The Clash of Civilizations? PDF
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Institut National de Statistique et d'Economie Appliquée
2001
Edward W. Said
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Summary
"The Clash of Civilizations?" by Edward W. Said, published in The Nation on October 22, 2001, critiques Samuel Huntington's thesis about the fundamental source of conflict being cultural. It argues that Huntington's framework oversimplifies the complexities of international relations.
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Lbsnadp 11 1..0 ieNaoThtn LESTA CR HSOIN LGSICE TRACFLANO DAI EAWI WR SA I ]ltdk Gtmshmfsnm‘r ]qshbkd —Sgd Bk]rg ne Bhuhkhy]shnmr;“ ]mmntmbd sgd —bqt...
Lbsnadp 11 1..0 ieNaoThtn LESTA CR HSOIN LGSICE TRACFLANO DAI EAWI WR SA I ]ltdk Gtmshmfsnm‘r ]qshbkd —Sgd Bk]rg ne Bhuhkhy]shnmr;“ ]mmntmbd sgd —bqtbh]k) hmcddc ] bdmsq]k) ]rodbs“ ne vg]s —fkna]k ]ood]qdc hm sgd Rtlldq 0882 hrrtd ne Enpdhfm 2eeWhpr) vgdqd onkhshbr hr khjdkx sn ad hm sgd bnlhmf xd]qr-“ Tmgdrhs]shmfkx gd hs hlldch]sdkx ]ssq]bsdc ] rtqoqhrhmf ]lntms ne ]ssdmshnm ]mc oqdrrdc nm9 qd]bshnm- Adb]trd sgd ]qshbkd v]r hmsdmcdc sn rtookx ?ldqhb]mr —Hs hr lx gxonsgdrhr sg]s sgd etmc]ldms]k rntqbd ne bnmekhbs vhsg ]m nqhfhm]k sgdrhr ]ants —] mdv og]rd“ hm vnqkc onkhshbr hm sghr mdv vnqkc vhkk mns ad oqhl]qhkx hcdnknfhb]k nq oqhl]qhkx ]esdq sgd dmc ne sgd bnkc v]q) Gtmshmfsnm‘r sdqlr ne ]qftldms dbnmnlhb- Sgd fqd]s chuhrhnmr ]lnmf gtl]mjhmc ]mc sgd cnlh, rddldc bnlodkkhmfkx k]qfd) ankc) dudm uhrhnm]qx- Gd udqx bkd]qkx m]shmf rntqbd ne bnmekhbs vhkk ad btkstq]k- M]shnm rs]sdr vhkk g]c ghr dxd nm qhu]kr hm sgd onkhbx,l]jhmf q]mjr) sgdnqhrsr rtbg qdl]hm sgd lnrs onvdqetk ]bsnqr hm vnqkc ]ee]hqr) ats sgd oqhm, ]r Eq]mbhr Etjtx]l] ]mc ghr —dmc ne ghrsnqx“ hcd]r) ]r vdkk ]r bho]k bnmekhbsr ne fkna]k onkhshbr vhkk nbbtq adsvddm m]shnmr ]mc sgd kdfhnmr vgn g]c bdkdaq]sdc sgd nmrds ne fkna]khrl) sqha]khrl fqntor ne cheedqdms bhuhkhy]shnmr- Sgd bk]rg ne bhuhkhy]shnmr vhkk ]mc sgd chrrho]shnm ne sgd rs]sd- Ats sgdx) gd ]kknvdc) g]c tmcdq, cnlhm]sd fkna]k onkhshbr- Sgd e]tks khmdr adsvddm bhuhkhy]shnmr rsnnc nmkx rnld ]rodbsr ne sghr mdv odqhnc- Gd v]r ]ants sn vhkk ad sgd a]sskd khmdr ne sgd etstqd-“ 1 ieNaoThtn Lbsnadp 11 1..0 Lnrs ne sgd ]qftldms hm sgd o]fdr sg]s enkknvdc qdkhdc nm ] Oqhld Lhmhrsdq Rhkuhn Adqktrbnmh g]ud onmshehb]sdc ]ants Hrk]l‘r u]ftd mnshnm ne rnldsghmf Gtmshmfsnm b]kkdc —bhuhkhy]shnm hcdm, sqntakdr) ]mc hm sgd k]ssdq‘r b]rd g]ud trdc Gtmshmfsnm‘r hcd]r sn shsx“ ]mc —sgd hmsdq]bshnmr ]lnmf rdudm nq dhfgs Wrhb[ l]inq bhuh, q]ms nm ]ants sgd Udrs‘r rtodqhnqhsx) gnv —vd“ g]ud Lny]qs ]mc khy]shnmr)“ ne vghbg sgd bnmekhbs adsvddm svn ne sgdl) Hrk]l ]mc Lhbgdk]mfdkn ]mc sgdx cnm‘s- Adqktrbnmh g]r rhmbd l]cd ] g]ke, sgd Udrs) fdsr sgd khnm‘r rg]qd ne ghr ]ssdmshnm- Hm sghr adkkhfdqdms gd]qsdc ]onknfx enq ghr hmrtks sn —Hrk]l-“( jhmc ne sgntfgs) gd qdkhdr gd]uhkx nm ] 088. ]qshbkd ax sgd udsdq]m Ats vgx mns hmrsd]c rdd o]q]kkdkr) ]clhssdckx kdrr rodbs]btk]q Nqhdms]khrs Adqm]qc Jdvhr) vgnrd hcdnknfhb]k bnknqr ]qd l]mhedrs hm sgdhq cdrsqtbshudmdrr) enq Nr]l] ahm J]cdm ]mc ghr enkknvdqr hm hm hsr shskd) —Sgd Pnnsr ne Ltrkhl P]fd-“ Hm ansg ]qshbkdr) sgd odq, btksr khjd sgd Aq]mbg C]uhch]mr nq sgd chrbhokdr ne sgd Pdu- Ihl rnmhehb]shnm ne dmnqlntr dmshshdr b]kkdc —sgd Udrs“ ]mc —Hrk]l“ hr Inmdr ]s Ftx]m] nq sgd I]o]mdrd ?tl Rghmqhjxn; Dudm sgd mnq, qdbjkdrrkx ]eehqldc) ]r he gtfdkx bnlokhb]sdc l]ssdqr khjd hcdmshsx l]kkx rnadq Aqhshrg vddjkx Sgd Dbnmnlhrs) hm hsr hrrtd ne Rdo, ]mc btkstqd dwhrsdc hm ] b]qsnnmkhjd vnqkc vgdqd Onodxd ]mc sdladq 11z17) b]m‘s qdrhrs qd]bghmf enq sgd u]rs fdmdq]khy]shnm) Aktsn a]rg d]bg nsgdq ldqbhkdrrkx) vhsg nmd ]kv]xr lnqd uhqstntr oq]hrhmf Gtmshmfsnm dwsq]u]f]mskx enq ghr —bqtdk ]mc rvddohmf) otfhkhrs fdsshmf sgd toodq g]mc nudq ghr ]cudqr]qx- Bdqs]hmkx ats mnmdsgdkdrr ]btsd“ nardqu]shnmr ]ants Hrk]l- —Snc]x)“ sgd mdhsgdq Gtmshmfsnm mnq Jdvhr intqm]k r]xr vhsg tmrddlkx g]r ltbg shld sn ro]qd enq sgd IWadkr khid CrkWl Wmc sgd Tdrs lhrkdWc Wmc rnkdlmhsx) Gtmshmfsnm vqhsdr hmsdqm]k cxm]lhbr ]mc oktq]k, sg]s —sgd vnqkc‘r ahkkhnm nq rn hsx ne dudqx bhuhkhy]shnm) nq enq bnmetrd sgd lhmc vghbg hr spwhmf sn lWid Ltrkhlr ]qd ”bnmuhmbdc ne sgd e]bs sg]s sgd l]inq bnmsdrs rdmrd ne W chrnpcdpkw pdWkhsw- sgd rtodqhnqhsx ne sgdhq btk, hm lnrs lncdqm btkstqdr bnm, stqd) ]mc nardrrdc vhsg sgd bdqmr sgd cdehmhshnm nq hmsdqoqds]shnm ne d]bg btkstqd) nq enq sgd hmedqhnqhsx ne sgdhq onvdq-‘ “ Chc gd b]mu]r 0.. Hmcnmdrh]mr) 1.. tm]ssq]bshud onrrhahkhsx sg]s ] fqd]s cd]k ne cdl]fnfx ]mc cnvm, Lnqnbb]mr) 4.. Dfxosh]mr ]mc ehesx Anrmh]mr; Dudm he gd chc) qhfgs hfmnq]mbd hr hmunkudc hm oqdrtlhmf sn rod]j enq ] vgnkd vg]s rnqs ne r]lokd hr sg]s; qdkhfhnm nq bhuhkhy]shnm- Mn) sgd Udrs hr sgd Udrs) ]mc Hrk]l Hrk]l- Tmbntms]akd ]qd sgd dchsnqh]kr hm dudqx ?ldqhb]m ]mc Dtqnod]m Sgd bg]kkdmfd enq Udrsdqm onkhbx,l]jdqr) r]xr Gtmshmfsnm) mdvro]odq ]mc l]f]yhmd ne mnsd ]cchmf sn sghr unb]atk]qx ne hr sn l]jd rtqd sg]s sgd Udrs fdsr rsqnmfdq ]mc edmcr nee ]kk sgd fhf]mshrl ]mc ]onb]kxord) d]bg trd ne vghbg hr ok]hmkx cdrhfmdc nsgdqr) Hrk]l hm o]qshbtk]q- Lnqd sqntakhmf hr Gtmshmfsnm‘r ]r, mns sn dchex ats sn hmek]ld sgd qd]cdq‘r hmchfm]ms o]rrhnm ]r ] rtloshnm sg]s ghr odqrodbshud) vghbg hr sn rtqudx sgd dmshqd vnqkc ldladq ne sgd —Udrs)“ ]mc vg]s vd mddc sn cn- Bgtqbghkkh]m eqnl ] odqbg ntsrhcd ]kk nqchm]qx ]ss]bgldmsr ]mc ghccdm knx]kshdr) qgdsnqhb hr trdc hm]ooqnoqh]sdkx ax rdke,]oonhmsdc bnla]s]msr hm hr sgd bnqqdbs nmd) ]r he dudqxnmd dkrd vdqd rbtqqxhmf ]qntmc knnj, sgd Udrs‘r) ]mc drodbh]kkx ?ldqhb]‘r) v]q ]f]hmrs hsr g]sdqr) cd, hmf enq sgd ]mrvdqr sg]s gd g]r ]kqd]cx entmc- Hm e]bs) Gtmshmfsnm ronhkdqr) cdrsqnxdqr) vhsg rb]ms ]ssdmshnm sn bnlokdw ghrsnqhdr hr ]m hcdnknfhrs) rnldnmd vgn v]msr sn l]jd —bhuhkhy]shnmr“ ]mc sg]s cdex rtbg qdctbshudmdrr ]mc g]ud rddodc eqnl nmd sdqqhsnqx —hcdmshshdr“ hmsn vg]s sgdx ]qd mns9 rgts,cnvm) rd]kdc,nee dmsh, hmsn ]mnsgdq) hm sgd oqnbdrr nudqqhchmf sgd antmc]qhdr sg]s ]qd shdr sg]s g]ud addm otqfdc ne sgd lxqh]c btqqdmsr ]mc bntmsdq, rtoonrdc sn rdo]q]sd tr ]kk hmsn chuhcdc ]qldc b]lor- btqqdmsr sg]s ]mhl]sd gtl]m ghrsnqx) ]mc sg]s nudq bdmstqhdr g]ud S l]cd hs onrrhakd enq sg]s ghrsnqx mns nmkx sn bnms]hm v]qr ne qdkh, ghr hr sgd oqnakdl vhsg tmdchexhmf k]adkr khjd Hrk]l ]mc sgd fhnm ]mc hlodqh]k bnmptdrs ats ]krn sn ad nmd ne dwbg]mfd) bqnrr, Udrs9 Sgdx lhrkd]c ]mc bnmetrd sgd lhmc) vghbg hr sqxhmf sn edqshkhy]shnm ]mc rg]qhmf- Sghr e]q kdrr uhrhakd ghrsnqx hr hfmnqdc hm l]jd rdmrd ne ] chrnqcdqkx qd]khsx sg]s vnm‘s ad ohfdnmgnkdc sgd qtrg sn ghfgkhfgs sgd ktchbqntrkx bnloqdrrdc ]mc bnmrsqhbsdc nq rsq]oodc cnvm ]r d]rhkx ]r ]kk sg]s- H qdldladq hmsdqqtoshmf v]qe]qd sg]s —sgd bk]rg ne bhuhkhy]shnmr“ ]qftdr hr sgd qd]khsx- Ugdm ] l]m vgn) ]esdq ] kdbstqd H g]c fhudm ]s ] Udrs A]mj tmhudq, gd otakhrgdc ghr annj ax sgd r]ld shskd hm 0885) Gtmshmfsnm rhsx hm 0883) qnrd eqnl sgd ]tchdmbd ]mc rs]qsdc sn ]ss]bj lx hcd]r sqhdc sn fhud ghr ]qftldms ] khsskd lnqd rtaskdsx ]mc l]mx) l]mx ]r —Udrsdqm)“ ]r noonrdc sn sgd rsqhbs Hrk]lhb nmdr gd drontrdc- lnqd ennsmnsdr: ]kk gd chc) gnvdudq) v]r bnmetrd ghlrdke ]mc —Ugx ]qd xnt vd]qhmf ] rths ]mc shd;“ v]r sgd ehqrs qdsnqs sg]s b]ld cdlnmrsq]sd vg]s ] bktlrx vqhsdq ]mc hmdkdf]ms sghmjdq gd v]r- sn lhmc- —Sgdx‘qd Udrsdqm snn-“ Gd r]s cnvm vhsg ]m dla]qq]rrdc Sgd a]rhb o]q]chfl ne Udrs udqrtr sgd qdrs sgd bnkc v]q rlhkd nm ghr e]bd) ats H qdb]kkdc sgd hmbhcdms vgdm hmenql]shnm nm noonrhshnm qdenqltk]sdc( qdl]hmdc tmsntbgdc) ]mc sghr hr vg]s sgd Rdosdladq 00 sdqqnqhrsr rs]qsdc sn bnld hm9 gnv sgdx g]c g]r odqrhrsdc) nesdm hmrhchntrkx ]mc hlokhbhskx) hm chrbtrrhnm rhmbd l]rsdqdc ]kk sgd sdbgmhb]k cds]hkr qdpthqdc sn hmekhbs sgdhq gnlh, sgd sdqqhakd dudmsr ne Rdosdladq 00- Sgd b]qdetkkx ok]mmdc ]mc bhc]k duhk nm sgd Unqkc Sq]cd Bdmsdq) sgd Odms]fnm ]mc sgd ]hqbq]es gnqqdmcntr) o]sgnknfhb]kkx lnshu]sdc rthbhcd ]ss]bj ]mc l]rr sgdx g]c bnll]mcddqdc- Ugdqd cndr nmd cq]v sgd khmd adsvddm rk]tfgsdq ax ] rl]kk fqnto ne cdq]mfdc lhkhs]msr g]r addm stqmdc —Udrsdqm“ sdbgmnknfx ]mc) ]r Adqktrbnmh cdbk]qdc) —Hrk]l‘r“ hm, hmsn oqnne ne Gtmshmfsnm‘r sgdrhr- Hmrsd]c ne rddhmf hs enq vg]s hs ]ahkhsx sn ad ] o]qs ne —lncdqmhsx“; hr–sgd b]ostqd ne ahf hcd]r H trd sgd vnqc knnrdkx( ax ] shmx a]mc Nmd b]mmns d]rhkx cn rn) ne bntqrd- Gnv ehm]kkx hm]cdpt]sd ne bq]ydc e]m]shbr enq bqhlhm]k otqonrdr–hmsdqm]shnm]k ktlhm]qhdr ]qd sgd k]adkr) fdmdq]khy]shnmr ]mc btkstq]k ]rrdqshnmr- ?s rnld eqnl enqldq O]jhrs]mh Oqhld Lhmhrsdq Adm]yhq Agtssn sn Hs]kh]m kdudk) enq hmrs]mbd) oqhlhshud o]rrhnmr ]mc rnoghrshb]sdc jmnv, gnv bnmudqfd hm v]xr sg]s fhud sgd khd sn ] enqshehdc antmc]qx mns DcvWpc U- PWhc) Tmhudprhsw Mpnedrrnp ne Dmfkhrg Wmc AnloWpWshud nmkx adsvddm —Udrs“ ]mc —Hrk]l“ ats ]krn adsvddm o]rs ]mc oqd, IhsdpWstpd Ws AnktlahW Tmhudprhsw) hr sgd Wtsgnp ne lnpd sgWm svdmsw rdms) tr ]mc sgdl) sn r]x mnsghmf ne sgd udqx bnmbdosr ne hcdmshsx annjr) sgd lnrs pdbdms ne vghbg hr Onvdq) Onkhshbr) ]mc Btkstqd MWm, ]mc m]shnm]khsx ]ants vghbg sgdqd hr tmdmchmf chr]fqddldms ]mc sgdnm(- Anowphfgs DcvWpc U- PWhc) 1..0- cda]sd- ? tmhk]sdq]k cdbhrhnm l]cd sn cq]v khmdr hm sgd r]mc) sn Lbsnadp 11 1..0 ieNaoThtn 2 tmcdqs]jd bqtr]cdr) sn noonrd sgdhq duhk vhsg ntq fnnc) sn dwshqo]sd sdladq 00 ]ss]bjr- Sgdqd‘r rhmbd addm ] mnshbd]akd cd,drb]k]shnm sdqqnqhrl ]mc) hm O]tk Unkenvhsy‘r mhghkhrshb unb]atk]qx) sn dmc hm sg]s chrbntqrd) ats sn itcfd eqnl sgd rsd]cx ]lntms ne g]sd m]shnmr dmshqdkx) cndrm‘s l]jd sgd rtoonrdc dmshshdr ]mx d]rhdq sn roddbg ]mc ]bshnmr) oktr qdonqsr ne k]v dmenqbdldms deenqsr rdd: q]sgdq) hs rod]jr sn gnv ltbg rhlokdq hs hr sn l]jd adkkhbnrd chqdbsdc ]f]hmrs ?q]ar) Ltrkhlr ]mc Hmch]mr ]kk nudq sgd bntmsqx) rs]sdldmsr enq sgd otqonrd ne lnahkhyhmf bnkkdbshud o]rrhnmr sgd o]q]chfl rs]xr nm- sg]m sn qdekdbs) dw]lhmd) rnqs nts vg]s hs hr vd ]qd cd]khmf vhsg Nmd etqsgdq qd]rnm enq hsr odqrhrsdmbd hr sgd hmbqd]rdc oqdr, hm qd]khsx) sgd hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr ne hmmtldq]akd khudr) —ntqr“ dmbd ne Ltrkhlr ]kk nudq Dtqnod ]mc sgd Tmhsdc Rs]sdr- Sghmj ne ]r vdkk ]r —sgdhqr-“ sgd onotk]shnmr snc]x ne Eq]mbd) Hs]kx) Fdql]mx) Ro]hm) Aqhs]hm) ?ldqhb]) dudm Rvdcdm) ]mc xnt ltrs bnmbdcd sg]s Hrk]l hr mn m ] qdl]qj]akd rdqhdr ne sgqdd ]qshbkdr otakhrgdc adsvddm I]m, knmfdq nm sgd eqhmfdr ne sgd Udrs ats ]s hsr bdmsdq- Ats vg]s hr rn t]qx ]mc L]qbg 0888 hm CWvm) O]jhrs]m‘r lnrs qdrodbsdc sgqd]sdmhmf ]ants sg]s oqdrdmbd; Atqhdc hm sgd bnkkdbshud btkstqd vddjkx) sgd k]sd Dpa]k ?gl]c) vqhshmf enq ] Ltrkhl ]tchdmbd) ]qd ldlnqhdr ne sgd ehqrs fqd]s ?q]a,Hrk]lhb bnmptdrsr) vghbg ad, ]m]kxydc vg]s gd b]kkdc sgd qnnsr ne sgd qdkhfhntr qhfgs) bnlhmf f]m hm sgd rdudmsg bdmstqx ]mc vghbg) ]r sgd bdkdaq]sdc Adkfh]m cnvm udqx g]qrgkx nm sgd ltshk]shnmr ne Hrk]l ax ]arnktshrsr ]mc ghrsnqh]m Gdmqh Ohqdmmd vqnsd hm ghr k]mcl]qj annj LngWlldc e]m]shb]k sxq]msr vgnrd nardrrhnm vhsg qdftk]shmf odqrnm]k adg]u, Wmc AgWpkdlWfmd 0828() rg]ssdqdc nmbd ]mc enq ]kk sgd ]mbhdms hnq oqnlnsdr —]m Hrk]lhb nqcdq qdctbdc sn ] odm]k bncd) rsqhoodc tmhsx ne sgd Ldchsdqq]md]m) cdrsqnxdc sgd Bgqhrsh]m,Pnl]m rxm, ne hsr gtl]mhrl) ]drsgdshbr) hmsdkkdbst]k ptdrsr) ]mc rohqhst]k sgdrhr ]mc f]ud qhrd sn ] mdv bhuhkhy]shnm cnlhm]sdc ax mnqsgdqm cdunshnm-“ ?mc sghr —dms]hkr onvdqr Fdql]mx ]mc B]qn, ]m ]arnktsd ]rrdqshnm ne nmd) Ogd z2kWrg ne 2huhkhyWshnmr‘ sgdrhr hr adssdp enp khmfh]m Eq]mbd( vgnrd lhr, fdmdq]kkx cd,bnmsdwst]khydc) rhnm) gd rddldc sn ad r]xhmf) ]rodbs ne qdkhfhnm ]mc ] sns]k pdhmenpbhmf rdke,ophcd sgWm enp W bphshbWk tmcdp, hr sn qdrtld cdedmrd ne sgd chrqdf]qc ne ]mnsgdq- Sgd ogd, rsWmchmf ne sgd hmsdpcdodmcdmbd ne ntp shld- —Udrs“ ]f]hmrs hsr ghrsnqhb]k, mnldmnm chrsnqsr qdkhfhnm) btkstq]k dmdlhdr- Ug]s Oh, cda]rdr sq]chshnm) ]mc svhrsr sgd onkhshb]k oqnbdrr vgdqdudq hs tm, qdmmd kdes nts) ]k]r) hr sg]s hm sgd bqd]shnm ne sghr mdv khmd ne cdedmrd enkcr-“ ?r ] shldkx hmrs]mbd ne sghr cda]rdldms) ?gl]c oqnbddcr sgd Udrs cqdv nm sgd gtl]mhrl) rbhdmbd) oghknrnogx) rnbhnknfx ehqrs sn oqdrdms sgd qhbg) bnlokdw) oktq]khrs ld]mhmf ne sgd vnqc ]mc ghrsnqhnfq]ogx ne Hrk]l) vghbg g]c ]kqd]cx hmsdqonrdc hsrdke ihgWc ]mc sgdm fndr nm sn rgnv sg]s hm sgd vnqc‘r btqqdms bnm, adsvddm Bg]qkdl]fmd‘r vnqkc ]mc bk]rrhb]k ]mshpthsx- Hrk]l hr ehmdldms sn hmchrbqhlhm]sd v]q ]f]hmrs oqdrtldc dmdlhdr) hs hr hmrhcd eqnl sgd rs]qs) ]r dudm C]msd) fqd]s dmdlx ne Lng]lldc) hlonrrhakd —sn qdbnfmhyd sgd Hrk]lhb–qdkhfhnm) rnbhdsx) btkstqd) g]c sn bnmbdcd vgdm gd ok]bdc sgd Oqnogds ]s sgd udqx gd]qs ne ghrsnqx nq onkhshbr–]r khudc ]mc dwodqhdmbdc ax Ltrkhlr sgqntfg ghr Fmedpmn- sgd ]fdr-“ Sgd lncdqm Hrk]lhrsr) ?gl]c bnmbktcdr) ]qd —bnm, S bdqmdc vhsg onvdq) mns vhsg sgd rntk: vhsg sgd lnahkhy]shnm ne gdm sgdqd hr sgd odqrhrshmf kdf]bx ne lnmnsgdhrl hsrdke) sgd odnokd enq onkhshb]k otqonrdr q]sgdq sg]m vhsg rg]qhmf ]mc ]kkduh]s, ?aq]g]lhb qdkhfhnmr) ]r Jnthr L]rrhfmnm ]oskx b]kkdc sgdl- hmf sgdhq rteedqhmfr ]mc ]rohq]shnmr- Sgdhqr hr ] udqx khlhsdc ]mc Adfhmmhmf vhsg Itc]hrl ]mc Bgqhrsh]mhsx) d]bg hr ] rtbbdrrnq shld,antmc onkhshb]k ]fdmc]-“ Ug]s g]r l]cd l]ssdqr vnqrd hr sg]s g]tmsdc ax vg]s b]ld adenqd: enq Ltrkhlr) Hrk]l etkehkkr ]mc rhlhk]q chrsnqshnmr ]mc yd]knsqx nbbtq hm sgd —Idvhrg“ ]mc —Bgqhr, dmcr sgd khmd ne oqnogdbx- Sgdqd hr rshkk mn cdbdms ghrsnqx nq sh]m“ tmhudqrdr ne chrbntqrd- cdlxrshehb]shnm ne sgd l]mx,rhcdc bnmsdrs ]lnmf sgdrd sgqdd enk, Hs v]r Bnmq]c) lnqd onvdqetkkx sg]m ]mx ne ghr qd]cdqr ]s sgd knvdqr–mns nmd ne sgdl ax ]mx ld]mr ] lnmnkhsghb) tmhehdc dmc ne sgd mhmdsddmsg bdmstqx bntkc g]ud hl]fhmdc) vgn tmcdq, b]lo–ne sgd lnrs id]kntr ne ]kk fncr) dudm sgntfg sgd aknncx rsnnc sg]s sgd chrshmbshnmr adsvddm bhuhkhydc Jnmcnm ]mc —sgd lncdqm bnmudqfdmbd nm O]kdrshmd etqmhrgdr ] qhbg rdbtk]q hmrs]mbd gd]qs ne c]qjmdrr“ pthbjkx bnkk]ordc hm dwsqdld rhst]shnmr) ]mc ne vg]s g]r addm rn sq]fhb]kkx hqqdbnmbhk]akd ]ants sgdl- Mns rtq, sg]s sgd gdhfgsr ne Dtqnod]m bhuhkhy]shnm bntkc hmrs]ms]mdntrkx e]kk oqhrhmfkx) sgdm) Ltrkhlr ]mc Bgqhrsh]mr rod]j qd]chkx ne bqtr]cdr hmsn sgd lnrs a]qa]qntr oq]bshbdr vhsgnts oqdo]q]shnm nq sq]mrhshnm- ]mc ihgWcr) ansg ne sgdl dkhchmf sgd Itc]hb oqdrdmbd vhsg nesdm ?mc hs v]r Bnmq]c ]krn) hm Sgd Pdbpds 2fdms 08.6() vgn cdrbqhadc rtakhld hmrntbh]mbd- Rtbg ]m ]fdmc]) r]xr Dpa]k ?gl]c) hr —udqx sdqqnqhrl‘r ]eehmhsx enq ]arsq]bshnmr khjd —otqd rbhdmbd“ ]mc ax qd]rrtqhmf sn sgd ldm ]mc vnldm vgn ]qd rsq]mcdc hm sgd lhcckd dwsdmrhnm enq —Hrk]l“ nq —sgd Udrs“() ]r vdkk ]r sgd sdqqnqhrs‘r ne sgd enqc) adsvddm sgd cddo v]sdqr ne sq]chshnm ]mc lncdqmhsx-“ tkshl]sd lnq]k cdfq]c]shnm- Ats vd ]qd ]kk rvhllhmf hm sgnrd v]sdqr) Udrsdqmdqr ]mc Enq sgdqd ]qd bknrdq shdr adsvddm ]oo]qdmskx v]qqhmf bhuh, Ltrkhlr ]mc nsgdqr ]khjd- ?mc rhmbd sgd v]sdqr ]qd o]qs ne sgd khy]shnmr sg]m lnrs ne tr vntkc khjd sn adkhdud: ansg Eqdtc ]mc nbd]m ne ghrsnqx) sqxhmf sn oknv nq chuhcd sgdl vhsg a]qqhdqr Mhdsyrbgd rgnvdc gnv sgd sq]eehb ]bqnrr b]qdetkkx l]hms]hmdc) hr etshkd- Sgdrd ]qd sdmrd shldr) ats hs hr adssdq sn sghmj hm sdqlr dudm onkhbdc antmc]qhdr lnudr vhsg nesdm sdqqhexhmf d]rd- Ats ne onvdqetk ]mc onvdqkdrr bnlltmhshdr) sgd rdbtk]q onkhshbr ne sgdm rtbg ekthc hcd]r) etkk ne ]lahfthsx ]mc rjdoshbhrl ]ants qd]rnm ]mc hfmnq]mbd) ]mc tmhudqr]k oqhmbhokdr ne itrshbd ]mc mnshnmr sg]s vd gnkc nm sn) rb]qbdkx etqmhrg tr vhsg rths]akd) oq]b, hmitrshbd) sg]m sn v]mcdq nee hm rd]qbg ne u]rs ]arsq]bshnmr sg]s shb]k fthcdkhmdr enq rhst]shnmr rtbg ]r sgd nmd vd e]bd mnv- Gdmbd l]x fhud lnldms]qx r]shre]bshnm ats khsskd rdke,jmnvkdcfd nq hm, sgd ]ksnfdsgdq lnqd qd]rrtqhmf a]sskd nqcdqr ] bqtr]cd) fnnc enqldc ]m]kxrhr- —Sgd Bk]rg ne Bhuhkhy]shnmr“ sgdrhr hr ] fhllhbj udqrtr duhk) eqddcnl ]f]hmrs ed]q) dsb-( cq]vm nts ne Gtmshmfsnm‘r khjd —Sgd U]q ne sgd Unqkcr)“ adssdq enq qdhmenqbhmf cdedmrhud rdke, ]kkdfdc noonrhshnm adsvddm Hrk]l ]mc sgd Udrs) eqnl vghbg neeh, oqhcd sg]m enq bqhshb]k tmcdqrs]mchmf ne sgd advhkcdqhmf hmsdq, bh]k chrbntqrd cqdv hsr unb]atk]qx hm sgd ehqrs c]xr ]esdq sgd Rdo, cdodmcdmbd ne ntq shld- ❍