SANS 2001-CM1:2012 PDF Construction Works - Masonry Walling

© SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. ISBN 978-0-626-27272-2 SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Construction works Part CM1: Masonry walling Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za © SABS This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Amdt 1 2012 Amended to update a referenced standard. Acknowledgement The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the input of the Joint Structural Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering and the Institution of Structural Engineers and the National Home Builders Registration Council in the development of this part of SANS 2001. Foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC 59, Construction standards, in accordance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This document was published in April 2012. This document supersedes SANS 2001 CM1:2007 (edition 1). A vertical line in the margin shows where the text has been technically modified by amendment No.1. SANS 2001 consists of a number of parts in various stages of preparation, under the general title Construction works. Annex A forms an integral part of this document. Introduction The different parts of SANS 2001 each address a specific component of construction works. The prime purpose in the production of these standards is to create a set of standards that are generally applicable to construction works, and which can be readily modified to make them applicable to particular works. The SANS 2001 family of standards provides technical descriptions of the standard of materials and workmanship that will be used in the works that are executed or in the performance of the works when completed (or both). These standards do not make reference to the actions of those responsible for executing the works or the parties to a contract, i.e. to the constraints relating to the manner in which contract work is to be performed. Neither do they deal with the commercial arrangements of such contracts. These standards are suitable for use in any “in-house” construction work or in all types of engineering and construction works contracts, for example, design by employer, design and build, develop and construct, construction management or management contracts. Standard requirements pertaining to the manner in which works are constructed can be found in the SANS 1921 family of standards. This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 Contents Page Acknowledgement Foreword Introduction 1 Scope..................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Normative references............................................................................................................. 3 3 Definitions............................................................................................................................... 5 4 Requirements......................................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Materials....................................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Mortar........................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Laying of masonry units............................................................................................... 21 4.4 Bonding of masonry units............................................................................................ 24 4.5 Cavity wall construction................................................................................................ 31 4.6 Fair face masonry and face masonry finishes............................................................. 32 4.7 Reinforced masonry..................................................................................................... 32 4.8 Masonry cladding and infill panels............................................................................... 35 4.9 Weepholes and damp-proof courses........................................................................... 35 4.10 Masonry over openings................................................................................................ 43 4.11 Control and articulation joints....................................................................................... 44 4.12 Holes and chases for services..................................................................................... 44 4.13 Joint infilling and sealing.............................................................................................. 45 4.14 Sills............................................................................................................................... 45 4.15 Building in of door frames and windows and other fixtures......................................... 46 4.16 Anchoring of roofs........................................................................................................ 46 4.17 Concrete floor slabs or roof slabs laid on masonry walls............................................. 46 4.18 Fixing of slips............................................................................................................... 47 4.19 Sealed collar-jointed walls........................................................................................... 47 4.20 Masonry staircases...................................................................................................... 48 4.21 Retaining wall construction.......................................................................................... 48 5 Compliance with the requirements......................................................................................... 53 Annex A (normative) Preparation of specification data associated with this part of SANS 2001 for inclusion in the scope of work.................................... 56 Bibliography.............................................................................................................................. 61 1 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 This page is intentionally left blank 2 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 Construction works Part CM1: Masonry walling 1 Scope This part of SANS 2001 covers the construction of masonry walling by using units manufactured from burnt clay, calcium silicate and concrete. The construction of foundations for masonry walls and the application of post-construction finishes are not covered by this part of SANS 2001. NOTE 1 This part of SANS 2001 is suitable for constructing masonry walling designed in accordance with the provisions of SANS 10164-1, SANS 10164-2 and SANS 10400. NOTE 2 SANS 2001-EM1 covers the application of cement plaster to walls. NOTE 3 Annex A provides guidance to those responsible for compiling procurement documents which make reference to this part of SANS 2001. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. All normative documents are subject to revision and, since any reference to a normative document is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that document, parties to agreements based on this document are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division. EN 934-3, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 3: Admixtures for masonry mortar – Definitions, requirements and conformity, marking and labelling. EN 12878, Pigments for the colouring of building materials based on cement and/or lime – Specifications and methods of test. SANS 28 , Metal ties for cavity walls. SANS 110, Sealing compounds for the building industry, two-component, polysulphide base. SANS 121/ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles – Specifications and test methods. 3 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 SANS 190-2 , Expanded metal – Part 2: Building products. SANS 202, Chloride content of aggregates. SANS 227 , Burnt clay masonry units. SANS 248 , Bituminous damp-proof courses. SANS 298 , Mastic asphalt for damp-proof courses and tanking. SANS 523, Limes for use in building. SANS 545 , Wooden doors. SANS 727, Windows and doors made from rolled mild steel sections. SANS 920, Steel bars for concrete reinforcement. SANS 935, Hot-dip (galvanized) zinc coatings on steel wire. Amdt 1 SANS 952 (SABS 952), Polyolefin film for damp-proofing and waterproofing in buildings. SANS 1077, Sealing compounds for the building and construction industry, two-component, polyurethane-base. SANS 1090 , Aggregates from natural sources – Fine aggregates for plaster and mortar. SANS 1129 , Steel door frames. SANS 1215 , Concrete masonry units. SANS 1305 , Sealing compounds for the building industry, one-component, silicone-rubber-base. SANS 1504 (SABS 1504), Prestressed concrete lintels. SANS 2001-CC2, Construction works – Part CC2: Concrete works (minor works). SANS 2001-EM1, Construction works – Part EM1: Cement plaster. SANS 10164-1 (SABS 0164-1), The structural use of masonry – Part 1: Unreinforced masonry walling. SANS 10244-2, Steelwire and wire products – Non-ferrous metallic coatings on steel wire – Part 2: Zinc and zinc alloy coatings. Amdt 1 SANS 10400 (SABS 0400), The application of the National Building Regulations. SANS 10403, Formatting and compilation of construction procurement documents. SANS 50197-1/EN 197-1, Cement – Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements. SANS 50413-1/EN 413-1, Masonry cement – Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria. 4 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 3 Definitions For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in SANS 10403 and the following apply. 3.1 Agrément certificate certificate that confirms fitness-for-purpose of a non-standardized product, material or component or the acceptability of the related non-standardized design and the conditions pertaining thereto (or both) issued by the Board of Agrément South Africa 3.2 Board of Agrément South Africa body that operates under the delegation of authority of the Minister of Public Works 3.3 cavity void in a masonry member formed by or between the masonry units that comprise that member 3.4 clean-out hole opening to the bottom of an infill concrete space to allow for the removal of debris 3.5 consistency relative mobility or ability of freshly mixed mortar or concrete to flow 3.6 core void within the cross section of a hollow masonry unit 3.7 deviation difference between the actual (i.e. measured) dimension or position and the specified dimension or position 3.8 frog depression formed in one or both faces of a masonry unit, the total volume of which does not exceed 25 % of the gross volume of the unit 3.9 infill concrete highly workable concrete placed in cores, cavities or pockets to produce grouted and reinforced masonry 3.10 joint 3.10.1 articulation joint joint in masonry provided at suitable locations and intervals, that takes cognizance of the lateral stability and structural integrity of individual panels, and that enables wall panels to move in harmony with the supports without developing significant damage 3.10.2 bed joint horizontal mortared joint between courses of masonry 5 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 3.10.3 collar joint vertical longitudinal joint between leaves of masonry, filled with mortar or infill concrete (see figure 1) 3.10.4 control joint movement joint joint designed to permit relative movement of sections of a masonry structure or wall to occur without impairing the functional integrity of the masonry structure or wall 3.10.5 perpend joint joint (typically vertical) formed between adjacent masonry units laid in the same course 3.11 joint profile 3.11.1 concave joint which is finished off with a round jointing tool to a round profile 3.11.2 flush joint which is finished in the same plane as the adjacent surface of masonry 3.11.3 recessed joint which is raked out to a specified depth behind the face of the masonry and finished off with a tool 3.11.4 struck horizontal joint which is finished so that the base of the joint is flush with the edge of the course beneath the joint and the top is set back so that the course immediately above oversails the joint 3.12 leaf continuous vertical section, which is one masonry unit width in thickness, of a wall 3.13 masonry assemblage of masonry units joined together with mortar to form a structure 3.13.1 face masonry masonry which, upon completion, requires no further surface finishing 3.13.2 reinforced masonry masonry in which grouted or concreted cavities, cores or pockets or bed joints are reinforced with steel reinforcement to strengthen the masonry 3.14 masonry accessory anchor, connector or tie, other than a wall tie, which is built into masonry; shelf angle and its fixings; and fine fabric reinforcement located in bed joints 6 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 3.15 masonry bond 3.15.1 English bond systematic arrangement of courses of masonry units of equal size so that successive courses alternate between being laid along their length in the direction of the wall and being laid as headers 3.15.2 English garden wall bond systematic arrangement of courses of masonry units of equal size such that a header course is laid between stretcher courses at vertical intervals that do not exceed 450 mm (see figure 1(a)) 3.15.3 honeycomb bond systematic arrangement of courses of masonry units of equal size in such a manner that an opening equal to the width of the unit is provided at the centre of each unit, and units in successive courses overlap a distance equal to one-quarter of the length of the unit 3.15.4 quarter bond systematic arrangement of courses of masonry units of equal size in such a manner that the perpend joints in alternate courses are horizontally offset at one-quarter the unit length and are aligned vertically in every alternate course 3.15.5 quetta bond systematic arrangement of courses of masonry units of equal size in an alternating T-pattern, staggered in alternate courses so that perpend joints are aligned vertically in every second course and a cavity is created in which reinforcement is placed 3.15.6 rat-trap bond systematic arrangement of courses of masonry units of equal size in alternating hollow square pattern, staggered in alternate courses, with an overlap in successive courses equal to one-quarter of the length of the unit 3.15.7 stretcher bond systematic arrangement of courses of masonry units of equal size such that each unit overlaps the unit below at the midpoint of the unit (see figure 1(b)) a) English garden wall bond b) Stretcher bond Figure 1 — Masonry bonds 7 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 3.16 masonry unit unit of rectangular shape that is intended for use in the construction of bonded masonry walling 3.16.1 bond block masonry unit which is manufactured or modified on site to accommodate horizontal reinforcement within the depth of the unit 3.16.2 header masonry unit which connects two or more adjacent leaves together 3.16.3 hollow masonry unit masonry unit that contains cores that exceed 25 %, but that do not exceed 60 %, of the gross volume of the unit 3.16.4 solid masonry unit masonry unit that either contains no cores, or contains cores that do not exceed 25 % of the gross volume of the unit 3.16.5 specific unit masonry unit designed to maintain a masonry bond at corners and wall ends 3.17 mortar mixture of cementitious materials, sand (fine aggregate) and water, with or without chemical admixtures 3.17.1 prescribed-mix mortar mortar for which the proportions of the constituent materials are specified, and which is designated by its mix proportions 3.17.2 strength mortar mortar designed to meet specific strength requirements and designated by its specified strength 3.18 permissible deviation pd specified limit(s) of deviation within which a dimension or position lies 3.19 preliminary test test conducted in a laboratory at the commencement of construction or whenever the source of sand for mortar is changed, to determine the proportion of cement and sand required for a specific class of mortar in strength mortar applications 3.20 reinforcement 3.20.1 brickforce light welded steel fabric that comprises two hard-drawn wires of diameter not less than 2,8 mm and 8 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 not greater than 3,55 mm, held apart by either perpendicular (ladder-type) or diagonal (truss-type) cross wires (see figure 2) NOTE Ladder-type brickforce usually has a main wire diameter that does not exceed 3,15 mm and is supplied in rolls. Truss-type brickforce usually has a diameter of 3,55 mm and is supplied flat. 3.20.2 rod reinforcement bed joint reinforcement in masonry that comprises hard-drawn wires that have a diameter of not less than 4,0 mm and not greater than 6,0 mm, and which are prestraightened at the point of manufacture a) Truss type b) Ladder type Figure 2 — Brickforce types 3.21 shell bedding bedding in mortar of the plan area of the face shells, but not the webs, of hollow masonry units during laying (see figure 3) Figure 3 — Shell bedding 3.22 specification data data, provisions and variations that make this part of SANS 2001 applicable to a particular contract or works (see annex A) 9 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 3.23 suitable capable of fulfilling or having fulfilled the intended function, or fit for its intended purpose 3.24 wall 3.24.1 cavity wall wall that consists of two separate leaves of either solid or hollow units, that are built side by side and tied to each other with wall ties 3.24.2 collar-jointed wall multileaf wall wall that comprises parallel single-leaf walls with a space between them that does not exceed 25 mm, solidly filled with mortar and tied together with wall ties (see figure 4) 3.24.3 diaphragm wall wall that comprises two separate leaves and evenly spaced vertical columns (ribs) that join the leaves to form a hollow box section 3.24.4 grouted cavity wall cavity wall with the space between the leaves filled with infill concrete, and which may be reinforced 3.24.5 single-leaf wall wall of masonry units laid to overlap in one or more directions and set solidly in mortar Figure 4 — Collar-jointed wall 3.25 wall tie mechanical fastener which connects leaves of masonry to each other or to other materials 10 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 3.26 workability property of fresh mortar that determines the ease of placing and compacting the mortar in joints 3.27 works test test carried out on three mortar cubes sampled from mortar produced on site, to evaluate the quality of the strength mortar 4 Requirements 4.1 Materials 4.1.1 Masonry units 4.1.1.1 Masonry units shall comply with the requirements of either 4.1.1.2 or 4.1.1.3. 4.1.1.2 Masonry units shall comply with the relevant requirements of one of the following standards and have the properties as specified in the specification data (see annex A) or shown in the construction drawings, subject to the compressive strength not being less than the requirements given in table 1: a) SANS 227 for burnt clay masonry units, b) SANS 1215 for concrete masonry units. 4.1.1.3 Masonry units shall a) have an average and minimum individual compressive strength of not less than that contained in table 1 when five units are tested in accordance with the compressive strength requirements of SANS 1215; b) have dimensions such that the units can be built into walls within the joint tolerances, bond patterns and corner construction as set out in 4.4; c) not exhibit any surface pop-outs, should units contain slag, clinker or burnt clay aggregate; d) be of such a quality that, when delivered to the point of use, they are intact and have no corner chips of horizontal and vertical dimensions that exceed 15 mm; e) have, in the case of hollow units, face shells and webs not less than 25 mm thick, or one-sixth of the width of the unit, whichever is the greater; f) in the case of calcium silicate units, either have a demonstrated drying shrinkage of not more than 0,045 % or not be built into walls within 10 d of the date of manufacture; g) in the case of concrete masonry units, either have a demonstrated drying shrinkage of not more than 0,06 % or not be built into walls within 21 d of the date of manufacture; and h) have, in the case of burnt clay units, an irreversible moisture expansion of not more than 0,20 % and, in face masonry applications, be durable in the environment in which they will be constructed as evidenced by past performance over not less than 5 years or as reasonably demonstrated by other means. NOTE 1 Masonry units that comply with the requirements of SANS 1215 have demonstrated drying shrinkages within the nominal limits. 11 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 NOTE 2 Burnt clay masonry units undergo an irreversible moisture expansion. This occurs as a result of the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere after firing (i.e. the bonding of water molecules to the molecules of the masonry material, as opposed to the entry of water molecules into the pores of the masonry unit). This expansion, which is characteristic of all porous ceramic products, commences once the unit starts absorbing moisture from the atmosphere, hence the term moisture expansion. SANS 227 provides a standard test to measure the moisture expansion of masonry units. NOTE 3 The best indicator of the durability of burnt clay masonry units is at least five years of use in a given application in a given region. Table 1 — Compressive strength of masonry units 1 2 3 Hollow units Solid units Compressive strength Description MPa a a Average Individual Average Individual Single-storey construction: b on-site manufacture 3,0 2,4 4,0 3,2 off-site manufacture 3,0 2,4 5,0 4,0 Double-storey construction 7,0 5,6 10,0 8,0 Cladding and internal walls in concrete-framed housing units 3,0 2,4 5,0 4,0 a The average compressive strength is based on a minimum of five samples based on the gross surface area. b On-site manufacture is where units do not require to be transported more than 25 m to the place where they will be built into walls. 4.1.2 Cement 4.1.2.1 Common cements shall comply with the requirements of SANS 50197-1. 4.1.2.2 Masonry cements shall comply with the requirements of SANS 50413-1. NOTE Bags should be clearly marked with a certification mark and the cement type, strength class and mix proportions (see 4.2.2). Bulk cement delivery notes should confirm compliance with the relevant standard. 4.1.3 Lime Lime for mortar shall comply with the requirements of SANS 523 and shall be of the class A2P type. 4.1.4 Sand 4.1.4.1 Sand shall either comply with all of the following requirements or, if required in terms of the specification data, the requirements of SANS 1090 for mortar sand (natural or manufactured): a) sand shall contain no organic material (material produced by animal or plant activities); b) sand shall not contain any particles which are retained on a sieve of nominal aperture size 5 mm; c) when 2,5 kg of cement is mixed to 12,5 kg of air-dry sand, the mixture shall not require more than 3,0 L of water to be added to reach a consistency suitable for the laying of masonry units; and 12 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 d) when mixed with the cement in accordance with the mix proportions, the sand shall have workability suitable for the laying of masonry units. NOTE Sands which require the addition of more than 3,0 L of water in terms of 4.1.4.1(c) to reach a consistency suitable for the laying of masonry units, can in some instances be blended with coarse sand (for example, river sand with a particle size of less than 3,0 mm) to make them comply with the requirements of this test. The proportion of the blended sand can be determined by means of the above-mentioned test on a trial and error basis. 4.1.4.2 Sand from beaches or dredged from the sea or from river estuaries or from cretaceous deposits may be used provided that the chloride ion content of the mortar produced using such sands, when tested in accordance with SANS 202, does not have a mass fraction that exceeds 0,3 % with respect to the cement. NOTE Metal masonry accessories, metal wall ties, cramps, bed joint reinforcement and all other metallic objects which are embedded in mortar with high chloride ion content will corrode. 4.1.5 Water The water used shall be fit for drinking. 4.1.6 Mortar admixtures Mortar plasticizers and set-retarding admixtures, where permitted in terms of the specification data, shall comply with the requirements of EN 934-3. 4.1.7 Pigments Mineral pigments, where required in terms of the specification data, shall comply with the requirements of EN 12878. 4.1.8 Infill concrete Infill concrete shall comply with the requirements of SANS 2001-CC2 and shall have a maximum size of 13 mm nominal aggregate and be of the following grades: a) unreinforced cavities, cores, pockets or spaces: Grade 10 or higher b) reinforced cavities, cores, pockets or spaces: Grade 25 or higher 4.1.9 Reinforcement 4.1.9.1 Brickforce 4.1.9.1.1 Brickforce shall comprise hard-drawn wires that consist of two main wires of diameter not less than 2,8 mm and not more than 3,55 mm spaced a constant distance apart, and 2,5 mm diameter cross wires spaced at longitudinal intervals that do not exceed 300 mm in ladder-type brickforce and at twice the distance between the longitudinal wires in truss-type reinforcement. 4.1.9.1.2 Where required in terms of the specification data, brickforce shall be manufactured from pre-galvanized wire, galvanized in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10244-2 for a acceptable grade coating, or be made of stainless steel wire. Amdt 1 4.1.9.2 Rod reinforcement 4.1.9.2.1 Rod reinforcement shall comprise hard-drawn wires that have a proof stress of 485 MPa and a diameter of not less than 4,0 mm and not greater than 6,0 mm. Rods shall be pre- straightened at the place of manufacture. NOTE Hard-drawn wire for welded steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete manufactured in accordance with the requirements of SANS 1024 complies with the requirements of 4.1.9.2.1. 13 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 4.1.9.2.2 Where required in terms of the specification data, rod reinforcement shall be galvanized in accordance with the requirements of SANS 10244-2 for a grade 2 coating, or SANS 121, as appropriate, or be made of stainless steel. Amdt 1 NOTE When galvanized brickforce or rod reinforcement is used, 0,10 g/L of potassium dichromate or 0,14 g/L of potassium chromate should be added to the mixing water for the mortar to ensure a bond to the reinforcement. 4.1.9.3 Reinforcing bars Reinforcing bars shall comply with the requirements of SANS 920 and be of the type indicated in the scope of work. 4.1.9.4 Prestressing steel Prestressing steel (hot-rolled bars, high tensile steel wire and strand) shall be as specified in the specification data. 4.1.10 Metal lath strips for masonry Metal lath strips shall either comply with the requirements of SANS 190-2 or all of the following requirements. They shall a) have a minimum standard metal thickness of not less than 0,8 mm; b) be of pre-galvanized mild steel; c) have openings with dimensions that do not exceed 30 mm in the longitudinal direction and 10 mm in the direction of their width; and d) exhibit no sign of cracking or fracture at the metal strands when bent through 90° in either direction over a mandril of radius 6 mm. 4.1.11 Precast prestressed concrete lintels Precast prestressed concrete lintels used for structural purposes shall comply with the requirements of SANS 1504. NOTE Lintels that do not comply with the requirements of SANS 1504 may only be used to form the soffit of bed joint reinforced masonry. 4.1.12 Wall ties 4.1.12.1 Metal wall ties 4.1.12.1.1 Metal wall ties shall be of the type stated in the scope of work and either comply with the requirements of SANS 28 or a) be of galvanized mild steel wire with a minimum thickness of galvanizing of not less than 450 g/m2, or b) be of austenitic stainless steel and have the dimensions contained in tables 2 to 6, depending upon the tie type, and c) be manufactured from galvanized mild steel wire with a minimum thickness of galvanizing of not less than 450 g/m2. 14 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 4.1.12.1.2 Where required in terms of the specification data, metal wall ties shall have a minimum thickness of galvanizing of 750 g/m2 or be manufactured from austenitic stainless steel. Table 2 — Butterfly-type tie Dimensions in millimetres 1 2 3 4 5 Wire diameter L B R, min. X 3,15 ± 0,1 150 ± 5 or 75 ± 5 or 13 25 ± 5 200 ± 5 100 ± 5 Table 3 — Modified PWD tie Dimensions in millimetres 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wire diameter L A B C D R 3,15 ± 0,1 150 ± 5 or 50 ± 5 75 ± 5 or 40 ± 5 8±2 13 200 ± 5 100 ± 5 15 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 Table 4 — Single-wire tie Dimensions in millimetres 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wire diameter L B R, min. X Y, min. 4,5 ± 0,1 150 ± 5 or 70 ± 5 8 22 ± 2 7±2 200 ± 5 Table 5 — Double-triangle-type tie Dimensions in millimetres 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wire diameter L B R, min. X Y, min. Z 4,3 ± 0,1 150 ± 5 or 65 ± 5 8 22 ± 2 7±2 50 ± 5 200 ± 5 16 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 Table 6 — Crimp-wire tie (Not for use on cavity walls) Wire diameter mm 3,15 ± 0,1 4.1.12.2 Non-metallic ties Non-metallic ties shall, when the central 75 mm portion of the tie is clamped between two jaws of a testing machine capable of displacing the ends relative to each other without twist, tilt or rotation, be capable of resisting a tensile force of 0,6 kN and a compressive force of 0,7 kN when the tie ends have been displaced by an amount that does not exceed 1,5 mm, with a 95 % confidence level. NOTE 1 Wall ties should not lengthen or shorten significantly under load. The performance test described in 4.1.12.2 ensures that wall ties will have sufficient stiffness to distribute applied loads between the leaves. NOTE 2 A 95 % confidence level implies that there is only a 5 % probability that a tie will not be able to resist the prescribed force. As a result, the minimum force which a tie is considered to be capable of resisting, can be determined from the following formula: X = Xc − 1,65s where X is the minimum force which the tie shall be capable of resisting, in kilonewtons (kN); Xc is the arithmetic mean of the test sample (minimum of six ties), in kilonewtons (kN); s is the standard deviation of the test sample, in kilonewtons (kN). 4.1.13 Steel door frames and steel window frames 4.1.13.1 Steel door frames and steel window frames shall, unless otherwise specified in the scope of work, comply with the requirements of SANS 1129 and SANS 727, respectively. 4.1.13.2 Where required in terms of the specification data, door frames and window frame surroundings shall be hot-dip galvanized with a thickness of galvanizing not less than 450 g/m2. 17 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 4.1.14 Wooden door frames Wooden door frames shall, unless otherwise specified in the scope of work, comply with the requirements of SANS 545. 4.1.15 Masonry anchors Metal masonry anchors used to secure shelf anchors shall be galvanized, have an anchor diameter of not less than 10 mm, and have a minimum safe working load of not less than 10,0 kN with a safety factor 3. In areas within 1,0 km of the coastline, such anchors shall be of stainless steel. 4.1.16 Damp-proof course material Horizontal and vertical damp-proof course materials shall either be the subject of an Agrément certificate or comply with one or more of the following standards: a) SANS 248; b) SANS 298; c) SANS 952. 4.1.17 Joint sealants Sealing compounds shall comply with the relevant requirements of SANS 110, SANS 1077 or SANS 1305, or the requirements of the scope of work. 4.1.18 Joint infill material Joint infill material that is used in the filling of control joints or movement joints shall comprise a suitable compressible material that does not disintegrate or stiffen in time. NOTE Soft board is not a suitable material for the filling of control or movement joints. 4.1.19 Sill units 4.1.19.1 Materials used in sills shall be suitable, sound, approximately equal in thickness and size, truly square and free from cracks, chips, twists or blemishes. 4.1.19.2 Fibre-cement sills, unless otherwise specified in the scope of work, shall be of single length between reveals and supplied with suitable fixing lugs. 4.1.19.3 Precast concrete sills shall be made of not less than grade 25 concrete to a specified profile and dimensions, with a drip groove on the underside. They shall be smoothly finished and free from blow holes. 4.1.19.4 Concrete masonry sills shall be manufactured of concrete similar to that for concrete masonry units, to a specified profile and dimensions. 4.2 Mortar 4.2.1 General 4.2.1.1 Unless otherwise specified in the specification data or in the construction drawings, mortar shall comply with the requirements for a class II prescribed-mix mortar. 18 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 4.2.1.2 Unless otherwise specified in the specification data, no mortar plasticizers or set-retarding admixtures shall be added to the mixes to improve workability or to improve the properties of the mortar. The types of sands and cement in a strength mortar shall not be altered during the construction of the works unless tests indicate that such changes allow the required strength to be achieved. The method used for measuring materials for mortar shall be such that the proportions of the constituent materials can be controlled and consistently maintained. 4.2.2 Prescribed-mix mortar Mortar shall have the mix proportions given in table 7. Table 7 — Prescribed-mix proportions for mortar 1 2 3 4 5 Cement Limea Loose sand Cement type L Number of standard b kg kg max. wheelbarrows Class I mortar Common cements 50 0 – 10 130 2 Masonry cement MC 22,5 X, MC 12,5 50 Not permitted 80 1 Class II mortar Common cements 50 0 – 25 200 3 Masonry cement MC 22,5 X, MC 12,5 50 Not permitted 130 2 NOTE Cement should not be measured by volume. A bag of common cement, depending on the quantity of extenders, has a mass of 50 kg and a volume of approximately 33 L when packed under air pressure at the factory. Cement, however, fluffs up (bulks) when poured into a container, with the result that 50 kg of cement cannot readily be contained in a box of 33 L. The volume of a bag of loose (bulked) cement, depending upon its compaction, can be up to 20 % more than when in the bag. For this reason it is always preferable to use whole bags of cement when volume batching. a The addition of lime to common cements is optional, subject to the maximum amount given in table 7. Lime shall not be used to replace a portion of the cement in the mix. b A standard wheelbarrow for concrete that complies with SANS 795 (type 2) has a capacity of between 60 L and 70 L. 4.2.3 Strength mortar 4.2.3.1 Strength mortar shall comply with the strength requirements given in table 8 for the required class of mortar. NOTE The workability of the mortar can be assessed and improved in the following manner: a) Place a small quantity of the mix (at plastering consistency) on a non-absorbent surface and form a flattened heap about 100 mm high and 200 mm in diameter. Place a plasterer’s trowel on top of the heap and push the trowel downwards. A mix with suitable workability is one which permits the mix to squeeze out from under the trowel, and allows the trowel to be pushed to within a few millimetres of the underlying surface. An unworkable mix will “lock up” once the trowel has moved a few millimetres and will prevent further downward movement of the trowel. b) The consistency of a mix can be improved by adding hydrated bedding lime to the mix. Limes used in South Africa do not have cementing properties. They cannot be used to replace cement but are used in addition to common cement. 4.2.3.2 Trial mixes shall be conducted before commencing with the laying of masonry to establish the required mix for each class of mortar which is to be used. Admixtures and pigments which are permitted in terms of the specification data, if any, shall be included in such trial mixes. 19 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 Table 8 — Strength of mortar 1 2 3 Minimum compressive strength at 28 d Mortar class MPa Preliminary (laboratory) tests Works tests I 14,5 10 II 7 5 4.2.4 Methods and procedures 4.2.4.1 Mortar shall be mixed, on a surface free of contaminants, by a method and for a period of time that will ensure that all ingredients are evenly distributed throughout the mixture. 4.2.4.2 Mortar in which initial set has occurred (i.e. thumbprint hard) shall not be used. Mortar made with common cements may be reworked before initial set, to restore the workability lost through the evaporation of the mix water, by adding water and thoroughly remixing to ensure that there is no segregation of materials. Mortar made with masonry cements or air-entraining agents shall not be reworked. 4.2.4.3 Mortar shall be used within 2 h of mixing, unless the air temperature equals or exceeds 32°, in which case it shall be used within 1 h. NOTE The batching of smaller mixes might be necessary to comply with this requirement. 4.2.4.4 Mortar shall be transported and discharged into mortar trays that serve the masons to prevent segregation, loss of ingredients and contamination. 4.2.4.5 Ready-mixed mortar shall be mixed and delivered to the site with sufficient workability to lay the units without segregation. Ready-mixed mortar shall be protected from evaporation before use and shall not be used beyond the period of time established by the manufacturer. 4.2.5 Pigments and admixtures 4.2.5.1 Where pigments are required or admixtures are permitted (or both), they shall be added to the mortar strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. 4.2.5.2 The mass fraction of pigment with respect to the cement shall not exceed that given in table 9. 4.2.5.3 The colour of the pigmented mortar when dry shall be as uniform as possible. Pigmented mortar shall not be retempered unless it can be demonstrated that retempering does not cause a change in the colour of the mortar. Table 9 — Mass fraction of pigment with respect to cement 1 2 3 Pigment type Carbon black Mineral oxide Mortar type Mass fraction of pigment % Common cement-lime 2 7 Masonry cement 1 5 20 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 4.3 Laying of masonry units 4.3.1 Before laying The surface upon which masonry is to be laid shall be clean, free of laitance and loose aggregate, and be level to the extent that the bed joint thickness of the first joint is within the limits provided for in 4.3.3.8. 4.3.2 Wetting of masonry units 4.3.2.1 Burnt clay units that have an initial rate of absorption that exceeds 1,8 g/m2/min shall be wetted 24 h before laying. Units shall be surface dry when laid. Immersion of the units in water shall not be permitted. NOTE A rough but effective field test to determine the initial rate of absorption is to pour a measured volume of water from a graduated container into a tray or pan. Insert the base of the masonry unit approximately 7 mm into the water for 1 min. Pour the water back into the graduated container and record the amount of water absorbed. The volume of water absorbed should not exceed the values given in table 10. 4.3.2.2 Concrete and calcium silicate units shall not be wetted before laying and shall be laid dry. Stacks shall be protected from the rain. Table 10 — Rate of absorption 1 2 Unit size Maximum millilitres absorbed in 1 min mm 222 × 106 × 73 (no cores) 40 190 × 90 × 90 40 290 × 90 × 90 45 4.3.3 Laying and bedding of masonry units 4.3.3.1 Masonry units shall be of the type and class required in terms of the scope of work. 4.3.3.2 Masonry walling shall not overhang concrete foundation slabs by more than 20 mm. 4.3.3.3 Solid masonry units shall be laid on a full bed of mortar with all perpend joints solidly filled with mortar as the work proceeds. Bed joints shall not be deeply furrowed before the laying of units and perpend joints shall not be filled by slushing with mortar. NOTE Perpend joints should be formed by buttering the end of the masonry unit and pressing it hard up against the end of a previously laid unit. 4.3.3.4 Hollow units shall be laid with the thicker shell uppermost and shall be shell bedded, horizontally and vertically. The face shells of the bed joints shall be fully mortared. Perpend joints shall be mortared for a distance from each face at least equal to the face shell thickness of the unit. (See figure 3.) The webs shall be fully buttered in all courses of piers and columns, in the first course above a supporting element and on either side of cores, which are reinforced. 4.3.3.5 Each unit shall be laid and adjusted to its final position while the mortar is still plastic. Any unit which is disturbed to the extent that the initial bond is broken after initial positioning, shall be removed and re-laid in fresh mortar. 21 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 4.3.3.6 All collar joints in multileaf walls shall have a nominal thickness that does not exceed 20 mm and shall be solidly filled with mortar as the work proceeds. (See figure 4.) 4.3.3.7 All protrusions of mortar that extend more than 15 mm into cores or cavities, and which are to be filled with infill concrete, shall be removed. 4.3.3.8 All perpend and bed joints shall have a nominal thickness of 10 mm. The bed joint thickness shall not be less than 5 mm or greater than 15 mm; perpend joint thickness shall not be less than 5 mm or greater than 20 mm. The thickness of the first bed joint above a supporting element shall not be less than 5 mm or greater than 30 mm. NOTE The requirements of 4.3.3.8, namely, that the maximum bed joint thickness of the first bed joint be not less than 5 mm or greater than 35, might require the use of grade 10 infill concrete to raise the surface of the supporting member to enable a bed joint of the specified thickness to be achieved. 4.3.3.9 Mortar droppings which fall on face masonry units shall be removed as soon as possible. 4.3.3.10 Bricks that have frogs shall be laid with the frog or the larger frog uppermost. Frogs shall be filled with mortar as the work proceeds. 4.3.3.11 The perforations in a low density brick shall be filled with mortar where the masonry is required to spread concentrated loads, such as at bearings to lintels and beams. 4.3.3.12 The cavities of hollow blocks shall be filled completely with concrete, grout, or mortar where the masonry is required to spread concentrated loads, such as at bearings to lintels and beams. 4.3.4 Laying in hot weather conditions In weather conditions of temperatures that exceed 32 °C or in the presence of drying winds, the length of mortar runs ahead of units which are to be laid, and shall be adjusted to ensure that the mortar remains plastic when the units are laid. NOTE In hot or windy weather conditions (or both), units should be laid within 1 min of the bedding mortar being spread. 4.3.5 Laying in cold weather conditions In weather conditions where the ambient air temperature is less than 5 °C, masonry units shall be laid dry. Wet or frozen units shall not be laid. 4.3.6 Rate of construction The rate of new construction shall be limited so as to eliminate any possibility of joint deformation, slumping or instability, which might reduce the bond strength. NOTE The height of walling built in a day should generally not exceed 1,3 m to 1,5 m. 4.3.7 Use of dissimilar materials in the same wall Masonry units of dissimilar materials (i.e. calcium silicate, concrete and burnt clay) shall not be built into the same wall unless the different materials are separated by a horizontal damp-proof course or a vertical control joint. Walls, if of cavity construction, may comprise two leaves of dissimilar material provided that the reveals and wall ends are not in direct contact with each other. NOTE Burnt clay masonry units tend to expand and calcium silicate and concrete units tend to shrink. For this reason, masonry units of dissimilar materials should not be laid in contact with each other. 22 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 4.3.8 Jointing and pointing 4.3.8.1 Joints shall be flush unless another joint profile is specified in the specification data, in which case the joints shall be finished and compacted to the specified profile with a suitable jointing tool while the mortar is still green, i.e. before it becomes thumbprint hard. Joints in faces of walls constructed of hollow units shall not be raked. The depth of any recessed joint shall not exceed 5 mm. 4.3.8.2 Joints in masonry of solid unit construction, which is to be cement plastered, may be raked to a depth of not more than 5 mm to form a mechanical key for the plaster. 4.3.8.3 Where pointing is required in terms of the specification data, joints shall be raked out to a depth of not less than 12 mm and not more than 20 mm and shall be filled with mortar mixed in the same proportions as the original bedding mortar and finished to the specified profile. NOTE The tooling of the joint surface closes separation cracks, increases the density of the mortar adjacent to the exposed surfaces and, in some cases, encourages the rapid shedding of water from the corners of the masonry units and from the joints. In exposed masonry, concave joints and struck joints are most effective in reducing the risk of rain penetration. 4.3.9 Arches and openings Temporary supports shall be provided to support masonry in arches and above openings. Such supports shall only be removed once the masonry has developed sufficient strength to support itself. NOTE Generally props are provided at 1,2 m centres and are left in place for a period of at least 7 d. 4.3.10 Protection against damage 4.3.10.1 During construction, partially completed masonry, which is not enclosed or sheltered, shall be protected a) during any period of interruption caused by inclement weather, b) at the end of each day, and c) when work is not in progress. 4.3.10.2 Masonry shall be temporarily braced or otherwise stabilized, as necessary, to resist wind and other lateral forces during construction, in such a manner that the structural integrity of the masonry is not impaired. 4.3.10.3 Completed masonry shall be suitably protected against surface contamination, construction damage, rain and rapid drying out for 2 d, or until built upon or covered, whichever is the lesser period. 4.3.11 Cleaning of finished work 4.3.11.1 Completed masonry shall be free of stains, efflorescence, mortar, infill concrete droppings and debris. 4.3.11.2 Cleaning down shall be carried out as the work proceeds and again at completion. In the first instance, masonry shall be cleaned with water and a fibre brush. Thereafter, chemical cleaning agents may, if necessary, be used strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, provided, however, that the work is not damaged. 23 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 4.4 Bonding of masonry units 4.4.1 General 4.4.1.1 All multileaf walls shall be constructed as collar-jointed walls unless the specification data requires such walls to be constructed in English garden wall bond. 4.4.1.2 Unless otherwise specified in the specification data or in the drawings, single-leaf, collar- jointed, diaphragm and cavity walls shall be constructed in stretcher bond. 4.4.1.3 All masonry units shall be built true and plumb into walls with all alternate perpend joints in vertical alignment. 4.4.1.4 All corners shall be accurately constructed and the bonding of corners shall preserve the symmetry in the appearance of the work in accordance with figure 5, 6, or 7, as relevant. The cores of hollow masonry units shall be solidly filled with mortar or infill concrete where hoop-iron straps are provided. 4.4.1.5 The cutting of units shall be kept to a minimum and, wherever possible, standard closures and specific units shall be used to maintain the bond. (See figures 5 to 7.) 4.4.1.6 Masonry above the wall plate level shall, wherever possible, be bedded in mortar, cut in between roofing timbers and carried hard up to the underside of the roof covering and flushed up with mortar. NOTE Masonry above the wall plate level is commonly referred to as beam filling. In beam-filling operations, the external leaf in cavity and collar-jointed walls is extended to the underside of the roof covering. In 140 mm and 190 mm hollow unit single-leaf walls, solid units that are sometimes laid on edge are used to form a closure. In 90 mm and 110 mm single-leaf walls, masonry cannot be used to form a closure and other materials, such as timber, are used to form the closure. 4.4.2 Cutting of units 4.4.2.1 Masonry units, where necessary, shall be cut with a bolster, angle grinder or masonry saw. Units that are shattered in the cutting process shall not be incorporated into the walling. 4.4.2.2 The cutting of units shall be such that the effectiveness of any cavity is not impaired and the net area of the masonry is not reduced. 4.4.2.3 Cut edges or faces of masonry units in face masonry shall be finished or positioned in such a way that all exposed faces or edges have the appearance of unaltered manufactured surfaces. 4.4.3 Wall ties 4.4.3.1 The leaves in collar-jointed walls and cavity walls shall be connected to each other by means of uniformly staggered wire ties in the following way: a) crimp-wire ties shall be provided in collar-jointed walls at vertical and horizontal centres that do not exceed 450 mm; and b) butterfly ties and modified PWD ties shall be provided in cavity walls at vertical centres that do not exceed 450 mm and at horizontal centres that do not exceed 600 mm. 4.4.3.2 Additional ties shall be provided in cavity walls at vertical centres that do not exceed 300 mm centres within 150 mm of the edges of all openings and movement or control joints (or both) and where a leaf intersects with another wall. 24 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 4.4.3.3 Ties shall be laid in the mortar as the work proceeds and shall have a length of embedment in the mortar of not less than 50 mm. Ties shall be set level or with a slight slope to the outside leaf of the masonry. 4.4.4 Bonding of cross walls and piers 4.4.4.1 Intersecting masonry shall be a) bonded by means of a full masonry bond, or b) tied to the intersecting walls by means of galvanized hoop-iron straps provided at vertical centres that do not exceed 450 mm, in accordance with figure 8. 4.4.4.2 Galvanized hoop-iron straps used to tie intersecting walls together shall have a thickness of not less than 1,2 mm, a width of not less than 30 mm and a length of not less than 700 mm, and in the case of walls constructed of hollow masonry units, shall be bent perpendicularly for a nominal distance of 50 mm at both ends. (See figure 8.) 4.4.4.3 New masonry shall be joined to existing masonry by means of dowels in accordance with figure 9. 4.4.4.4 Piers shall be bonded to walls by means of headers provided at a vertical spacing that does not exceed 400 mm or by the provision of one 3,15 mm diameter PWD tie for every 200 mm width at vertical centres that do not exceed 300 mm in solid unit construction and 1,2 mm × 30 mm × 400 mm galvanized hoop-iron straps at centres that do not exceed 400 mm in hollow unit construction. 4.4.4.5 Ribs in diaphragm walls shall be bonded to leaves by means of two 1,2 mm × 30 mm × 200 mm galvanized hoop-iron straps at vertical centres that do not exceed 200 mm. 4.4.4.6 All collar joints between the pier, ribs and leaves shall be solidly filled with mortar. The cores of hollow units forming piers shall be solidly filled with mortar or infill concrete as the work proceeds. (See figure 10.) 4.4.5 Raking back Corners and other advanced work shall be raked back and not raised above the general level of the remaining masonry work by more than 1 m at any one lift. Toothing-in of masonry is not permitted as a means of joining two intersecting walls together (see figure 11). 25 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 Course 1 Course 2 a) Option 1 Course 1 Course 2 b) Option 2 Course 1 Course 2 c) Option 3 (190 mm units only) Figure 5 — Corner detail (Hollow units: single-leaf construction) 26 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/21-135, valid until 2022-11-30. The single-site licence allows Ethekwini - Municipalities to make five (5) printouts of the standard and will expire after one year unless renewed. SANS 2001-CM1:2012 Edition 1.1 Course 1 Course 2 a) Option 1 Course 1 Course 2 b) Option 2 Figure 6 — Corner detail (Hollow units: cavity wall construction) Course 1 Course 2 NOTE Use half-units to achieve butt-end joints, wherever practicable. Figure 7 — Corner detail (Solid units with aspect ratio 2:1) 27 This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved. © SABS. This standard may reside on internal network or intranet on a Single Site only and is exclusively available to Ethekwini - Municipalities in accordance with

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