RPH Reviewer PDF

RPH REVIEWER: Primary sources: voyages of magellan by antonio pigafetta customs of the tagalog by Juan de Plasencia kartilya ng katipunan by Emilio Jacinto La Independencia by editor - Salvador Vivencio del Rosario, director - General Antonio Luna. 1st topic: BASIC CONCEPTS, METHODS, AND PERS...

RPH REVIEWER: Primary sources: voyages of magellan by antonio pigafetta customs of the tagalog by Juan de Plasencia kartilya ng katipunan by Emilio Jacinto La Independencia by editor - Salvador Vivencio del Rosario, director - General Antonio Luna. 1st topic: BASIC CONCEPTS, METHODS, AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDY OF HISTORY History- is the knowledge and study of the past. It is both a historical narrative and a sort of collective memory. It tells the story of who we are, where we came from, and may reveal where we are headed. Relevance of History Understanding the Present- History helps us make sense of today by showing us how the past has shaped our world. It connects us to the people and events that have influenced everything from our technology and social structures to our cultural norms and identities. Learning from the Past- History allows us to learn from past mistakes and accomplishments. It gives information about the consequences of actions and the impact of decisions on society. Developing Critical Thinking Skills- History fosters critical thinking by requiring us to examine difficult situations from several angles and build deep understandings of human nature. It also improves research. communication, and problem-solving abilities. Fostering Empathy and Tolerance- Exploring multiple cultural experiences and societal transitions throughout history helps us gain empathy and understanding of different cultures and perspectives. This promotes understanding and helps us bridge differences in culture. Guiding Future Decisions- History serves as a guide for development, allowing us to recognize patterns and ideas that might create a better future. Repositories of Primary Sources The Philippines has plenty of repositories of the historical records of the country. Examples: National Archives of the Philippines National Library of the Philippines National Historical Commission of the Philippines National Museum of the Philippines 1. National Archives of the Philippines (NAD)- Preserving and promoting Philippine cultural heritages and national identity, the National Archives of the Philippines stores and manages archival documents that attest to the history of the nation. Its office is located on United Nations Avenue. Manila. 2. National Library of the Philippines (NLP)- Located in Manila, the NLP is the official national library of the country. It is under the jurisdiction of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). 3. National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)- The government agency that promotes Philippine history and cultural heritage through "research, dissemination, conservation, sites management, and heraldry works." 4. National Museum of the Philippines- Located on Padre Burgos Avenue, the National Museum of the Philippines acquires and documents historical and cultural artifacts, such as archaeological specimens and canonical works of art. not only for the preservation of but also for the education on national identity. Different Kinds of Primary Sources Primary sources may include the following: Diary and journal entries Memoirs or autobiographies Letters Interviews and speeches Manuscripts Photographs and audio recordings, video recordings, and films Scrapbooks Published books and newspaper and magazine clippings published at the time. Government publications Research data. e.g... public opinion polls Oral histories  Records of organizations Printed ephemera, like propaganda flyers Artifacts. e.g... clothing, costumes, furniture Distinction between Primary Sources and Secondary Sources Primary sources- Primary sources are the original materials or evidence directly associated with a historical event, person, or object, created by someone with firsthand experience of the event. Examples include diaries, letters, original documents, photographs, and artifacts. Secondary sources- Secondary sources, on the other hand, are interpretations or analyses based on primary sources, such as textbooks, documentaries, and articles. They provide context, analysis, and commentary on the primary materials. Examples: Primary: "The Gettysburg Address" by Abraham Lincoln Secondary: Television documentary on the aftermath of the Civil War Primary: The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci Secondary: Journal article about Renaissance painters Historical Criticism - It is also known as the historical-critical method. Historical criticism is a branch of criticism that investigates the origin of text or source in order to understand the word behind the text. - Historical criticism seeks greater understanding of the texts by analyzing the historical and social contexts in which they developed. The primary goal of historical criticism is to discover the text's primitive or original historical context and its literal sense. The secondary goal seeks to establish a reconstruction of historical situation of the author and recipients of the text. 2 TYPES OF HISTORY CRITICISM 1. External Criticism  - Pertaining to verification of the content of a document if it's valid based on the author's knowledge, background, credentials, authority, and reason to write to be called authentic. Questions to establish the genuineness of a document or refie: a. Does the language and writing style conform to the period in question and is it typical of other work done by the author? b. Is there evidence that the author exhibits ignorance of things or events that man of his training and time should have known? c. Did he report about things, events, or places that could not have been known during the period? 2. Internal Criticism - Once the authenticity is proven, the content of the paper will be judged if it is accurate, truthful, and reliable by fact-checking. Questions to establish the genuineness of a document or refie: a. What was meant by the author by each word and statement? b. How much credibility can the author's statements be given? c. What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)? Kalantiaw Code - The Kalantiaw Code is a penal code, consist of 18 articles and 16 laws, that was purportedly written in 1433 by Datu Kalantiaw, a chief on the island of Negros in the Philippines. - Jose E. Marcos: antiquarian and stamp collector from the island of Negros in the Visayan region, he presented several manuscripts containing significant historical information about ancient Filipino society to James A. Robertson, Director of Philippine National Library, in 1914. Las Antiguas de Legendas de la Isla de Negros (Ancient legends of The Island of Negros) - allegedly written by Father Jose Maria Pavon y Araguro. a Spanish secular priest in the Diocese of Cebu, during the mid-nineteenth century. This two-volume manuscript supposedly contained the only reference to one of the oldest penal codes in pre-colonial Philippines, the so-called Code of Kalantiaw. William Henry Scott - For his doctoral studies at the University of Santo Tomas. Scott focused on precolonial history, Examining the Maragtas and the Code of Kalantiaw, he debunked it as the most "deliberate fabrication," in his oral defense in 1968. In 2004, the National Historical Commission declared that the so-called Code of Kalantiaw has no valid historical basis. The dissertation became the basis of his book. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine Prehistory 1984), and reprinted this year by New Day Publishers. (R.C.Ladrido. 2022) Reasons for the Debunking of the Kalantiaw Code 1. Lack of Historical Evidence- No Primary Sources 2. Internal Inconsistencies- Contradictions, Unrealistic Punishments 3. Fictional Elements- Historical Inaccuracies, Literary Devices 4. Author's Life- The author, Jose Maria Pavon is a real person and a priest. In the Libro de Cosas Notables de Himamaylan, he is listed as taking charge of the parish on September 7, 1842. But there is no evidence that he was in this country in 1838 nor was he the parish priest of Himamaylan in 1839. 5. Scholarly Consensus- William Henry Scott: A Critical Study of the Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History 1969). Teodoro Agoncillo: History of the Filipino People, 8th edition (Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, 1990). 28-3. Online Articles and Academic Papers. 2nd Topic: The Archaeologics Archaeological evidences Anthropomorphic Burial Jar Originated between the period of 5 BC TO 370 BCE coming from the Ayub cave, maitum, sarangani, and was popular among the early Filipinos because of their strong belief in the Afterlife. The anthropomorphic burial jar is utilized for the secondary burials for the deceased where early Filipinos collect the decomposed corpse’s bones and place them inside jars with sculpted heads. Manunggul BURIAL Found in the caves of Manunggul in Quezon, Palawan and was believed to belong between the periods of 890-710 BCE. Praised for its amazing artistry as it portrays the beliefs of the early Filipinos. Golden Death Mask Originated between the period of 5 BC TO 370 BCE coming from the Ayub cave, maitum, sarangani, and was popular among the early Filipinos because of their strong belief in the afterlife. The anthropomorphic burial jar is utilized for the secondary burials for the deceased where early Filipinos collect the decomposed corpse’s bones and place them inside jars with sculpted heads. AUSTRONESIAN THEORIES AND EVIDENCES AUSTRONESIAN Term coined by Austrian linguist and priest Wilhelm Schmidt in 1899. Derived from the Latin and Greek words Auster and Nesos which means South Islands. Austronesian languages are primarily spoken on islands in the Southern Hemisphere, including Madagascar, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and the Pacific islands of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. With approximately 1,268 languages. Austronesian people can be traced back to around 3000 BCE when their initial migrations started from Taiwan. Austronesian people are originally native to Asia, however, they have intermixed with other ethnic groups throughout their migrations. One of the largest and most geographically widespread language families in the world. Austronesian People were the first people to invent maritime sailing technology. THEORIES The Austronesian Expansion Theory (Austronesian Migration Theory) Proposed by , an American professor of Archeology Suggests that the growth of the population of the Philippines is a result of a group of people from Asia known as the Austronesians. The first Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC from the Chinese Mainland. After the Philippines had been reached, many Austronesians continued their travels, reaching Sumatra and Java by 2,000 BC, Northern New Guinea by 1,600 BC, Samoa by 1,200 BC, and Easter Island, Hawaii and Madagascar by 500 AD. According to Bellwood, this theory not only explains how people came to settle in the Philippines, but also why there are so many similarities in terms of culture, physical features and language between so many distant countries. The Austronesian Expansion Theory (Austronesian Migration Theory) The Austronesian expansion theory is created based on the accepted spread of migrants across Austronesia Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network Hypothesis Proposed by American Anthropologist, William Solheim II According to him Nusantao came from the Austronesian word “Nusa” which means Island and “Tao” which means Man or People. His proposition was that “the homeland of the Nusantao is in the islands of the southern Philippines and eastern Indonesia” Based on him the main reason why Austronesian keeps on travelling and expanding their territories is because of trading. The Nusantao were "boat people" His theory aims to explain the spread of people during this time by looking closely at their cultural traits, rather than by focusing on the languages. EVIDENCE Austronesian Heritage Evidence Found in the Philippines Knowledge of navigation or boating Knowledge of agriculture or horticulture Use of tools made from polished stone or metal Austronesian Culture Found in the Philippines Burial jars Weaving Crafting of ornaments Spread of agriculture during the Neolithic period Other Evidences Archaelogical Remains/Materials Durable Artifacts like Pottery Shards Perishable Plant Seeds Human Remains Genetic Analysis mTDNA & NRY for tracing ancestry EPIC as sources of indigenous people and culture. KANDINGAN (TAUSUG) Tausug People are Indigenous group from the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines. Their culture, shaped by the 13th-century Sultanate of Sulu, is known for maritime skills, agriculture, and social hierarchy. Kandingan Epic is a Tausug cultural treasure, this epic conveys values, history, and traditions through stories of heroes and adventures, emphasizing bravery, honor, and justice. Performed by "banta" during community events, the epic educates and entertains, often integrated into ceremonies with music, dance, and drama. Recording and adapting the Kandingan are crucial to maintain its relevance and accessibility in the face of modernization and declining traditional practices. The epic symbolizes Tausug identity and pride, helping both the Tausug people and outsiders understand their heritage and worldview. TAUSUG SOCIETY AND CULTURE The Tausug people are organized around the Sultanate of Sulu, a strong political system that once ruled their region. The Sultan and his datus (chieftains) had a lot of power and influence over the Tausug community. Religion is very important to the Tausug, with most practicing Islam. Their daily life, rituals, and festivals are closely linked to their Islamic faith. Recently, the Tausug have faced problems like territorial disputes and conflicts. Despite these issues, they are committed to keeping their unique culture and traditions alive. SULTANATE OF SULU HALIYA (ATI-TUMANDOK) Ati-Tumandok (Ati/Aeta) is an Indigenous group from Panay Island, Philippines. Part of the Negrito ethnic groups, with ancestors arriving about 30,000 years ago. They have preserved much of their traditional lifestyle despite historical and modern pressures. Haliya Epic is A crucial part of Ati-Tumandok culture, consisting of stories about gods, heroes, and mythical beings. Passed down orally by skilled storytellers during community events.  The Haliya is vital for preserving Ati-Tumandok history, beliefs, and cultural identity. It teaches values like bravery, justice, and respect for nature to younger generations. Integrated into ceremonies with music, dance, and drama, enhancing community events and reinforcing traditional practices. Reflects the community's spiritual beliefs and helps connect with their supernatural understanding. Efforts are ongoing to record and preserve the Haliya, ensuring it remains a vibrant part of their culture amidst modernization challenges. The Ati-Tumandok, also known as the Ati or Aeta, cherish the Haliya epic as a cornerstone of their cultural and spiritual life. This epic, filled with tales of gods and heroes, is more than just stories; it embodies their history, beliefs, and values, fostering a strong sense of community and cultural pride. The Haliya also plays a key role in teaching younger generations about their traditions and values. Elders use the epic to pass down important lessons about bravery, respect, and wisdom. This storytelling is crucial for preserving their cultural identity and ensuring that these values continue to be upheld. Despite facing modern challenges like land loss and environmental changes, the Ati-Tumandok are dedicated to keeping the Haliya and their traditions alive. Their efforts to perform, record, and share these stories show their commitment to maintaining their cultural practices. HUDHUD EPIC (IFUGAO) Ifugao are indigenous group from the Northern part, specifically from the Cordillera region on the island of Luzon. The Ifugao is derived from the word “Ipugo” which means “From the hill” They are well-known for their man-made rice terraces aka Banaue Rice Terraces They have rich cultural heritage with traditional practices, rituals, and craftsmanship They practice animism and ancestor worship Hudhud epic is known for its rich poetic structure and use of meter and rhyme. Themes: heroism, romance, the value of rice farming, and the agricultural practices. It is rich with figurative languages such as metaphor, onomatopoeia and metonymy. It reflects the Ifugao people's beliefs, values,and customs. It is performed during funeral wakes, ceremonies, and festivals. It is usually recited or sung, accompanied by instrumental music and dance. Earliest record record of Earliest trade relations with the the Chinese. Early Interactions From the 9th century Ethnic Han Chinese sailed around the Philippines and frequently interacted with the local Austronesian people. Chinese and Austronesian interactions initially commenced as bartering and items.  Tang Dynasty (9th century AD), providing quantitative evidence of the Philippine share in maritime trade. Sung Dynasty referred the Philippine Island as "Ma-yi" and Chau Ju-kua, a Chinese trade official, called the Philippine "Ma- i" which is in Mindoro Island. At this time, Butuan was a principle trading port in the Philippines, and acted as a local hub. Ma-I or Ma - yi (Mindoro, Philippine)also acting as an important trade center. The earliest recorded trade between the Philippines and China began in "Ma-yi" meaning Land of the Gold, now known as Mindoro, during the 9th century. Exchanging goods such as silk, porcelain, and other luxury items for local products like beeswax, cotton, pearls, and tortoise shells. Butuan, located in the southern part of the Philippines, emerged as an important trading hub by the 10th century. Archaeological evidence, such as Chinese ceramics and other artifacts, attests to Butuan's prominence in regional trade. Porcelain - Made from white clay kaolin and fired in kilns at temperatures beyond 1350° C, Originally developed in China and mostly known for its glazed blue-and-white decorations. 3rd TOPIC: ARRIVAL OF THE SPANIARDS: Pigafetta’s account of Magellan’s Voyage Antonio Pigafetta Born into the wealthy Vicenza Family Studied Astronomy, Geography, and Cartography Served in the Galley of the Knights of Rhodes Joined the Expedition to the Spice Islands led by Ferdinand Magellan One of only 18 individuals from Magellan’s crew who survived The First Voyage Around the World: Magellan’s Voyage Earliest detailed documentation One of the most cited documents by historians Accounts for the “purest” pre-colonial society Content Analysis FIRST CONTACT IN CEBU (1521) Initially welcomed by local chieftain Rajah Humabon Exchange of gifts and Symbolic mass CONVERSION OF THE NATIVES Mass baptism of Cebu’s inhabitants MAGELLAN’S DEATH Marked the theme of the colonial period "...when the offertory of the mass came, the two kings went to kiss the cross like us, but they offered nothing, and at the elevation of the body of our Lord they were kneeling like us, and adored our Lord with joined hands." "When we reached land we found the islanders fifteen hundred in number, drawn up in three squadrons; they came down upon us with terrible shouts, two squadrons attacking us on the flanks, and the third in front. The captain then divided his men in two bands. Our musketeers and crossbowmen fired for half an hour from a distance, but did nothing, since the bullets and arrows, though they passed through their shields made of thin wood, and perhaps wounded their arms, yet did not stop them. The captain shouted not to fire, but he was not listened to. The islanders, seeing that the shots of our guns did them little or no harm, would not retire, but shouted more loudly, and springing from one side to the other to avoid our shots, they at the same time drew nearer to us, throwing arrows, javelins, spears hardened in fire, stones, and even mud, so that we could hardly defend ourselves. Some of them cast lances pointed with iron at the captain-general." Contextual Analysis HISTORICAL CONTEXT(1565-1800s) Legazpi’s Expedition (1565) Transformed the independent barangays into Spanish Colonies THE CREATION OF INDIO Meaning “Native Indigenous People” Subordinate class subject to Spanish authority Christianization and Religious Control Pigafetta’s account served as foreshadowing Facilitated by the Augustinian, Dominican, and Jesuit missionaries ECONOMIC CHANGES Encomienda System Polo y Servicio Tribute tax Cultural change POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CHANGES Principalia Resistance and Revolts Galleon Trade DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CONCIOUSNESS 1700s: New class of educated Filipinos Ilustrados: Filipino Intelectuals Encuentro and the Metamorphosis of indio (1565-1800s) Fray Juan de Plasencia Born in early 16th century in the region of Extremadura Spain One of the 7 children of Don Pedro Arrived at port in Cavite on July 2, 1578 One of the First batch Franciscan missionaries in the Philippines A defender of the natives Founded numerous towns in Luzon CUSTOMS OF TAGALOGS The book discusses the sociocultural and political history of the early Tagalogs Such as the followings: Social Classes Type of Government Religious Beliefs Culture and Tradition  Customs of the Tagalogs was written on 1589 during the Spanish colonial period To provide an exotic explanation about the natives Put an end to some injustices committed to the natives SOCIAL CLASSES Datu (Chieftain) Nobles (Maharlika) Commoners (Aliping Namamahay) Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilir) Type of Government : Barangay Religious/Superstitious Beliefs BATHALA - powerful and maker of all things ANIMISM - The belief that objects, places, and creatures possess a spiritual essence SUPERSTITIOUS - Believe in aswang, duwende, kapre, tikbalang, tiyanak. They also believe in the magical power of amulet and charms Culture and Tradition Dowry Simbahan Festival The manner of offering sacrifices Burying the dead Mode of Dressing Ornaments Relevance It proves that Filipinos have their own identity even before the arrival of the Spaniards. Some beliefs and practices found in the source still exist It tackles the everyday living of the ancient Filipinos, their system of government, their social status, and their customs, beliefs, and transition. This document is important in determining how the Spaniards will govern the Filipinos during the spanish era. Importance of primary source Healthcare during Spanish Period Hospital Real de Manila Hospital de San Juan de Dios Hospital de Naturales Hospital de San Lazaro Hospital de San Gabriel Culion Palawan 4th TOPIC : Patriotic responses and nationalism DURING THE SPANISH COLONIALIZATION AGENDA: Early Uprisings in the philippines Rise of Philippine Nationalism Nationalism from the Masses and the 1898 Revolution PATRIOTISM The feeling of attachment and commitment to a country, nation, or political community. Evident in the early uprisings in the Philippines, although it initially manifested more as local or regional resistance against colonial oppression rather than a fully formed sense of nationalism EARLY UPRISING IN THE PHILIPPINES THREE TYPES OF REVOLTS Economical - driven by the people's dissatisfaction with the exploitative economic policies imposed by the Spanish colonial government. These revolts were reactions to the economic burdens placed on the Filipinos, such as heavy taxation, forced labor, and monopolies that benefited only the Spaniards. Political - Initiated due to a desire for self-rule, autonomy, or better representation. Filipinos were increasingly frustrated with the Spanish government's discriminatory policies, where only Spaniards or mestizos had political power. The local elites, who wanted greater control over local affairs, as well as the common folk, felt they were not represented in the colonial administration. Spiritual - The responses to the imposition of Catholicism by the Spanish colonizers. Many Filipinos resented the aggressive campaign to convert them to Christianity, the suppression of indigenous beliefs, and the abuses by Spanish friars, who held immense power over the population. Religious leaders often became influential figures in the community, making spiritual control a sensitive issue. MACTAN BATTLE (1521) Led by Datu Lapu-Lapu, against Magellan and his men in Mactan, Cebu. Was considered the first ever uprising against the Spanish ruling. Was a success but only delayed the start of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines in 1565 Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman (1574) Also known as the Tagalog Revolt Navotas, Tondo Caused by them losing their kingdom to Miguel Lopez De Legaspi by accepting the Spanish sovereignty, and their deal on being exempted to paying tribute and forced labor being revoked. Kapampangan Revolt (1584) Led by the Kapampangan Leaders Pampanga Caused by deprivation of their land heritage by the enconmenderos under the enconmendera system. They coordinated with natives outside Pampanga to revolt. They failed due to the betrayal of a fellow Filipino. Tondo Conspiracy (1587 - 1588) Also known as the conspiracy of Maharlikas or the Revolt of Lakans Tondo; Cuyo; Calamianes The conspiracy attempted to restore freedom by overthrowing the Spanish colonizers. Involved the help of Japanese and Brunei as they had connections and relatives in Brunei Failed due to betrayal. Igorot Revolt (1601) A failed attempt by the Spain government to christianize the Igorots. 2 failed crusades were sent, Both were failure to christianize the Igorots. Igorots maintained independence, was not acknowledged by Spain and thought of them as Bandits. Tamblot Revolt (1621) A former Babaylan A revolt against the spread of Catholicism in the Philippines. Island of Bohol Told Boholanos that a diwata would aid them in expelling the Spain The failed and was able to be captured by Don Juan de Alcarazo Bancao Revolt (1622) Chief of LIimasawa and was one of the first converts. He wanted to revert from his own beliefs, and due to the abuse of powers of the Spaniards. Helped by a Babaylan named Pagali A temple was made for a diwata,said to be enchated to attract followers. Spain offered peace as an acknowledgement to Bancao’s loyalty to Spain before, but they refused. Bancao’s head was displayed to the public as a warning. Dagohoy Revolt (1744 - 1829) Longest Revolt Dagohoy was a former Cabesa De Barangay Revolted when the church denied his brother, who died from a Duel, a proper Christian burial. Was able to establish a free government in the mountains, leading a group of 3,000 to 20,000. 20 Spaniard governors failed to capture him but Alcade-mayor Jose Lazaro and Captain Manuel Sanza fought against him for years before the revolt ended. Diego and Gabriela Silang (1762–1763) Fueled by the abuses and the leadership of Spain Diego’s revolt did not last as he was assassinated by his friend, Miguel Vicos. Gabriela Continued his revolt but did not last long as she was captured and killed. Pule Revolt (1850 - 1841) Apolinario De La Cruz or Hermano Pule. Religious leader who was denied by the Spaniards Friars. Founded Cofradia De San Jose, a church for the natives in response to the racial discrimination in church. Accused for being heretic and filibuster, and was shot dead. His body was dismembered. Cavite Mutiny (1872) Allegedly led by the 3 Friars GomBurZa, which led to their deaths. 200 soliders and workers at Cavite Arsenal gathered due to the sudden implementation of Tribute and forced labor. The Death of Gomburza inspired Jose Rizal with his political beliefs and his novel, Noli Me tangere. Rise of Nationalism in the 19th Century Nationalism According to Andres Bonifacio purest and highest kind of love. Knowing that their country was the Philippines and they were Filipino Affection and devotion to one's nation Factors of Philippine Nationalism The Rise of Liberal Idea Giving of Indulgence Revolution against monarchy of king Louis XI and Marie Antoinette Development in International family Opening of Manila Port for international trade Filipino's exports tobacco, rice, sugar, abaca etc. Political Instability of Spain Increased tax due to Napoleonic wars Transformation of Spanish Government Cadiz Constitution of 1812 Administration of Carlos Maria de la Torre A liberal leader Implemented the freedom of speech which made Spanish in Manila and friars angry. Replaced by Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo Issue of Secularization The liberal administration ordered the closing of all churches in Spain. Secular priest was replaced by the regular priest. Secularization movement Execution of GomBurZa Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora Accused the leader of Cavite Mutiny. Executed on February 17 1872 at Bagumbayan. Due to Francisco Zeldus's testimony. First Wave of Struggle Aim for not total independence but for these: 1. Political Reform 2. Equality between Filipinos and Spaniards 3. Assimilation of the Philippines to the Spain Have our own representative in Spanish Cortez Reformist Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda Wrote the Noli Me Tangere at El Filibusterismo Founder of La Liga Filipina He thought that Filipino's must be united and educated to reform their own society. Graciano Lopez Jaena He was born on December 18, 1856 in Jaro, Iloilo and died in Barcelona Spain on January 20, 1 896 due to Tuberculosis He wrote Fray Botod 1st editor chief of La Solidaridad Marcelo H. del Pilar Born in Bulacan on August 30 1850 and died on July 4, 1896 due to Tuberculosis. He founded Diariong Tagalog He wrote Caiingat kayo He wrote Dasalan at Tocsohan Reform Organization The Circulo Hispano-Filipino Organization established by Filipino students in Madrid in 1882 Aims to voice Filipino concerns La Solidaridad A newspaper that expresses the view or opinion for the Philippines and against Spanish colonial government. Founded on January 1, 1889 to November 15, 1895. La Liga Filipina Founded by Dr Jose Rizal on July 3 1892 Aimed for unity, mutual protection, defense development, and to study and implement reforms. It became inactive and fell apart when Rizal was exile It was split into 2 groups, the katipunan and the Cuerpo de Compromisarios. KATIPUNAN Kataastaasang Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) Founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892 Secret Revolutionary Society to achieve complete Independence. Emilio Jacinto, the Chief Adviser of Katipunan wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan as the set of ethical guidelines for the Katipunero. AUG 1896 - The spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan which led to the Revolution that made an impact to achieve our independence. AUG 1896 - Katipunan was found by the spanish authorities, revealed by Teodoro Patino ○ Led to the revolution of the Cry of Pugad Lawin ○ had other battles such as the Battle of San Juan Del Monte AUG 1897 - Aguinaldo ordered the arrest of bonifacio with charges of treason and was later on executed. Pact of Biak-Na-Bato temporary halt of revolution, was later on resumed. Spanish Reaction to Filipino Nationalism BATTLE OF MACTAN (1521) This was the first recorded encounter between Spaniards and Filipinos, resulting in the death of Ferdinand Magellan. Colonial Control: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565) Established first permanent spanish settlement in Cebu, 1565 The spanish city of manila was founded in 1571 By the end of the 16th century most of the coastal and lowland areas from Luzon to northern Mindanao were under Spanish control Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1829) This was one of the longest-lasting revolts, led by Francisco Dagohoy, in response to the government's refusal to give a proper burial to his brother who died in a duel Cavite Mutiny (1872) This uprising among Filipino soldiers and laborers in Cavite was sparked by the abolition of their privileges. The Propaganda Movement(1872-1892) This group of educated Filipino students in Europe formed the Propaganda Movement, advocating for reforms in the Philippines through various means of communication, including magazines, newspapers, poetry, and pamphlets. The most notable publication was La Solidaridad, a biweekly newspaper that began circulating in 1889. The movement aimed to raise awareness about the plight of Filipinos under Spanish colonial rule and sought to promote reforms, such as representation in the Spanish Cortes and civil rights. The Katipunan (1892) a secret revolutionary society founded in 1892. It was led by Andres Bonifacio was committed to expelling the Spanish colonial government from the Philippines and prepared for an armed revolt against Spanish rule. The Execution of Jose Rizal (1896) His writings, such as "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," criticized Spanish colonial abuses and advocated for reforms. These works inspired many Filipinos and fueled growing nationalist sentiment. Philippine Revolution (1896-1898) This was the most significant revolution of the period, led by the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society. It aimed to achieve independence from Spain and establish a Philippine republic. Emilio Aguinaldo March 22, 1869-February 6, 1964 The local leader of the Katipunan. Became the Mayor of Cavite Viejo on August 1896 Philippine Revolution 1898 The Spanish-American War ended Spanish rule in the Philippines in 1898, but it also sparked the PhilippineAmerican War, a violent conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the U.S. Army. 1896 Spaniards discover the Katipunan in Manila. Rizal's execution united Filipinos, making Spain's permanent power retention impossible. March 1897 Leadership of the revolution passed to Emilio Aguinaldo, who had Bonifacio shot for alleged sedition. December 1897 The Biak-na-Bato pact temporarily ended the Philippine Revolution. May 1898 The Spanish fleet was defeated by the U.S. Navy. Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines and initiated a new revolution against the United States. April 1898, The Spanish-American War broke out over Spain’s brutal suppression of a rebellion in Cuba. May 1, 1898 U.S Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey annihilated the Spanish Pacific fleet at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines. May 19, Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence and established a provincial government, of which he subsequently became head on June 12. June 12, 1898 Acta de la Proclamación de la Independencia del Pueblo Filipino (Act of the Proclamation of the Independence of the Filipino People) By Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. August 8, the Spanish commander informed the United States that he would surrender the city under two conditions. August 13, a mock Battle of Manila was staged, and the Americans kept their promise to keep the Filipinos out after the city passed into their Hands. In September, Aguinaldo convened a revolutionary assembly, the Malolos, while the Americans occupied Manila and planned peace negotiations with Spain. A provisional republic was proclaimed, with Aguinaldo as president. However, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam were ceded by Spain to the US through the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. In January 1899, the Malolos Constitution—under which the Philippines was declared a republic and which had been approved by the assembly and by Aguinaldo—was proclaimed. In 1901, Aguinaldo was captured and appealed to Filipinos to accept U.S. sovereignty.