Definition And Nature Of History PDF

Ferrer, Lorraine Life D. BSEE 1-B DEFINITION AND HERODUTOS NATURE OF Greek author of the first great narrative history produced in the ancient world, HISTORY...

Ferrer, Lorraine Life D. BSEE 1-B DEFINITION AND HERODUTOS NATURE OF Greek author of the first great narrative history produced in the ancient world, HISTORY the History of the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus is traditionally regarded as DEFINITIONS OF HISTORY The origin of the the father of history. because he was the word History is associated with the Greek word first historian to collect and ‘Historia’ that means ‘information’ or ‘an systematically document events and enquiry designed to elicit truth’. Different create an account. scholars have defined history differently. Following definitions indicate the meaning and scope of History. THE DIFFERENT History is written by the winners – HISTORICAL SOURCES Napoleon Bonaparte If you don know history, then you don’t AND CRITICISM know anything. You are a leaf that SOURCES doesn’t know it is part of tree –Michael History as the subject of study is more Crichton or less at the mercy of the sources. The Those who cannot remember the past, past can neither easily be observed are condemned o directly nor can it be recalled. repeat it – George Santayana Historians get their information from Study the past if you would define two different kinds of sources: the future –Confucius primary and secondary. Primary A generation which ignores history has sources are first hand sources; no past- and no future – Robert A. secondary sources are second-hand Heinlein sources. If we are to make progress, we must not repeat history but make new history. We must add to inheritance left by our hi CATEGORIES OF ancestors” – Mahatm A people without the knowledge of their SOURCES past history, origin and culture is like a 1. Documents tree without roots – Marcus Garvey are written or printed materials that have been produced in oneform or another sometime in the past. 2. Numerical records include any type of numerical data in printed or handwritten form. 3. Oral statements include any form of statement made orally by someone. Ferrer, Lorraine Life D. BSEE 1-B Diary a form of autobiographical writing is a regularly 4. Relics kept record of the diarist’s activities and are any objects whose physical or visual reflections. Written primarily for the writer’s use characteristics can provide some information alone, the diary has a frankness that in unlike about the pas writing done for publication. Personal Letter DIFFERENT Is a type of letter (or informal composition) that usually concerns personal matters (rather than DIFFERENT TYPES OF professional concerns) and is sent from one individual to another. SOURCES Correspondence is a body of letters or communications. If you have ever A. PRIMARY SOURCES had a pen pal or an email friend, A primary source is a document or physical you have written plenty of object which was written or created during the correspondence. time under study. These sources were present Interview during is a conversation where questions are asked an experience or time period and offer an inside and answer are given. It refers to one on one view of a particular event. Primary sources give conversation with one person acting in the role us first hand, you-are-there insights into the of the interviewer and the other in the role of past. They are also the most important tools an the interviewee. historian has for developing an understanding of Survey an event. Primary sources serve as the evidence is a list of questions aimed at extracting an historian uses in developing an interpretation specific data from a particular group of and in building an argument to support that people. Surveys may be conducted by phone, mail, via internet, and face-to-face on busy interpretation. street corners in malls. Survey research is often used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings. Field research or fieldwork EXAMPLES OF is the collection of information PRIMARY SOURCES outside a laboratory, library or Autobiography workplace setting. is an account of a person’s life written Photographs and posters by that person. Autobiographical works are often considered it can ustrate past can take many forms, from the intimate events as they happened and people as they writings made during life that were not were at a particular time. necessarily intended for publication. Paintings Memoir a form of visual art where paint or is a history or record composed from ink is used on a canvas or more often personal observation and experiences. in the past, wooden panels or plaster Writers of memoir are usually person who walls, to depict an artist’s rendering have played roles in, or have been close of a scene or even an abstract. observers of, historical events and whose main Drawing purpose is to describe or interpret the events. Ferrer, Lorraine Life D. BSEE 1-B form of visual art in which a person uses various merely that they include the potential drawing instruments to mark peer or another for an additional layer of bias. two-dimensional medium. Speech EXAMPLES OF TERTIARY SOURCES Library Is a form communication in spoke Is a collection of sources of information language, made by speaker before an audience and similar resources, made accessible to a for a given purpose. defined community for reference and borrowing. B. SECONDARY SOURCES Archive It is a document prepared by an individual who is an accumulation of historical records or the was not a direct witness to an event, but who physical place they are located. We obtained his or her description of the event find primary sources in the archives. from someone else. It includes secondhand Museum information, such as s. description of an event is an institution that cares for (conserves) a by someone other than an eyewitness, or a collection of artifacts and other objects of textbook author’s artistic, cultural, historical or scientific explanation of an event or theory. importance Historical Society (sometimes also preservation society) is an EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY organization dedicated to preserving, SOURCES collecting, researching and interpreting Bibliographies historical information or items. These annotations do one or more of the following: describe the content and IMPORTANCE OF USING SOURCES focus of the book or article, suggest the Engage students source’s usefulness to your research, Develop critical thinking skills evaluate its method, conclusion, or Construct knowledge reliability and record your reactions to the source. To understand the continuum of Biographical Works. History A biography is a description of a real person’s life, including factual details as well as stories from the person’s life HISTORICAL Literature is an evaluationreport of information foundin the literature related to CRITICISM AND BIAS your selected area of study. Historical criticism, also known as the historical- (Film Review and Book critical method or higher criticism, is a branch of Review) criticism that investigates the origins of ancient texts in order to understand "the world behind C. TERTIARY SOURCES the It provides third-hand information by text". reporting ideas and details from secondary sources. This does not mean Historical-critical methods are the specific that tertiary sources have no value, procedures used to examine the text's historical Ferrer, Lorraine Life D. BSEE 1-B origins, such as/the time, the place in which the as a teacher of history one needs to be extra text was written; its sources; and the events, sensitive to detect bias in the textbook. dates, persons, places, things, and customs that are mentioned or implied in the text DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIASES Gender bias refers to a person receiving TYPES OF HISTORICAL CRITICISM different treatment based on EXTERNAL CRITICISM the person's real or perceived refers to the genuineness of the documents a gender identity. researcher uses in a historical study. It asks if Cultural bias the evidence under consideration is authentic. The researcher checks the genuineness or Is a tendency to interpret a word or action validity of the source. It is what it appears according to culturally derived meaning orclaims to be? It is admissible as evidence. assigned to it. INTERNAL CRITICISM Religious bias refers to the accuracy of the contents of a against individuals on the basis of document. Whereas external criticism has to do religion or belief with the authenticity of a document, internal Racial bias criticism has to do with what the documents is a system of structuring opportunity and says. assigning value based on physical properties such as skin color and hair texture. This HISTORICAL BIAS “system” unfairly disadvantages some individuals and groups and damages their Bias is an inclination of temperament or outlook health and mental health. to present or hold a partial perspective and a refusal to even consider the possible merits of HISTORICAL SOURCES alternative points of view. Merriam Webster: A tendency to believe that Historical source is original source some people, ides etc. are that contain important historical better than others that usually result in treating information. These sources are some people unfairly. something that inform us about history at the most basic level, and People may be biased toward an individual, a these sources used as clues in order race, a religion, a social to study history Historical sources class, or a political party. Biased means one- include documents, artifacts, sided, lacking a neutral viewpoint, not having an archaeological sites, features. open mind. Bias can come in many forms and is often considered to be synonymous with prejudice. No country is free from biases. The TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES biases are seen in behavior, writings and can easily creep into textbooks. All subjects could CHRONICLE carry biased statements; however, the history textbook is generally an easy target for is an account or record ofseries of events means bias to enter. And hence to write about them or show Ferrer, Lorraine Life D. BSEE 1-B them in broadcast in the order in which they happened. MEMOIRS a historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special sources. PROCLAMATION a public official announcement, especially one dealing with a matter of great importance. CARTOONS a simple drawing showing the features of its subjects in a humorously exaggerated way, especially a satirical one in a newspaper or magazine. PAINTINGS a picture created by putting paint on a surface, or the activity or skill of creating pictures by using paint. FILM is also called as movie, motion picture or moving picture, is a visual art-form and usually with sound, that make up a story.