History and Development of Historical Texts PDF

### **History and Development of Historical Texts** - Historical texts are crucial for preserving, interpreting, and transmitting knowledge about the past. - They have evolved significantly over millennia, influenced by various factors. ### **History of the Philippines** - **Signif...

### **History and Development of Historical Texts** - Historical texts are crucial for preserving, interpreting, and transmitting knowledge about the past. - They have evolved significantly over millennia, influenced by various factors. ### **History of the Philippines** - **Significance**: Understanding the history of the Philippines fosters love for the country and helps comprehend its society. - **Colonization**: The Philippines was controlled by foreign colonizers for almost 400 years. During this period, Filipinos were taught the history of their colonizers, not their own. ### **Theories on the Origin of the Philippines** 1. **Land Bridge Theory**: - Suggests that the Philippines was once part of mainland Asia, connected by land bridges to China, Indonesia, and Australia. - These land bridges were submerged by rising sea levels after the ice age, forming the Philippine archipelago. 2. **Lost Continent Theory**: - Proposes that the Philippines and Indonesia are remnants of a lost Pacific continent called Mu or Lemuria. - This theory, linked to the biblical story of Noah\'s Ark and the legend of Atlantis, is considered a myth by modern geologists. 3. **Volcanic Theory**: - Supported by post-war geologists like Dr. Brailey Willis and Dr. Fritjoh Voss. - Argues that the Philippines emerged from the bottom of the ocean due to volcanic eruptions. - Contradicts the Land Bridge Theory by stating that the earth\'s crust of China and the Philippines are not connected. ### **The Filipino Race** According to Otley H. Beyer, a well-known American anthropologist, Filipinos are predominantly Asian in race. Their racial mixture is as follows: - **Malay**: 40% - **Indonesian**: 30% - **Negrito**: 10% - **Chinese**: 10% - **Indian**: 8% - **American**: 3% - **Arab**: 2% ### **Peopling of the Philippines** #### **Early Human Migration Theories** - **H. Otley Beyer\'s Wave Migration Theory**: One of the earliest and most widely known theories about how humans first came to the Philippines. - **Debates on Origins**: Disagreements about whether the first humans arrived from the south (Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei) or the north (Yunnan via Taiwan - Austronesian theory). #### **H. Otley Beyer\'s Contributions** - **Anthropology Expertise**: Founder of the Anthropology Department at the University of the Philippines and a significant figure in Philippine prehistory studies. - **Influence**: Shaped the first generation of Filipino historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, paleontologists, and geologists. #### **Waves of Migration** 1. **Dawn Man**: - Similar to Java Man, Peking Man, and other Asian Homo erectus from 250,000 years ago. 2. **Negritos**: - Aboriginal pygmy group arriving 25,000-30,000 years ago via land bridges. 3. **Indonesian Group**: - Seafaring tool-users arriving 5,000-6,000 years ago, first to reach the Philippines by sea. 4. **Malays**: - More civilized seafaring group bringing Iron Age culture, dominant pre-Hispanic cultural group in the Philippines. ### **Critique of H. Otley Beyer\'s Migration Theory** - **Lack of Evidence**: No definite archaeological or historical evidence supports Beyer\'s migration theory. - **Key Issues**: - Relied on 19th-century theories of progressive evolution and migratory diffusion, which are now considered simplistic and unreliable. - His reliance on incomplete archaeological findings and conjecture. - Claims about Malays as original settlers of lowland regions and cultural transmitters are now untenable. - No evidence supports his \"Dawn Man\" hypothesis. - Modern bathymetric soundings indicate no land bridge to Sundaland, although most of the islands were connected and could be accessed across the Mindoro Strait and Sibutu Passage. ### **Modern Views on Beyer\'s Theory** - **William Scott (1994)**: Concluded that no anthropologist accepts Beyer\'s Wave Migration Theory today. - **Fritjof Voss *(*** *German scientist who has studied the Philippines)*: Suggested that the Philippines have risen over geologic history, opposing the land bridge theory*. (has even argued that the present soundings are probably a generous overestimate of the earlier situation, as the Philippines have steadily risen over known geologic history.)* ### **Core Population Theory by Felipe Landa Jocano** - **Less Rigid Approach**: Proposes that there weren\'t clear waves of migration but rather a gradual differentiation of the same ethnic group due to environmental factors. *(This theory holds that there weren\'t clear discrete waves of migration. Instead it suggests early inhabitants of Southeast Asia were of the same ethnic group with similar culture, but through a gradual process over time driven by environmental factors, differentiated themselves from one another.)* - **Fossil Evidence**: Indicates early inhabitants migrated to the Philippines, New Guinea, Borneo, and Australia. - **Prehistoric Settlement**: - 1962: Discovery of human *(a skull cap and a portion of a jaw)* remains in Tabon Cave, Palawan, dating back \~22,000 years. - The nearby charcoals from cooking fires have been dated to c. 22,000 years ago. While Palawan was connected directly to Sundaland during the last ice age (and separated from the rest of the Philippines by the Mindoro Strait), Callao Man\'s still-older remains (c. 67,000 B.P.) were discovered in northern Luzon. ### ### ### **Jocano\'s Conclusions** - **Cultural Evolution**: Filipinos are products of long-term cultural evolution and movement of people, similar to Indonesians and Malays of malaysia. - **No Dominance**: No single group (Malays, Indonesians, Filipinos) is culturally or genetically dominant. - **Same Population**: Ancient Southeast Asians were of the same population with human evolution occurring \~1.9 million years ago in the region. - **Fossil Evidence**:The claimed evidence for this is fossil material found in different parts of the region and the movements of other people from the Asian mainland during historic times. - He states that these ancient men cannot be categorized under any of the historically identified ethnic groups (Malays, Indonesians, and Filipinos) of today. ### **Additional Anthropologists\' Views** - **Support for Jocano**: Robert Bradford Fox, Alfredo E. Evangelista, Jesus Peralta, Zeus A. Salazar, and Ponciano L. Bennagen agreed with jocano. - **Support for Beyer**: Some still preferred Beyer\'s theory, including E. Arsenio Manuel. ### **Importance of Historical Texts** - **Primary Sources**: Offer firsthand accounts, narratives, and documentation of events, people, and civilizations, providing direct insights into historical contexts, beliefs, and experiences. - **Scholarly Interpretation**: Undergo analysis by historians to extract meaning, context, and nuances, contributing to historical understanding. - **Reflection of Ideologies**: Reflect the ideologies, biases, perspectives, and social contexts of their time they were created, providing insights into past values, norms, and worldviews of past societies. ### **Notable Historical Texts from various periods and regions** 1. **Herodotus\' \"Histories\" (5th century BC)**: - One of the earliest works of history - Explores the Greco-Persian Wars. - Offers insights into ancient cultures, geography, and customs. 2. **Thucydides\' \"History of the Peloponnesian War\" (5th century BC)**: - Pioneering text in critical analysis and political history. - Examines the causes and consequences of the Peloponnesian War. 3. **Livy\'s \"History of Rome\" (1st century BC - 1st century AD)**: - Covers the history of Rome, focusing on its legendary foundation and early years. - Shaping Roman historical narratives 4. **Tacitus\' \"Annals\" and \"Histories\" (1st-2nd century AD)**: - His writings Offers insights into Roman political intrigue, the Julio-Claudian and Flavian periods. - the decline of the Roman Republic. 5. **Bede\'s \"Ecclesiastical History of the English People\" (8th century AD)**: - His works Comprehensive history of England, focusing on the early Anglo-Saxon period and the spread of Christianity. 6. **Ibn Khaldun\'s \"Muqaddimah\" (14th century AD)**: - His work is pioneering text in historiography - Discusses the philosophy of history, social dynamics, and the rise and fall of civilizations. 7. **Marco Polo\'s \"The Travels of Marco Polo\" (13th-14th century AD)**: - HIs travelogue provided europeans with - Detailed descriptions of Asia, including the Mongol Empire, influencing European perceptions of the east. 8. **Michel de Montaigne\'s \"Essays\" (16th century AD)**: - While not conventional history text - Montaigne's essays Addresses historical, cultural, and philosophical topics, Influencing historical thought 9. **Edward Gibbon\'s \"The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire\" (18th century AD)**: - Explores the fall of the Roman Empire, emphasizing religious conflicts and societal decline. 10. **Leopold von Ranke\'s \"Histories of the Latin and Germanic Nations\" (19th century AD)**: - Often regarded as the father of modern historical methods - Emphasized the use of primary sources and objectivity in historical research. ### **Summary** These historical texts represent a diverse range of perspectives, methodologies, and themes, shaping the foundations of historical writing and providing valuable insights into different periods and civilizations. ### **Important Historical Texts About the Philippines** These notable texts offer various perspectives on Philippine history, covering pre-colonial societies, colonial influences, nationalist movements, and cultural developments. They provide valuable insights into the rich and diverse history of the Philippines. **\"History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos\" by Luis H. Francia** - Overview of Philippine history, exploring pre-colonial roots, colonial periods under Spanish and American rule, and the struggles for independence and nation-building. **\"Philippine Society and Revolution\" by Amado Guerrero (Jose Maria Sison)** - Influential text that Delves into the socio-political landscape of ph, examining historical forces and class struggles shaping Philippine society and the revolutionary movement. **\"The Philippines: A Past Revisited\" by Renato Constantino** - Critical analysis of Philippine history, focusing on colonialism, imperialism, and socio-political structures under Spanish and American rule. **\"Rizal Without the Overcoat\" by Ambeth R. Ocampo** - Collection of essays re-examining aspects of national hero Jose Rizal\'s life, - Exploring lesser-known facets and providing fresh perspectives on Rizal's contributions and impact. **\"Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society\" by William Henry Scott** - Focuses on pre-colonial history, examining society, culture, and trade during the 16th century. **\"History of the Filipino People\" by Teodoro A. Agoncillo and Oscar M. Alfonso** - Comprehensive history book covering various periods in Philippine history, from pre-colonial times to the modern era, emphasizing Filipino perspectives and nationalist movements. ### **Discovery of the Philippines** - **Pre-European Inhabitants**: The Philippines was already inhabited by various indigenous peoples long before Europeans arrived. - The "discovery\" of the Philippines by the western world is commonly attributed to the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan - There were also Asian traders interacting with the archipelago for centuries. - **Ferdinand Magellan (1521)**: - Portuguese explorer sailing under the Spanish flag. - Reached the Philippines during his expedition to find a westward route to the Spice Islands (Moluccas). - Landed on Homonhon Island (now part of Samar) and later made contact with Rajah Humabon of Cebu. - Magellan\'s arrival marked the first documented European expedition to reach the archipelago. - Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521, after getting involved in local conflicts. - **First Circumnavigation**: Despite Magellan\'s death, his expedition, led by Juan Sebastián Elcano, completed the first successful circumnavigation of the globe in 1522. - **Spanish Colonization**: - Miguel López de Legazpi\'s arrival in 1565 marked the start of Spanish rule. - Over 300 years of Spanish colonization followed, deeply influencing Philippine history, culture, society, and governance. ### **Issues in the Discovery of the Philippines** #### **Concept of \"Discovery\"** - Implies the lands were unknown or non-existent before European arrival, ignoring the existence of indigenous peoples and thrived for centuries before the magellan arrived. - The emphasis on European discovery overlooks rich histories, diverse cultures, and complex societies of the indigenous people who inhabited the islands long before European arrival. #### **Impact of European Discovery** - Led to colonization, exploitation, and imposition of Western influence on indigenous cultures. - Resulted in cultural assimilation, religious conversion, and socio-economic changes that profoundly affected Filipino society. #### **Eurocentric Narrative** - Terms like \"discovery\" reflect a Eurocentric narrative, disregards indigenous people's perspectives and agency. - Scholars advocate using \"encounter\" or \"contact\" to better represent mutual interactions. #### **Consequences of European Discovery** - Laid the groundwork for centuries of colonial rule, exploitation and imposition of foreign systems and ideologies. - Effects of colonialism are still evident in Philippine society today. ### **Conclusion** Understanding these issues is crucial for appreciating the indigenous perspectives, cultural richness, and complex interactions that have shaped Philippine history. ### **Antonio Pigafetta: First Voyage Around the World** - **Who**: Antonio Pigafetta, an Italian chronicler and explorer. - **Born**: Around 1491 in Vicenza, Italy. - **Role**: Joined Ferdinand Magellan\'s expedition in 1519 as both a chronicler and participant. - **Known**: for his written account of Ferdinand Magellan\'s expeditions, which aimed to circumnavigate the globe. #### **Significance** - **Expedition**: Aimed to find a westward route to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) by sailing around the world circumnavigating the globe. - **Documentation**: Pigafetta meticulously recorded geographical details, events, encounters with indigenous peoples, and various aspects of the journey. - **Contribution**: His journals provided invaluable details about the cultures, flora, fauna, and geographic features encountered during the expedition. #### **Key Work** - **\"Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo\" (Account of the First Journey Around the World)**: - Detailed the expedition\'s experiences. - One of the primary sources of information about Magellan\'s voyage. #### **Developments and Discoveries** - Magellan\'s navigation brought development in geography, cartography, navigation, and trade. - Pigafetta\'s book enlightened issues like the shape of the world and new routes, including the east-west direction to the Far East. #### **Significance to Filipinos** - Pigafetta\'s accounts proved that the indigenous peoples of the Philippines were civilized and enjoyed freedom. - They had their own technology for food production and navigation. - The islands were rich in gold, minerals, crops, and spices. - Natives had unique ways of respecting the dead and were skilled in playing the violin (with copper strings). - They were freedom-loving people, as evidenced by the Battle of Mactan, which delayed Spanish colonization for 40 years. #### **Global Perspective** - Pigafetta\'s book opened a wider venue for discovering other countries aside from the Philippines. - It provided new perspectives on the other side of the world. ### **Juan de Plasencia: Customs of the Tagalogs** #### **Who Was He?** - **Name**: Juan de Plasencia (Fray Juan de Plasencia) - **Role**: Spanish Franciscan missionary and significant figure in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. #### **Contributions** - **Evangelization**: Part of the late 16th-century Franciscan missionary efforts to spread Christianity in the archipelago. - **Mission Establishment**: Played a key role in founding Franciscan missions, especially around Manila. - **\"Ordenanzas de Buen Gobierno\"Ordinances for Good Governance (1589)**: Helped draft laws to regulate Spanish officials\' behavior and promote justice for the indigenous population. #### **Research and Documentation** - **Customs and Traditions**: Conducted extensive research on the customs, traditions, beliefs, and practices of indigenous peoples of the philippines. - **Integration**: Aimed to understand and integrate these cultural elements into the evangelization process. - **Writings**: Provided valuable insights into the cultural heritage,traditions and societal structures of indigenous Filipino communities during the early spanish colonial period. #### **Legacy** - **Cultural Preservation**: His efforts in evangelization, linguistic studies, cultural understanding, and advocacy for indigenous rights left a significantly impacted the preservation of indigenous culture during early Spanish colonization. ### **Cultural Encounters During Spanish Colonization** #### **Spanish Arrival** - The Spaniards were surprised by the significant cultural differences between the Iberian Peninsula and the Philippines. - These led to metamorphoses, misconceptions arise which later on creates a division, labeling, and discrimination towards the natives. - The Spaniards did not realize the essence of cultural relativism and tolerance however; despite of these misconceptions, - Fr. Gaspar de San Agustin, OSA admitted that the Indios of this island was far better than the other Indios of America. #### **Tagalog Practices and Laws** - Demonstrated a degree of civilization before Spanish colonization. - **Social Structure**: Had clear social hierarchy and organization. - **Political Organization**: Well-defined political systems. - **Religious Beliefs**: Established religious practices and ways of honoring the dead. #### **Impact of Colonization** - The rich native culture was affected by enforced assimilation and adaptation in the Tagalog region. - Despite colonization, people in the Cordillera, Sierra Madre, and Mindanao regions preserved some cultural practices, which are still practiced and enjoyed by the youth today. ### **Emilio Jacinto: Kartilya ng Katipunan** #### **Early Life and Education** - **Born**: December 15, 1875, in Trozo, Manila. - **Background**: Son of a farmer, educated in Manila with a strong intellect in history, literature, and philosophy. #### **Role in the Katipunan** - **Joined**: Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society, at a young age. - **Influence**: Known as the \"Brains of the Katipunan\" for his strategic thinking, writing and ideological contributions. #### **Key Contributions** - **Kartilya ng Katipunan**: Authored this document outlining the principles, aims, and moral teachings of the revolutionary organization. - **Advocacy**: Emphasized rights and equality of Filipinos, the importance of education, freedom, and social justice. #### **Leadership and Military Involvement** - **Positions**: Held significant leadership roles within the Katipunan. - **Military Engagements**: Actively participated in battles against Spanish forces. - **Adviser and strategist**: Provided guidance to other revolutionaries, including leader Andrés Bonifacio. #### **Death and Legacy** - **Died**: April 16, 1899, from battle wounds during the Philippine-American War, at around 23 or 24 years old. - **Remembered For**: Commitment to Philippine independence, intellectual contributions, and idealism. - **Impact**: Celebrated for his writings, principles, and dedication to the Philippine Revolution, remaining an iconic figure in the fight against colonial oppression. ### **Kartilya ng Katipunan** The **Kartilya ng Katipunan** is a set of principles designed to guide individuals on how to live their lives fully through good values. This code was created to transform unacceptable behaviors of Filipinos. The Katipunan was more than just an organization fighting for freedom; it was built on the ideological and political foundations laid by men and women who sacrificed for their love of country and people. #### **Key Points** - **Purpose**: To change the thoughts and behaviors of Filipinos by promoting good values. - **Influence**: Similar to José Rizal\'s push for critical thinking and understanding among Filipinos. - **Oath**: Every member of the Katipunan (Katipunero) took an oath to follow these principles, demonstrating their commitment to change. ### **Reflections on the Kartilya ng Katipunan** #### **Overview** - The Kartilya ng Katipunan consists of thirteen lessons guiding Katipuneros in living with morals and good values. - It serves as a code of conduct, showing how to be a true Filipino in words and actions. - Each lesson addresses different aspects of life, aiming for a meaningful existence for every Filipino. #### **Key Lessons** 1. **Purpose of Life**: - Importance of living with a purpose. - \"A Katipunero who does not have a purpose lives a useless life.\" - It defines what life - Life is a gift given to everyone that must be treasured by making it meaningful through setting up goals and achieving it no matter how hard it is. 2. **Doing What is Right**: - Actions should not be for fame but done with humility. - \"A deed carried out for the sake of fame is not worthy of praise.\" 3. **True Kindness**: - Helping others without expecting anything in return. - \"True act of kindness for a Katipunero is in the love and service he renders to other people.\" 4. **Equality**: - \"Every Katipuneros are treated equally no matter what race or educational background he has.\" - Status and Identity will never be the reason for unequal treatment of people. - Whether they are Filipinos or not, rich or poor, men or women, and white or black, nobody deserves to be discriminated. 5. **Honor**: - Valuing honor above personal interests. - \"A true Katipunero values Honor more than his personal interests.\" 6. **Integrity**: - Fulfilling promises and being true to one\'s word. - D oing the \"walk the talk\" concept or putting into action the words that has been promised. - \"A Katipunero who has a sense of shame must be a man of his own word.\" 7. **Time Management**: - Importance of time and using it wisely. - \"A Katipunero must give importance to time. For the Katipunan, a time lost will never be back.\" 8. **Fighting for Justice**: - Tells everyone to fight for what is right and fight with the persons who is at the right side. - \"A Katipunero must protect the weak and fight for those who oppress the weak.\" 9. **Trustworthiness**: - Keeping confidential matters secret to maintain trust. - \"A Katipunero is careful with what he says and keeps the things that must be kept secret.\" 10. **Leadership**: - Leading one\'s family towards the right path. - \"A Katipunero must lead his family to the right path.\" 11. **Respect for Women**: - Treating women with respect and dignity. - \"A Katipunero must give importance to woman.\" - He must not see her as an object, nor pat time - That whenever a Katipunero sees a woman, he will remember his mother who nurtured him. 12. **Golden Rule**: - Treating others as one would want to be treated. - \"A Katipunero must not do the things that he does not want to be done by him.\" 13. **Character**: - Life is measured by character and love for the native land, not by status or possessions. - \"A Katipunero\'s life is not measured by his status in life nor by the things he possesses, but by his character and his love for the native land.\" #### **Conclusion** - The Kartilya ng Katipunan highlights the author\'s hope and belief that every sacrifice made by a Katipunero will always be worth it. - It provides a framework for living a meaningful and principled life. ### **1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence** #### **Overview** - The Declaration of Philippine Independence marked the formal proclamation of independence from Spanish colonial rule. - Date: June 12, 1898 - Key Leader: Emilio Aguinaldo #### **Context** - Part of the ongoing Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule, led by groups such as the Katipunan. - Proclaimed at Aguinaldo\'s residence in Kawit, Cavite. #### **Key Events** - **Proclamation**: Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines an independent and sovereign nation. - **Reading**: Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read the declaration. - **Symbols**: The Philippine flag was waved, and the national anthem \"Lupang Hinirang\" was played. #### **Significance** - Asserted the sovereignty and independence of the Philippines from Spanish rule. - Aimed for the country\'s self-determination and separation from Spain. - The Declaration of Philippine Independence is a symbol of the Filipino people\'s aspirations for self-rule and freedom.. - **Independence Day**: June 12 is celebrated annually as a national holiday commemorating this event. #### **Challenges** - Faced issues in gaining immediate international recognition due to the Spanish-American War and the Treaty of Paris, which transferred control from Spain to the United States later that year. ### **The Malolos Constitution** #### **Overview** - **Also Known As**: Constitution of the First Philippine Republic - **Purpose**: Foundational law of the Philippines during its early independence from Spanish rule. - **Drafted and promulgate By**: Revolutionary leaders of the Malolos Congress during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. #### **Key Events** - **Drafting Period**: September 15, 1898 -- February 2, 1899 - **Location**: Malolos, Bulacan #### **Key Principles** - **Democracy**: Embodied democratic principles with separation of powers among executive, legislative, and judicial branches. - **Bill of Rights**: Guaranteed fundamental freedoms and rights for Filipino citizens. - **Education**: Emphasized its importance and declared Tagalog as the official language, though the constitution was written in Spanish. #### **Structure** - **Composition**: Ninety-three articles divided into fourteen titles, with eight additional transitory provisions and a final article. #### **Significance** - **Historical Importance**: One of the earliest republican constitutions in Asia, symbolizing the aspirations for self-governance and independence. - **Legacy**: Represents early attempts at nation-building and democratic government establishment, reflecting the desire for democracy, freedom, and self-determination after centuries of Spanish colonial rule. ### **The First Philippine Republic** #### **Overview** - **Established**: January 21, 1899, with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution in Malolos, Bulacan. - **First President**: Emilio Aguinaldo. #### **Key Points** - **Presidency Requirements (1987 Constitution)**: - Head of state and government. - Commander-in-chief of the armed forces. - Directly elected for a six-year term. - Must be a natural-born citizen, registered voter, literate, at least forty years old on election day, and resident for ten years prior. - Vice President assumes office upon the President\'s death, disability, resignation, or removal. - **Significance**: - The Malolos Republic was a revolutionary government aiming for Philippine independence. - Emilio Aguinaldo was the inaugural president following the ratification of the Malolos Constitution. - **End of the First Republic**: - Ended with Emilio Aguinaldo\'s capture by American forces on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela. - The American colonization of the Philippines led to the abolition of the First Republic and the establishment of American governance. - **Challenges**: - Faced internal and external challenges, including the Philippine-American War and subsequent American colonization. ### **1986 EDSA People Power Revolution** #### **Overview** - **Duration**: February 22-25, 1986 - **Nature**: Non-violent mass demonstrations - **Outcome**: Toppled the Marcos dictatorship and installed Corazon Aquino as president #### **Context** - **Ferdinand Marcos**: President since 1965, declared martial law in 1972, leading to extensive control, human rights abuses, corruption, and economic problems. - **Assassination of Ninoy Aquino (1983)**: Sparked public outrage and calls for change. #### **Key Events** - **Fraudulent Elections (February 1986)**: Marcos declared the winner amidst widespread cheating allegations. - **Opposition**: Led by Corazon Aquino, with support from Cardinal Jaime Sin, General Fidel V. Ramos, and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile. - **Mass Protests**: Hundreds of thousands of Filipinos gathered along EDSA in Manila in peaceful protest. #### **Resolution** - **Marcos Flees**: Facing pressure and international condemnation, Marcos fled to the asylum in the United States on February 25, 1986. - **Corazon Aquino**: Inaugurated as the new president, marking the restoration of democracy. #### **Significance** - **National Holiday**: Celebrated annually as \"EDSA People Power Revolution.\" - **Symbolism**: Represents the power of a united citizenry in effecting peaceful change and restoring democracy, inspiring democratic movements worldwide. ### **Corazon C. Aquino: The First Woman Philippine President** #### **Early Life** - **Corazon Cojuangco Aquino or Cory Aquino** - **Born**: January 25, 1933, into the influential Cojuangco family in Tarlac, Philippines. - **Education**: Studied in the Philippines and the United States. - **Marriage**: Married Benigno \"Ninoy\" Aquino Jr., a prominent opposition leader against the Marcos regime. #### **Political Involvement** - **Entry into Politics**: Entered the political scene following her husband\'s imprisonment and assassination in 1983. - **Symbol of Opposition**: Became a symbol of resistance against Ferdinand Marcos\' authoritarian rule. #### **1986 Presidential Election and People Power Revolution** - **Fraudulent Elections**: Emerged as the opposition\'s presidential candidate in the 1986 elections. - **People Power Revolution**: Led to the peaceful downfall of Ferdinand Marcos from February 22-25, 1986. - **Inauguration**: Became the 11th President of the Philippines on February 25, 1986, and the first female president. #### **Presidency** - **Challenges**: Faced political instability, coup attempts, and economic difficulties. - **Reforms**: Initiated democratic reforms, including drafting a new constitution and restoring democratic institutions. #### **Legacy** - **Icon of Democracy**: Widely regarded as a symbol of hope and democracy for the Filipino people. - **Peaceful Transition**: Set a precedent for democratic transitions by peacefully transferring power in 1992. - **Post-Presidency**: Remained active in social and political causes until her death on August 1, 2009, due to colon cancer. - **Inspiration**: Continues to inspire movements for freedom and democracy worldwide. ### **Corazon C. Aquino\'s Speech at the U.S. Congress** #### **Date and Context** - **Date**: September 18, 1986 - **Occasion**: Addressed the United States Congress as the newly elected president of the Philippines. **Key Points** - **Purpose**: Sought support for her administration and addressed various issues facing the Philippines. - **Historical Context**: Delivered shortly after the People Power Revolution, which ousted Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines. ### **Historical Controversies in Masao** #### **Key Issue** - Some Filipino historians contest the idea that Limasawa was the site of the first Catholic mass in the Philippines. #### **Sonia Zaide\'s Claim** - **Location**: Identified Masao (also Mazaua) in Butuan as the site of the first Christian mass. - **Basis**: Relied on the diary of Antonio Pigafetta, chronicler of Magellan\'s voyage. #### **Congressional Action** - **1995**: Congresswoman Ching Plaza filed a bill contesting the Limasawa hypothesis and asserting that the first mass site was Butuan. - **Referral**: The matter was referred to the National Historical Institute (NHI) for study and recommendation. #### **NHI Findings** - **NHI Chair Dr. Samuel K. Tan**: Reaffirmed Limasawa as the site of the first mass. #### **Legal Recognition** - **Republic Act No. 2733**: Declared the site in Magallanes, Limasawa Island, Leyte, as a National Shrine, acknowledging it as the location of the first mass in the Philippines. - Chanrobles Law Library. June 19, 1960. Retrieved 2008-12-13 ### **First Mass in Bolinao, Pangasinan** #### **Claim** - **Blessed Odoric of Pordenone**: an Italian and franciscan friar and missionary explorer - Believed by many in Pangasinan to have celebrated the first mass in Bolinao Bay in 1324 that would have predated the mass held in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan. - **Marker**: A marker in front of Bolinao Church states this belief. #### **Scholarly Doubt** - **Doubt**: There is scholarly doubt that Odoric was ever in the Philippines. #### **Official Recognition** - **National Historical Institute**: Led by chair Ambet Ocampo, recognizes Limasawa in Southern Leyte as the official site of the first Mass. - **First Mass**: Held on March 31, 1521, by Ferdinand Magellan\'s expedition. ### **The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny** #### **Historical Significance** - **Key Events**: - 1872 Cavite Mutiny. - Martyrdom of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). - It was revealed by Chris Antonette Piedad-Pugay to the National Historic Council of the Philippines the 2 faces of 1872 Cavite mutiny. #### **Importance** - **Independence Day**: June 12 is a crucial event celebrating Philippine Independence since 1898. - **Revolutionary Influence**: The events of 1872 are as significant as the 1896 Philippine Revolution and 1898 independence due to their role in awakening Filipino nationalism. #### **The 1872 Cavite Mutiny** - **Different Accounts**: Various narratives exist about the mutiny. - **Execution of GOMBURZA**: This event was a major factor in the rise of Filipino nationalism, leading to greater resistance against Spanish rule. #### **Impact** - **Nationalism**: The execution of the martyr priests fueled the Filipinos\' desire for freedom and contributed to the historical movement towards independence. ### **1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective** #### **Overview** - **Jose Montero y Vidal (prolific spanish historian)**: Documented the event as an attempt by the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government. - **Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo**: Magnified the event to implicate the native clergy involved in the call for secularization. #### **Key Points** - **Primary Reasons**: - Abolition of privileges for Cavite arsenal workers, such as non-payment of tributes and exemption from forced labor. - Other causes included the Spanish Revolution, unrestricted press propagandas, and democratic, liberal, and republican influences. - **Role of Native Clergy**: - Accused of conspiring with rebels due to animosity towards Spanish friars. - Alleged to have promised rewards and divine support to encourage participation in the revolt. #### **Conspiracy Theory** - **Planned Conspiracy**: - Suggested to involve educated leaders, mestizos, native lawyers, Manila and Cavite residents, and native clergy. - Planned to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers and massacre friars. - Alleged signal for attack: fireworks mistaken as the signal from the Sampaloc district celebration. #### **Events of the Mutiny** - **January 20, 1872**: 200 men led by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack on Spanish officers in Cavite. - **Reinforcement and Suppression**: - Gov. Izquierdo reinforced Spanish forces to quell the revolt. - The mutiny was easily crushed when reinforcement from Manila did not arrive. - Major instigators, including Lamadrid, were killed. #### **Aftermath** - **GOMBURZA**: - Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were tried and executed by strangulation on February 17, 1872. - **Repression**: - Patriots were suspended from practicing law and sentenced to life imprisonment. - Native artillery regiments dissolved and replaced by Peninsulares. #### **Impact** - **Fear and Nationalism**: - Execution aimed to instill fear among Filipinos. - This tragic event became a significant factor in the rise of Filipino nationalism. ### **1872 Cavite Mutiny: Filipino Perspective** #### **Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera\'s Account ( Filipino Scholar and researcher)** - Wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. - **Incident**: Described as a mutiny by native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges. - **Blame**: Indirectly blamed Gov. Izquierdo\'s harsh policies, including the abolition of worker privileges and prohibition of a proposed school of arts and trades. #### **Events of January 20, 1872** - **Mutiny**: About 200 men, including soldiers, laborers, and residents of Cavite, led by Sergeant Lamadrid, assassinated Spanish officers. - **Lack of Support**: Expected reinforcement from the rest of the army did not materialize. - **Suppression**: Spanish troops subdued the mutiny within two days. #### **Spanish Reaction** - **Exaggeration**: Tavera believed Spanish friars and Gov. Izquierdo exaggerated the mutiny as a full-blown conspiracy involving native clergy, residents of Cavite, and Manila. - **Motive**: The Central Government in Madrid intended to reduce friar influence in civil and educational affairs, prompting friars to maintain their power. #### **Reforms and Reaction** - **Educational Decree by Segismundo Moret**: Proposed fusion of sectarian schools into the Philippine Institute, improving education through competitive exams. - **Friar Influence**: Friars feared losing influence and presented the mutiny as a vast conspiracy to the Spanish Government. #### **Aftermath** - **Convictions**: Educated men involved in the mutiny were sentenced to life imprisonment. - **Execution of GOMBURZA**: Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were executed by garrote. - **Nationalism**: The event awakened Filipino nationalism, contributing to the Philippine Revolution of 1896. #### **Complementary Account** - **Edmund Plauchut**: French writer confirmed the mutiny was due to discontentment among arsenal workers and soldiers, focusing on the execution of GOMBURZA. ### **Retraction of Rizal** **Different Versions** - **Four Texts of Retraction**: 1. First text published in *La Voz Española* and *Diaro de Manila* on December 30, 1896. 2. Second text appeared in *La Juventud* in Barcelona on February 14, 1897, written by Fr. Balaguer. 3. Third text discovered in the archdiocesan archives on May 18, 1935, considered the \"original.\" 4. Fourth text appeared in *El Imparcial* the day after Rizal\'s execution, a short formula of the retraction. #### **Discovery and Authenticity** - **Reproduction Concerns**: Copies made to imitate Rizal\'s handwriting. - **Fr. Balaguer**: Received an \"exact copy\" of the retraction before Rizal\'s execution, unsure of its handwriting. - **Publishing Accounts**: Fr. Pi\'s copy aligns with Fr. Balaguer\'s but differs in paragraphing from those published in Manila newspapers. #### **Controversy** - **Visibility**: The \"original\" text was reportedly seen only by the publishers of *La Voz Española*. - **Skepticism**: Many, including Rizal\'s family and correspondents, were unable to see the handwritten retraction. - **Verification**: Neither Fr. Pi nor the Archbishop confirmed Rizal wrote and signed the retraction. #### **Rediscovery and Discrepancies** - **May 18, 1935**: Rediscovery of the \"original\" text by Fr. Manuel Garcia, C.M., led to more doubts. - **Differences**: Newly discovered text differed from Jesuit and Archbishop copies, implying the friars had the \"original\" while Jesuits had imitations. ### **Retraction of Rizal: Key Details and Discrepancies** #### **Different Versions and Discrepancies** 1. **Words Used**: - **Original/Newspaper Texts**: \"mi cualidad\" (with \"u\"). - **Jesuits\' Copies**: \"mi calidad\" (with \"u\"). 2. **Omission**: - **Jesuits\' Copies**: Omit the word \"Catolica\" after the first \"Iglesias.\" 3. **Addition**: - **Jesuits\' Copies**: Add the word \"misma\" before the third \"Iglesias.\" 4. **Paragraphing**: - **Original/Newspaper Texts**: Start the second paragraph with the second sentence. - **Fr. Balaguer\'s Text**: Begins the second paragraph after the fifth sentence. 5. **Punctuation**: - **Original/Newspaper Texts**: Four commas. - **Fr. Balaguer\'s Copy**: Eleven commas. 6. **Witness Names**: - **Fr. Balaguer\'s Copy**: Did not include names of witnesses. - **Testimony**: Fr. Balaguer later named the witnesses as Señor Fresno and Señor Moure. #### **Source of Fr. Balaguer\'s Copy** - **Archbishop\'s \"Exact\" Copy**: Fr. Balaguer received two original texts of the retraction (one from Fr. Pi and one from the Archbishop). - **Differences**: The Archbishop\'s copy contained phrases not found in Fr. Pi\'s shorter formula. #### **Authenticity and Verification** - **Unseen Original**: Neither the Archbishop nor Fr. Pi saw the original document. They saw a copy made by someone imitating Rizal\'s handwriting. - **Josephine Bracken\'s Role**: Rizal wrote a retraction in Dapitan in early 1895 to marry Josephine Bracken. #### **Speculation and Conclusion** - **Original Document**: The original almost eaten by termites, was kept by some friars. - **Archbishop and Fr. Pi**: Acted without distinguishing between genuine and imitation handwriting. **Dates and Events:** - **250,000 years ago:** The \"Dawn Man\" is believed to have arrived in the Philippines, similar to Java Man and Peking Man. - **25,000 to 30,000 years ago:** The Negritos arrived in the Philippines via land bridges. - **5,000 to 6,000 years ago:** The Indonesian group arrived in the Philippines by sea. - **c. 22,000 years ago:** Charcoal from cooking fires found in Tabon Cave, Palawan, is dated to this time. - **c. 67,000 B.P.:** Callao Man\'s remains are discovered in northern Luzon. - **1521:** Ferdinand Magellan, sailing under the Spanish flag, reaches the Philippines. - **April 27, 1521:** Magellan dies in the Battle of Mactan. - **1522:** Juan Sebastián Elcano completes the circumnavigation of the globe. - **1565:** Miguel López de Legazpi arrives in the Philippines, marking the beginning of Spanish colonization. - **1589:** Juan de Plasencia drafts the \"Ordenanzas de Buen Gobierno\" (Ordinances for Good Governance). - **around 1324:** Blessed Odoric of Pordenone is believed to have celebrated the first mass in Pangasinan. - **March 31, 1521:** The first Mass in the Philippines is held in Limasawa, Southern Leyte. - **1872:** The Cavite Mutiny occurs. - **January 20, 1872:** The Cavite Mutiny begins with the assassination of Spanish officers. - **January 22, 1872:** The Cavite Mutiny is declared subdued. - **February 17, 1872:** The GOMBURZA are executed. - **December 15, 1875:** Emilio Jacinto is born. - **1896:** The Philippine Revolution breaks out. - **December 30, 1896:** Jose Rizal is executed. - **June 12, 1898:** The Declaration of Philippine Independence is proclaimed. - **September 15, 1898 - February 2, 1899:** The Malolos Congress convenes. - **January 21, 1899:** The Malolos Constitution is proclaimed, establishing the First Philippine Republic. - **March 23, 1901:** Emilio Aguinaldo is captured, effectively dissolving the First Philippine Republic. - **February 22-25, 1986:** The EDSA People Power Revolution takes place. - **February 25, 1986:** Corazon Aquino is inaugurated as President. - **January 25, 1933:** Corazon Cojuangco Aquino is born. - **1983:** Benigno \"Ninoy\" Aquino Jr. is assassinated. - **September 18, 1986:** Corazon Aquino delivers a speech to the U.S. Congress. - **August 1, 2009:** Corazon Aquino passes away. **Persons Involved and Their Information:** - **Otley H. Beyer:** An eminent anthropologist from the United States of America, who proposed the wave migration theory of the Philippines. - **Fritjof Voss:** A German scientist who studied the Philippines and argued against the land bridge theory. - **Felipe Landa Jocano:** An anthropologist from the University of the Philippines who proposed the Core Population Theory. - **Ferdinand Magellan:** A Portuguese explorer who reached the Philippines in 1521, marking the first documented European expedition to the archipelago. - **Rajah Humabon**: The Rajah of Cebu who interacted with Magellan\'s expedition. - **Juan Sebastián Elcano:** A Spanish explorer who led one of Magellan\'s ships and completed the first successful circumnavigation of the globe. - **Miguel López de Legazpi:** A Spanish explorer who arrived in the Philippines in 1565, beginning the Spanish colonization. - **Juan de Plasencia:** A Spanish Franciscan missionary who played a crucial role in evangelization and documenting indigenous Philippine culture. - **Gaspar de San Agustin:** A Spanish friar who acknowledged the cultural achievements of the indigenous Filipinos. - **Blessed Odoric of Pordenone:** An Italian Franciscan friar and missionary explorer believed by some to have celebrated the first mass in Pangasinan. - **Emilio Jacinto**: A Filipino revolutionary and intellectual who played a significant role in the Philippine Revolution. He was a key figure in the Katipunan and authored the \"Kartilya ng Katipunan.\" - **Andrés Bonifacio:** The leader of the Katipunan. - **Emilio Aguinaldo**: A prominent leader of the Philippine Revolution who proclaimed the country\'s independence on June 12, 1898. - **Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista:** Aguinaldo\'s war counselor who read the Declaration of Independence. - **Ferdinand Marcos:** The President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, who declared martial law in 1972. - **Benigno \"Ninoy\" Aquino Jr.:** A prominent opposition leader against the Marcos regime who was assassinated in 1983. - **Corazon Aquino**: The widow of Benigno Aquino Jr. and the first female president of the Philippines. She played a crucial role in the EDSA People Power Revolution. - **Cardinal Jaime Sin:** A key figure in the EDSA People Power Revolution who used his influence to rally support against Marcos. - **General Fidel V. Ramos:** A military leader who played a crucial role in the EDSA People Power Revolution. - **Juan Ponce Enrile:** The Defense Minister who also played a crucial role in the EDSA People Power Revolution. - **Jose Montero y Vidal:** A prolific Spanish historian who documented the Cavite Mutiny. - **Rafael Izquierdo:** The Governor General of the Philippines during the Cavite Mutiny. He blamed the native clergy for the revolt. - **Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA):** Three Filipino priests who were executed by the Spanish government in 1872. - **Sergeant Lamadrid:** The leader of the Cavite Mutiny. - **Joaquin Pardo de Tavera:** A Filipino scholar and researcher who wrote the Filipino version of the Cavite Mutiny. - **Antonio Ma. Regidor**: A Filipino patriot who was imprisoned for his involvement in the Cavite Mutiny. - **Jose and Pio Basa:** Filipino abogadillos (lawyers) who were imprisoned for their involvement in the Cavite Mutiny. - **Segismundo Moret:** A Spanish politician who authored an educational decree promoting the fusion of sectarian schools. - **Edmund Plauchut:** A French writer who witnessed the execution of the GOMBURZA and confirmed the discontentment of the arsenal workers as a cause of the Cavite Mutiny. - **Antonio Obach:** A priest who revealed to Austin Craig that Rizal had written a retraction in Dapitan. - **Austin Craig:** A professor who documented the information provided by Father Obach about Rizal\'s retraction. - **Josephine Bracken:** Rizal\'s common-law wife. - **Manuela Orlaç:** A mistress of a friar who acted as a guide for Josephine Bracken. - **Fr. Balaguer:** A priest who claimed to have an \"exact copy\" of Rizal\'s retraction. - **Fr. Pio Pi:** A priest who received a copy of Rizal\'s retraction from Fr. Balaguer. - **Fr. Manuel Garcia:** The archdiocesan archivist who discovered the \"original\" document of Rizal\'s retraction in 1935. - **Capt. Dominguez:** A Spanish military officer who claimed to have heard Rizal read his retraction aloud. - **Sonia Zaide:** A Filipino historian who identified Masao (also Mazaua) in Butuan as the location of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines. - **Ching Plaza:** A Congresswoman who filed a bill contesting the Limasawa hypothesis and asserting that the first mass was held in Butuan. - **Samuel K. Tan:** The chair of the National Historical Institute who reaffirmed Limasawa as the site of the first mass. - **Ambet Ocampo:** The chair of the National Historical Institute who recognized the historical records of Limasawa as the venue of the first mass. - **Chris Antonette Piedad-Pugay:** A Filipino historian who revealed the two faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny