RPH Midterm Reviewer PDF

**Chapter 5 - Colonial Period: Spanish Colonial Rule (1521 - 1898)** Papal Bull "Inter Caetera" - Papal Bull "Inter Caetera" - issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, also known as the "Doctrine of Discovery." It played a central role in the Spanish conquest of the New World (present...

**Chapter 5 - Colonial Period: Spanish Colonial Rule (1521 - 1898)** Papal Bull "Inter Caetera" - Papal Bull "Inter Caetera" - issued by Pope Alexander VI on May 4, 1493, also known as the "Doctrine of Discovery." It played a central role in the Spanish conquest of the New World (present Americas). It assigned Spain the exclusive right to acquire territorial possessions and trade in all lands west of that line. All others were forbidden to approach the lands west of the line without a special license from Spain's rulers. This gave Spain a monopoly on the lands in the New World. - Papal Bull "Inter Caetera" established a demarcation line one hundred leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. - Papal Bull "Inter Caetera" stated that any land inhabited by Cristians was available to be "discovered," claimed, and exploited by Christian rulers and declred that "the Catholic faith and the Christian religion be exalted and be everywhere increased and spread, that the health of souls is cared for and tat barbarous nations be overthrown and brought to the faith itself." Treaty of Tordesillas - Treaty of Tordesillas is an agreement between Spain and Portugal's monarchs to settle conflicts over lands newly discovered and explored by Christopher Columbus and other later 15^th^-century voyagers. This treaty divided the New World by drawing an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. - All lands west of the line were claimed by Spain. Portugal claimed all lands east of the line. - Note: Both countries can conduct their trading activities and other colonizing rights for all newly discovered lands. - This treaty was signed by the respective representatives of the Spanish and Portuguese monarchy, June 7, 1494, at the City of Tordesillas. - Full powers were conferred upon these representatives in special letters, that of the Catholic sovereigns being given on June 5 at Tordesillas, and that King Don Joan of Portugal, on March 8. The former sovereigns, as well as their son Don Juan, signed the treaty in person, at Arevalo, on July 2; the King of Portugal, on September 5, at Setubal - each ratifying it fully. - Within the 10 months immediately following the date of this treaty, in order to ensure that the line is straight and as nearly as possible 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. Their said constituents lord shall dispatch 2 or 4 caravels. These caravels shall meet at the island of Grande Canaria. So that they may jointly study and examine to better advantage the, courses, winds, and the degrees of the sun or of North latitude, and lay out leagues aforesaid, in order that, in determining the line and boundary, all sent and empowered by both the said parties in the said shall hountly concur. Armada de Maluco - Magellan Expedition - Ferdinand Magellan - he led Spain's most significant venture. Outstanding seaman and navigator. He ventured into uncharted waters by sailing not eastwards but westwards to Asia. - 1513 - accompanied by Enrique (Malay slave), whom he acquired in Malacca, he returned to Lisbon, Portugal. He took part in the Portuguese campaign against the Moors in Africa which he was pierced by enemy's lance, which caused him to limp for the rest of his life. - King Manuel rejected/ignored his proposal in navigating the Spice Island via the westward route. - Ruy Faleiro - the only person who believed in Magellan, he is a learned astronomer. - Magellan renounced his Portuguese citizenship and went to Spain. There he met Diego de Barbosa, another Portuguese, and befriended his son Duarte, another navigator, and married his daughter Beatriz. - Through Deigo de Barbosa's influence, he approached the royal court of King Charles I (Charles V). He presented a proposal to find a new route to the Moluccas (Spice Island). He believed that Moluccas lay within Spain's global sphere of influence as defined by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. Magellan used a world map created by Pierre Regnel and letters from Francisco Serrao in the Moluccas to convince the King of Spain's validity and viability claim to the Spice Island.. - The authorization letter was made from the King and Queen of Spain's command by Francisco delos Covos, Secretary of the Queen. The said letter authorizes Ruy de Faleiro and Ferdinand Magellan to do their following expeditions comfortably. The King of Spain gives them the authority to explore every land or sea and exclude those who needed and who want to execute. They were also authorized to be the commander of the said fleet which is in line with the expedition. Magellan completed the preparation of his expedition, which consisted of five ships (Trinidad, Victoria, Concepcion, Santiago, and San Antonio), 270 men Spaniards, and the rest were foreigners. In the expedition were his Malay slave Enrique of Malacca (acting as interpreter), Father Pedro de Velderrama (fleet chaplain), Antonio Pigaffeta (Venetian knight and chronicler of the expedition), Duarte de Barbosa (Magellan's father-in-law). Pigafetta's Primio Viaggio - March 16, 1521 - They came upon Zamal (Samar) - March 18, 1521 - They met locals. Were they became familiar with each other. The people's island called Zuiuan. - Humunu, the Island where they moved after reaching Zamal. Where they found the clearest water which they called "Aquada da li buoni Segnialli (The Watering-place of Good Signs). There are many islands in that district, and they called it The Archipelago of San Lazaro. - They met 2 kings in the island, Raia Colambu and Raia Siaui from their islands Butuan and Calagan. These Kings and their people worshipped nothing and they call their god Abba. - Next they were escorted to Mazaua by the king's people to get food. They remained there for 7 days. - April 7, 1521 - They entered the port of Zubu. - Signio Magno - China - April 14, 1521 - King of Zubu (Raia Humabon) was baptized and 500 men others. He was then called Don Carlo; the prince, Don Fernando; his brother, king of Mazaua, Johanni; a chief, Fernando; and then the Queen who they name Johanna. Etc. - Matan - Chief are Zula and Lapu-Lapu - April 27, 1521 - Saturday, Magellan died. - They kept magellan as memorial. - Johan Serrano - Left in the Island. - September 6, 1522 - Ship Victoria reached Spain. Moluccas Issue - Junta de Bajadoz-Elvas - 1524, organized to solve the issue in Moluccas. - 1525 - Charles V's younger sister Catherine of Austria married John III of Portugal. - 1526 - Charles V married Isabella of Portugal. - April 22, 1529 - Charles V signed the Treaty of Zaragoza for Money for War. - Treaty of Zaragoza - provided antemeridian to the line (Tordesillas). Portugal paid 350, 000 ducats in EXCHANGE for the Moluccas. **Legazpi Expidition** - King Charles I abdicated the spanish throne in 1556, his son, Philip II, became the King of Spain. - King Philip II wrote a letter to Mexican Viceroy Luis de Velasco, ordering him to prepare an expedition for the Philippines conquest and colonization. Viceroy died. Then it was passed to Miguel Lopez de Lagazpi accompanied by Fr. Andres de Urdaneta (chief Pilot), Captain Felipe de Salcedo (Legazpi's grandson), Guido de Lavezaris, Melchor de Legazpi, and five Augustinian Missionaries. - Urdaneta was the one assigned to go back and discover the return route. - 1565 - They arrived in the Philippines - February 13, 1565 - Anchored in Cebu.(did not land) - February 22, 1565 - Welcomed by Chief Urrao in Samar - March 9, 1565 - Landed in Limasawa and Chief Bankaw hospitability. - March - Made a blood compact with Sikatuna and Sigala - April 27, 1565 - Sailed to Cebu, Chief Tupas defied and fight started Cebuanos lose. - Cebu - first spanish settlement named "Villa del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus" - June 4, 1565 - Formed treaty with Rajah Tupas. Cebu was started to be converted. - 1569 - Spaniard transferred to Panay. - 1570 - Legazpi dispatched Martin de Goiti went to Batangas (Luzon) - May 8, 1570 -Goiti arrived in manila bay. Encountered Raja Soliman. - May 24, 1570 - Goiti captured Maynila and Soliman. - May 1571 - Legazpi came to Maynilad. Formed peace with Soliman and Lakan Dula - June 3, 1571 - Bambalito, formed alliance and resisted Spaniard but was killed and failed his plan. - June 24, 1571 - Maynilad as the capital. - June 1, 1574 - King Philip II, named Manila as Insigne y Siempre Leal Cludad. **Spanish Colonial System in the Philippines** - 16^th^ Century - Spain's Siglo de Oro (Golden Century) - Recopilacion de los Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias - enacted colonial laws into convenient code. Composed of numerous decrees and - Royal Ordinance on Pacification - 1573 - Divide and Rule Method - using one group against another in quelling revolt. - Repartamiento System - assigning quotas of exploitable goods, services, and persons. - Reduccion - Barangays place under the bells, where the natives were placed within tolling distance of the parish church bells Indios (baptized), Infieles (Not Baptized) **Political Changes: Centralized gevernment** - 1565 - 1821- spain governed the Philippines through the Viceroy of Spain (indirectly. Governed by Council of Indies. - 1863 - Council of Indies Replaced by Ministry of Oerseas Colonies - Governor-General - Capatain-General headed the executive branch of central government. - Cumplase - governor's right to suspend or veto the operation of a Royal Decree. - Audiencia - 1583, administer justice to the aggrieved people in the colony and was the highest court in so far as civil and criminal cases. Also audited the finances of the Government. - Royal Visitor - came to philippines incognito to check Spanish Official performance. - Alcalde Mayor - headed alcaldia. - Corregimiento - led by Corregidor - Gobernadorcillo (Capitan Municipal) - Heading town and municipality composed barrios. - Cabeza de Barangay - Barrio level official, duty to collect taxes and other contributions. **Union of Church and State** - Religious Orders - Augustinians (1571); Franciscans (1577); Jesuits (1588); Dominicans (1587); Recollects (1606); Benedictines (1895) - Friar Curate - local government census enumerator, the health officer, the inspector of schools, the examiner of pupils who wanted to study in primary school, etc. **Spain's Economic Policy (Encomienda: Royal, Ecclesiastical, and Private** - Encomienda - Spanish who receives favor was called Encomendero. They were given a piece of land and they were allowed to collect taxes and tributes to the people within their premise. - First encomendero was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. It can be held to 2 generations. (Note: Encomendero abused their authorities and maltreated Filipinos) - Three kinds of Encomienda: Royal, belonged to the King; Ecclesiastical, belonged to the Church; Private, belonged to a private individual. - Polo y Servicios - 16-60 years old male work for labor for forty days. - Falla - paid to be exempted in force labor - Tributo (1570) - tribute incash or in kind, in full or on an installment basis to the spanish colonial government. The tribute was a form of recognition of their loyalty to the King of Spain. 17-60 years old have to pay 8 reales. - 1589 - the trivute was raised. - Sanctorum - small portion of tribute given to church. - 1884 - tributo was abolished and cedula personal was introduced. - Cedula Personal - present equivalent of the residence certificate class A. - Other taxes paid by filipinos: **Diezmos Prediales** - tax one tenth of the produced of the land; **Donativo de Zamboanga** - tax for the quest of Jolo; **Vinta** - tax for the defense from muslim raids. - Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade - trade between Philippines and other East countries, and these was shipped by Spanish traders to Acapulco, Mexico, where they commanded high prices. Later commercial restrictions were place on the trade, consisted of 250,000 pesos worth of goods sent to mexico and 500,000 pesos worth of goods sent from Mexico to Manila. This trade is across the Pacific. - 19^th^ Century - The monopolistic galleon trade declined. - **Real Situado** - annual subsidy to save the colonial gevernment in the Philippines. Note: It was not spent on what it should have been spent. - **1821** - Mexico became independent and Mexican Subsidy or Real Situado was stopped. - **Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais** - founded by Governor-General **Jose Basco y Vargas** in **1781**. It was divided into section: factories and manufacturies; industry and popular education; natural history; domestic and foreign commerce; and agriculture and rural economy. - Tobacco Monopoly - one of the issues of monopoly of Governor Basco tabaco farm was abolished in 1881. - **Real Comapania de FIlipinas** - 1785 improve foreign trade of the colony with spain and develop natural resources by encouraging industry, manufacturing, and agriculture. The phobition that Manila could not trade in China and India was lifted. - **1834** - the company was abolished. **The Opening to World Trade** - 1834 - Opening of World Trade - 1856 - 13 foreign firms in manila **The Rise of Banks** - Obras Pias - Banco Espanol-Filipino - Royal Decree Isabel in 1851. **Phillipine Society During Spanish Rule** - Peninsulares - Born in Spain - Insulares - Born in Philippines - Creollos/Creoles - Born in other colonies - Indios: Infieles - live in pueblos; Infieles lives in mountains - Sangleys - Chinese immigrants - Mestizos - mixed-blooded - **Chapter 6 - The Responses of the Filipinos Against Spanish Colonialism** **Early Filipino Rebellions** - Causes of Revolts - Personal led by former political and religious leaders; Resistance to oppressive Spanish-introduced economic as well as religious institutions; Land Problems - Revolts to regain lost Freedom and Happiness - Oppression due to excessive tribute collection, forced labor, and religious persecution. - Aggrarian Disputes - Want to go back in worshipping their ancestral gods. - Moros - remained unconqured and unconverted until the end of Spanish colonization in 1898. - **First Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1589) -** The First Tondo Conspiracy marks a pivotal moment in Philippine history as it was one of the earliest organized efforts by Filipino leaders to resist Spanish colonial rule. This conspiracy was primarily led by prominent Tagalog chiefs, including Magat Salamat and Don Agustin de Legaspi. The conspirators aimed to overthrow the Spanish government and restore autonomy to native rulers. Discontent among the Filipino population had been brewing due to oppressive Spanish policies, including heavy taxation and forced labor. The conspiracy was characterized by secret meetings among Filipino leaders who discussed their grievances against the Spanish authorities. They planned to arm themselves and sought support from foreign powers such as Japan and Brunei. The conspirators intended to launch a coordinated attack against the Spaniards when a foreign fleet arrived at Cavite. However, their plans were thwarted by betrayal from Antonio Surabao, who informed the Spanish authorities about the conspiracy. This betrayal shattered trust among the rebels and led to their downfall. The consequences of the First Tondo Conspiracy were severe. Many leaders faced execution, exile, or heavy fines as punishment for their involvement. Notable figures such as Agustin de Legaspi and Martin Panga were executed by beheading, while others faced various forms of punishment, including confiscation of property and exile to Nueva España (Mexico). The harsh reprisals served as a deterrent against future uprisings and created a climate of fear among the Filipino population. Despite its failure, the memory of this conspiracy would inspire future generations in their struggles for independence. - **Bohol Revolt (1622)** The Bohol Revolt occurred in 1622 when local Filipinos were incited by a divata (spirit) during the feast of St. Xavier to abandon Christianity and revolt against Spanish rule. This spirit promised abundance and protection in exchange for loyalty. As a result, several villages in Bohol rose up against their colonial rulers, with only Loboc and Baclayon remaining loyal to the Spaniards. In response to this uprising, Don Juan de Alcarazo, the alcalde-mayor of Cebu, dispatched troops to quell the rebellion. The Spanish forces faced initial resistance from the rebels but ultimately employed superior weaponry and tactics to suppress the insurrection. The rebels retreated into fortified positions in the mountains but were eventually captured after several confrontations with Spanish troops. Alcarazo's forces executed some captured rebels as a warning to others. The rebellion highlighted the ongoing tensions between native Filipinos and Spanish authorities, driven by religious conversion efforts and colonial oppression. Although initially successful in rallying support, the Bohol Revolt ultimately failed due to military intervention from Spanish forces. - **Leyte Revolt (1622)** In Leyte, another significant revolt erupted in 1622 led by Bancao, a native chief who had previously welcomed Spanish colonizers but later turned against them due to grievances over colonial rule. Bancao was influenced by Pagali, who spread rumors that they could turn Spaniards into stone through incantations. In response to this incitement, Father Melchor de Vera warned local authorities and sent an armada of soldiers to restore order. Despite offers of peace from the Spaniards, the rebels rejected these overtures and fled into the hills. The Spanish forces pursued them relentlessly, employing swords and firearms against those they encountered. The conflict escalated when Spanish troops executed key leaders among the rebels as public warnings against dissent. The brutal suppression of this revolt underscored the lengths to which Spanish authorities would go to maintain control over their colonies. Key Terms "Bato", - **Pampanga and Pangasinan Rebellion (1660-1661)** The Pampanga Rebellion was initiated by local Filipinos known for their military prowess due to extensive training in military arts. Led by Don Francisco Maniago, this rebellion arose from grievances related to forced labor requisitions for shipbuilding and inadequate compensation for rice sold to colonial authorities. The rebellion quickly spread to Pangasinan under Don Juan de Corteroco\'s leadership. The rebels employed guerrilla tactics, including setting fire to forests as part of their resistance strategy. In response, Spanish authorities attempted to quell unrest through military intervention led by Father Fray Pedro Camacho. Despite initial successes on both sides, the rebellion ultimately faced suppression through military action from Spanish reinforcements sent from Manila. This uprising illustrated widespread dissatisfaction with colonial rule among Filipinos and highlighted their willingness to resist oppression. - **Dagohoy's Revolt (1768)** Dagohoy's Revolt began in 1768 as a reaction to personal grievances stemming from actions taken by Father Morales, a Jesuit priest who had previously arrested Dagohoy\'s brother. When Dagohoy\'s brother was left unburied after his death, Dagohoy rallied approximately 3,000 followers from his district in Bohol to join him in rebellion against Spanish authority. Establishing a stronghold in the mountains, Dagohoy\'s forces engaged in guerrilla warfare against colonial troops while highlighting injustices inflicted upon them by Spaniards. Efforts made by Bishop Espeleta of Cebu to negotiate peace with insurgents were unsuccessful; however, Recollect missionaries (Fray Pedro de Santa Barbara) later attempted reconciliation with partial success. Dagohoy's Revolt became one of the longest-lasting uprisings against Spanish rule in Philippine history, demonstrating both resilience among Filipinos and deep-seated discontent with colonial governance. **Failure of the Rebellions** - No lingua franca - Spanish friars afraid that Filipinos knew the Castillan Laguage and became better, so they don't teach them. - Divide and Rule - encoiraged tribal enmity, section jealousy, and clan hostility. - Kapampangans aided spaniards in putting down the Tagalog uprising. And when Kapampangans rose rebellion the tagalog did the same. - Superior Military Technology and Strategy by the Spaniards. - Co-optation of Filipino chiefly classes with the Spanish Church **Beginnings of Filipino Nationalism and the Campaign for Reforms (1882-1892)** - Ilustrados - educated natives and began calling themselves Filipino in 1889. Factors that gave rise to Filipino Nationalism: 1. **The Philippines in World Commerce and Opening of the Seuz Canal** - Europeans Laissez Faire- Let Alone Policy; Its **commercial** and **trading ventures** caugth the Spanish King's interest. - Laissez Faire Policy - gave private individuals and firms full freedom to engage in economic activities without government interference. - 1859 - increased to 15 firms - Seuz Canal - 1869, shorter route and travel time between Spain and Philippines. - Exiled Creoles from Mexico - many transferred to Philippines; their ideas advocated freedom and liberties. 2. **Rise of the Clase Media** - **Inquilinos -** tenants in the haciendas accumulated wealth. They pushed the Indios' idea as Filipino with equal right as the country's spaniards. 3. **European Liberalism** - Made the new middle class aware of the Spanish authorities' repressive policy, making themselves more outspoken on the excesses of the friars and government officials.s 4. **Administration of Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre** - He abolished the press's censorship and flogging as a punishment. He also solved the agrarian unrest in Cavite. 5. **Real Discrimination** - Spanish colonizers' preconceived notion that natives could not rise beyond their limited intelligence instigated the enlightened Filipinos' struggle for equality. 6. **Secularization Controversy** - this started when the seculars asked for their right to adminuster the parishes. - Friar Curates - Regular Priests. - Aimed to transfer the control of parishes from Spanish friars to Filipino secular priests. Tension arose between regular clergy (friars) and secular clergy (native priests) regarding parish administration. - Filipino priests like Father Pedro Peláez and Father José Burgos became prominent figures advocating for secularisation. - The secularisation controversy exposed the racial and colonial inequalities. 7. **Cavite Mutiny and Execution of Gomburza** - Cavite Mutiny (January 20, 1872) is a brief uprising of Filipino soldiers and workers at the Cavite Arsenal, protesting unfair taxes and forced labor imposed by Spanish authorities. - La Madrid - led mutineer he's a military sergeant. - Fathers Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, prominent Filipino priests advocating for the rights of Filipino clergy (secularization), were accused of instigating the mutiny due to their influence on nationalist ideas. - February 17, 1872 - GOMBURZA were unjustly tried and convicted of treason and sedition, leading to their public execution by garrote in Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park). **Campaign For Reforms (1888-1892)** - Propaganda Movement - 1882, aims peaceful assimilation referring to the transition of the Philippines from being a colony to a province of Spain. - The important Filipino reformists were José Rizal (great thinker and writer), Marcelo H. del Pilar (political analyst and journalist), Graciano López Jaena (great orator). - Graciano Lopez Jaena - (1856-1896) wrote a long story about a friar named Fray Botod, greedy, immoral, and cruel. First editor of newspaper La Solidaridad (Solidarity) (1889); Wrote Fray Botod (1874), - Marcelo H. del Pilar - wrote in the language of masses. Second editor of La Solidaridad. Dasalan at Tocsohan (1888) - Jose Rizal - He attacked the civil and ecclesiastical authorities in the Philippines, they arrested him. - La Liga Filipina - July 3, 1892, a patriotic society suspended of uniting and preparing the people for revolution. Founded by Jose Rizal. Executed at Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896. **Why did the Reform Movement fail?** - Lack of Unity Among Reformists - Limited Support and Funding - Friars had more influence and Support in Spain - High Official in Spain is too Busy with their own problems to the reformists' cellective voice. **Katipunan** - Andres Bonifacio formed an organization and ready for revolution, it was called Katipunan (1892). - Organized a society called Kataastasan Kagalanggalangang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) at Azcarraga Street, Manila (Claro M. Recto Ave.) - Primary objective: Civic, Political, Moral - Civic - Self-help defense of the weak and poor - Political - Separate Philippines fro Spain, to ensure colony's independence - Moral - teaching of good manners, hygiene, and good moral character - Government Bodies: Kataastaasang Sanggunian or Supreme Council -- Highest Council of the Nation; Sangguniang Bayan or provincial council- Council or the legislative body of the Municipality; Sangguniang Balangay or popular council- Council or the legislative body of the Barangay or was known as Balanga; Judicial council or Sangguniang Hukuman which passed the judgement on the members who violated the society's rules. - Members of the Katipunan used a ritual called \"Sandugo\" (blood compact) to symbolize their friendship and brotherhood (kapatiran) - Triangle Method - to minimize danger of discovery. - Three Grades of Katipunan Movement 1. Katipon (Member) Outfit: Black hood with a triangle of white ribbons; inside the triangle are the letters Z. L. L. B. Password: Anak ng Bayan (Child of the Nation) Monthly Dues: One real fuerte (old money), or 12.5 centavos, or 20 cuartos Promotion: Promoted to Kawal after recruiting several new members. 2\. Kawal (Soldier) Outfit: Green hood with a triangle of white lines; at the three angles are the letters Z. L. L. B. A green ribbon with a medal (letter K in ancient Tagalog script) is suspended from the neck. Password: Gom-Bur-Za (a reference to three Filipino priests executed by the Spanish) Monthly Dues: Twenty centavos Promotion: Promoted to Bayani upon becoming an officer. 3\. Bayani (Patriot) Outfit: Red mask with a white triangle; inside the triangle is an unspecified symbol. A red sash with green borders. Password: Rizal (referencing José Rizal, a prominent Filipino nationalist) Monthly Dues: Two real fuertes (old money), or 25 centavos, or 40 cuartos - Supremo or Presidents 1. Deodato Arellano- first President 2. Roman Basa- 1893 3. Andres Bonifacio- 1895 until the establishment of a revolutionary government in Tejeros, Cavite. - Katungkulang Gawain ng mga Anak ng Bayan - commandments made by Bonifacio - Kartilya - wrote by Emilio Jacinto, consisted of thirteen teachings. - Printing Press - quickly propagate - Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo - gave the Katipunan money to purchase printing press. - Kalayaan - name of their newspaper. Yokohama (Publication) Marcelo H. del Pilar (editor) Name used in the Newspaper - Pingkian and Dimas-Ilaw - Jacinto - Agapito Baumbayan - Bonifacio - Madlang-Away - Pio Valenzuela **The Outbreak of the 1896 Phil. Revolution: First Phase** - On August 19, 1896, with the discovery of the existence of Katipunan by the Spaniards, members in Manila, Cavite, Rizal, Batangas, Bulacan, Bataan, Laguna, Pampanga, ang Nueva Ecija rose in arms against the Spanish authorities. The Philippine revolution was considered as the first nationalist revolution in Asia. - In the presence of Katipuneros, andres Bonifacio tore his cedula as an act of defiance and independence from Spanish authorities. This historical event was officially known as the "Cry of Pugadlawin." - August 29-30, 1896 - simultaneous uprising began in towns surrounding Manila and in the province of Cavite. - Bonifacio's assault against a Spanish powder magazine at San Juan del Monte failed. - August 30, 1896 - Provinces in a state of war and martial law. - By August 31, 1896, while Bonifacio was regrouping in Marikina, Emilio Aguinaldo defeated a local Spanish Garrison at Kawit, Cavite. - Bonifacio reorganized his forces at foothills east of Manila. - Mariano Lanera attacked Spanish outposts, Nueva Ecija. - Forces of Aguinaldo expand, Cavite - Battle of Imus - Bonifacio suffered another defeat, and was almost killed. - Eventual showdown in Tejeros Convention. - Cavite was considered as a major front of operations. - November 8, 1896, Cavite El Viejo\'s towns, Bacoor, Noveleta was bombarded. - General Diego de Los Rios. - Col. Jose Marina advanced to Binakayan. - Spanish column in Cavite El Viejo was pushd back to Caridad\'s town (starting point) - December 30, 1896 - Execution of Rizal. This would further fan the flames of unrest. ○ Meanwhile, tension arose between Magdalo and Magdiwang. Bonifacio withdrew - from Manila. - March 22, 1897- Tejeros Convention happened. ○ Aguinaldo (President), Bonifacio (Minister of the Interior). ○ Aguinaldo was provoked by Daniel Tirona. ○ Bonifacio called the convention. The assembly was disorderly and tarnished by chicanery. - Bonifacio was sentenced to death at Maragondon, Cavite on May 10, 1897. - Defeat of Revolutionary forces on several fronts led them to retreat in Biak-na-Bato. - Gregoria de Jesus\' letter to Emilio Jacinto\'. - December 17, 1897- Pact of Biyak-na-Bato. - Truce of Spanish authorities led by Governor-General Primo de Rivera and Filipino revolutionaries represented by Pedro Paterno. - Payment of 800,000 pesos in three installments, and 900,000 pesos as indemnity in exchange of Aguinaldo\'s voluntary exile. - December 23, 1897- Aguinaldo began travelling to Calumpit, Bulacan. - December 27, 1897- Reached port of Sual in Pangasinan. - December 31, 1897- Arrived at Hong Kong **Second Phase** - April 21, 1898- American Consul-General E. Spencer Pratt met with Emilio Aguinaldo in Singapore. - Pratt cabled Commodore George Dewey in Hong Kong, arranged for Aguinaldo\'s return. - May 17, 1898- Aguinaldo sailed from Hong Kong to the Philippines on board the USS McCulloch. - May 19, 1898 - Arrived at the Philippines - April 27, 1898 - US Asiatic Squadron by Commodore Dewey sailed from Mirs Bay to launch an attack against the Spanish fleet. - May 1,1898- Dewey entered Manila Bay (5:15 am), Spanish fleet admiral Patricio - Montojo lay anchor near Sangley point, Cavite. - The Spanish navy in Cavite outnumbered the American fleet. - At 5:41 am Us took the offensive, and sank 8 Spanish ships. - At 12:40 pm, Spanish fleet\'s destruction completed **Mock Battle of Manila** - August 13, 1898- Mock battle was staged. - Battle began at 9:45 am - American cruiser Olympia, gunboat Petrel commenced attack at Fort Santiago. - Dewey ordered Manila to spare Manila any serious damage. - Filipino forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo were barred from entering Intramuros. - Brigadier General Francis Vinton Greene entered Malate. White flag was raised by the Spaniards. - General Wesley Meditt met with Spanish Governor-General Fermin Jaudenes. - Filipinos\' fears and suspicions proved to be true. - American took over as the new colonial master