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Questions and Answers

What was one of the reasons for debunking the Code of Kalantiaw?

It had numerous primary sources.

It lacked historical evidence. (correct)

It was accepted unanimously by scholars.

It was authored by a notable historian.

Which artifact is known for its belief in the afterlife among early Filipinos?

The Code of Kalantiaw

The anthropomorphic burial jar (correct)

The Golden Death Mask (correct)

The Maragtas

What aspect of the Code of Kalantiaw contributed to its classification as a fabrication?

The author's background as a priest.

The agreement among modern historians.

The existence of fictional elements. (correct)

The historical events it described.

What is the primary use of the anthropomorphic burial jar in early Filipino culture?

For collecting bones during secondary burials. Signup and view all the answers

Which conclusion about Jose Maria Pavon can be drawn from the information provided?

His life was documented in historical records. Signup and view all the answers

What period does the Manunggul burial reflect in its creation?

890 to 710 BCE Signup and view all the answers

What element of the Code of Kalantiaw indicated its historical inaccuracies?

Inconsistencies in its internal structure. Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted a critical study that contributed to the scholarly consensus regarding the Code of Kalantiaw?

William Henry Scott Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the Nusantao people?

They were known as 'boat people'. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered part of the Austronesian culture in the Philippines?

Weaving Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Kandingan Epic play in Tausug culture?

It conveys values, history, and traditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main challenges faced by the Tausug people today?

Territorial disputes and conflicts. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the social structure of Tausug society?

A strong political system under the Sultanate of Sulu. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the traditional skills of the Tausug people as influenced by their culture?

Shipbuilding and navigation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following evidence types is NOT used for tracing ancestry in Austronesian heritage?

Pottery styles Signup and view all the answers

How is the Kandingan Epic maintained in Tausug culture?

By its integration into events with music, dance, and drama. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary cause of the Kapampangan Revolt in 1584?

Deprivation of land heritage by enconmenderos. Signup and view all the answers

Which revolt is also known as the Conspiracy of Maharlikas?

Tondo Conspiracy Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Dagohoy Revolt?

Successful establishment of a free government. Signup and view all the answers

What significant factor contributed to the failure of the Igorot Revolt in 1601?

Unsuccessful Christianization attempts. Signup and view all the answers

What prompted the Tamblot Revolt in 1621?

Desire for religious freedom from Catholicism. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leader of the Bancao Revolt in 1622?

Bancao. Signup and view all the answers

The failure of the Tondo Conspiracy was primarily due to what factor?

Betrayal by a fellow Filipino. Signup and view all the answers

Which revolt is noted for being the longest in duration?

Dagohoy Revolt Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drove the early economic revolts during Spanish colonization in the Philippines?

Discontent with economic policies Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of governance did the early Filipinos seek through political revolts?

Greater representation and self-rule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following did NOT contribute to spiritual revolts during the Spanish colonization?

Support from Spanish friars Signup and view all the answers

What event is recognized as a significant early resistance against Spanish colonization in the Philippines?

The Battle of Mactan Signup and view all the answers

Which hospital was established to cater specifically to the indigenous population during the Spanish period?

Hospital de Naturales Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of patriotism according to the content?

A feeling of attachment and commitment to one's nation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a common response to the imposition of Catholicism during the Spanish colonization?

Resistance against conversion efforts Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of the economy on revolts during the Spanish colonial period?

Dissatisfaction with exploitative economic policies Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the assassinations of Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang?

The revolt quickly dissipated. Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the Cofradia De San Jose as a response to the racial discrimination by Spanish friars?

Apolinario De La Cruz Signup and view all the answers

What did the execution of GomBurZa inspire in Jose Rizal?

His ideas of political reform. Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the rise of Philippine nationalism in the 19th century?

Implementation of the Cadiz Constitution of 1812. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main aim of the first wave of struggle for Filipinos against Spanish rule?

Political reform and equality. Signup and view all the answers

What led to the political instability in Spain during the 19th century?

Napoleonic wars and increased taxes. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the administration of Carlos Maria de la Torre in the Philippines?

Liberation of political speech and press. Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the Cavite Mutiny in 1872?

The imposition of new taxes and tribute. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Debunking of the Kalantiaw Code

The Code of Kalantiaw was debunked as a fabrication.
No primary sources exist to support its authenticity.
Internal inconsistencies include contradictions and unrealistic punishments.
Fictional elements and historical inaccuracies are present.
The author, Jose Maria Pavon, was a real person and a priest, but there's no evidence he was in the Philippines in 1838 or the parish priest of Himamaylan in 1839.
Scholarly consensus from historians like William Henry Scott and Teodoro Agoncillo supports the debunking.

Archaeological Evidences

Anthropomorphic burial jars, dating from 5 BC to 370 BCE and found in Ayub cave, Maitum, Sarangani, indicate early Filipinos' belief in the afterlife and were used for secondary burials.
The Manunggul burial jar, found in the caves of Manunggul in Quezon, Palawan, dates from 890-710 BCE and showcases the artistry and beliefs of early Filipinos.
Golden death masks also date from 5 BC to 370 BCE and indicate a strong belief in the afterlife.
The Nusantao theory suggests early Filipinos were "boat people" and their cultural traits, not languages, explain their spread.

Austronesian Heritage Evidence

Evidence of Austronesian heritage in the Philippines includes knowledge of navigation/boating, agriculture/horticulture, and the use of polished stone or metal tools.
Austronesian culture in the Philippines is demonstrated by burial jars, weaving, crafting of ornaments, and the spread of agriculture during the Neolithic period.

Other Evidences

Archaeological remains and materials provide insights.
Durable artifacts like pottery shards and perishable plant seeds offer clues.
Human remains and genetic analysis, such as mTDNA & NRY, help trace ancestry.

Kandingan (Tausug)

The Tausug people are an indigenous group from the Sulu Archipelago.
Their culture, shaped by the 13th-century Sultanate of Sulu, is known for maritime skills, agriculture, and social hierarchy.
The Kandingan epic reflects Tausug values, history, and traditions through stories of heroes and adventure, emphasizing bravery, honor, and justice.
This performance, often integrated into ceremonies with music, dance, and drama, conveys cultural knowledge and entertainment.

Tausug Society and Culture

The Tausug are organized around the Sultanate of Sulu, a powerful political system.
The Sultan and datus (chieftains) hold considerable power and influence.
Religion is central to Tausug life, with most practicing Islam, which influences daily life, rituals, and festivals.

Haliya (Ati-Tumandok)

The Ati-Tumandok (Ati/Aeta) are an indigenous group from Panay Island.
The Haliya document reflects their everyday life, government system, social status, customs, beliefs, and transition.
This document is crucial for understanding Spanish colonial governance of Filipinos.

Healthcare during the Spanish Period

Hospitals established during the Spanish period include:
- Hospital Real de Manila
- Hospital de San Juan de Dios
- Hospital de Naturales
- Hospital de San Lazaro
- Hospital de San Gabriel
- Culion Palawan

Patriotic Responses and Nationalism during Spanish Colonization

Patriotism is the feeling of attachment and commitment to one’s country.
Early uprisings in the Philippines demonstrate a local or regional resistance to colonial oppression.

Three Types of Revolts

Economic: Driven by dissatisfaction with Spanish economic policies.
Political: Aim for self-rule, autonomy, or greater representation.
Spiritual: Responses to the imposition of Catholicism.

Early Uprisings in the Philippines

Mactan Battle (1521): Led by Datu Lapu-Lapu, against Magellan in Cebu. The first uprising against the Spanish, but it only delayed Spanish colonization, which began in 1565.
Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman (1574): Known as the Tagalog Revolt, initiated in Navotas, Tondo. The revolt stemmed from their loss of kingdom to Miguel Lopez De Legaspi and the revocation of their exemption from tribute and forced labor.
Kapampangan Revolt (1584): Led by Kapampangan leaders, it aimed to protect their land heritage from Spanish Encomenderos. The revolt failed due to betrayal by a Filipino.
Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1588): Also known as the Revolt of Maharlikas. The conspiracy involved attempts to overthrow Spanish rule, with help from Japanese and Brunei connections.
Igorot Revolt (1601): A failed attempt by the Spanish to Christianize the Igorots. Igorots maintained their independence and were considered bandits by Spaniards.
Tamblot Revolt (1621): Led by a former Babaylan, Tamblot, it was a revolt against the spread of Catholicism in Bohol.
Bancao Revolt (1622): Led by Bancao, a former chief of Limasawa, who initially converted to Christianity. This revolt involved a reversion to indigenous beliefs and a collaboration with a Babaylan named Pagali.
Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829): The longest revolt, led by Dagohoy, a former Cabesa De Barangay. The uprising was sparked by the church denying his brother a proper Christian burial. He established a free government in the mountains, leading 3,000 to 20,000 people.
Diego and Gabriela Silang (1762–1763): Fueled by Spanish abuses. Diego’s revolt was short-lived due to his assassination. Gabriela continued the revolt but was captured and killed.
Pule Revolt (1850-1841): Led by Apolinario De La Cruz (Hermano Pule), a religious leader denied ordination by Spanish friars. He founded the Cofradia De San Jose, a church for natives. He was accused of heresy and filibusterism and was shot dead.
Cavite Mutiny (1872): Allegedly led by the 3 Friars GomBurZa, who were executed. This uprising involved soldiers and workers at the Cavite Arsenal. The death of GomBurza inspired Jose Rizal and influenced his writings.

Rise of Nationalism in the 19th Century

Nationalism: The purest and highest kind of love, according to Andres Bonifacio, involving affection and devotion to one's nation.

Factors of Philippine Nationalism

The Rise of Liberal Ideas: The French Revolution, which challenged monarchy, influenced liberal thought.
Development of International Relations: The opening of Manila Port to international trade led to increased Filipino exports, raising awareness about global events.
Political Instability in Spain: The Napoleonic Wars led to increased taxes. Spanish government transformations, like the Cadiz Constitution of 1812, also contributed.
Administration of Carlos Maria de la Torre: A liberal leader who allowed freedom of speech, provoking opposition from Spanish friars.
Issue of Secularization: The liberal administration ordered the closure of churches in Spain, replacing secular priests with regular priests.
Execution of GomBurZa: The executions of Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, accused of leading the Cavite Mutiny, fueled national outrage.

First Wave of Struggle

The Filipino people sought political reforms and equality between themselves and Spaniards.

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