Dammam, on the Arabian Gulf. 3. King Fahd Industrial Seaport - Jubail, on the Arabian Gulf. 4. King Fahd International Seaport - Yanbu, on the Red Sea. 5. Jizan Seaport - in the south of the Kingdom, on the Red Sea. 6. Jubail Commercial Seaport, on the Arabian Gulf. 7. Yanbu Commercial Seaport, on the Red Sea. 8. Dheba seaport on the Red sea. There are also twelve secondary seaports in the kingdom on the Red Sea and The Arabian Gulf. All these ports are run by the Saudi Ports Authority. ### Unit 5 Activities 1. What is SAPTCO? 2. What cities does the present railway link? 3. How many international airports does Saudi Arabia have? 4. Where is King Abdul Aziz International Airport located? 5. How many major seaports are there in Saudi Arabia? ## Unit 6- Agriculture and Water Resources ### Lesson 1- Agriculture in Saudi Arabia In the late 1960'sAD and early 1970'sAD agricultural products that had been produced in Saudi Arabia were minimal. Only small-scale independent farmers existed with restricted produce. Nowadays, with the onset of modern irrigation techniques and the Second and Third 5 Year Plans, goals that were the government have been achieved. These goals included the optimal use of water resources and land use, along with an aim become self- sufficient in all basic foodstuffs. In the present day, Saudi farming has achieved the goals set down in these plans. It is so efficient that it is the largest wheat producer in