Rizal 06 Handout 2 PDF

GE1804 SUMMARIZED READINGS Teodoro Agoncillo: History of the Filipino People The social, cultural, and legal structures of the pre-colonial Filipino people are examined in the "Early Customs and Practices" chapter of Teodoro Agoncillo's History of the Filipino...

GE1804 SUMMARIZED READINGS Teodoro Agoncillo: History of the Filipino People The social, cultural, and legal structures of the pre-colonial Filipino people are examined in the "Early Customs and Practices" chapter of Teodoro Agoncillo's History of the Filipino People. The first Filipinos lived in barangays, which were tiny settlements or villages controlled by a datu. The timawa (freemen), alipin (slaves), and maharlika (noble) were the clearly defined social classes. The alipin class was separated into two groups: aliping saguiguilid, or household slaves without property, and aliping namamahay, or those who owned their homes. Customs surrounding marriage were complex, and dowries played a major role in discussions. A method of financial restitution, the bigay-kaya, was a dowry given by the husband to the bride's family. Families viewed marriages as alliances, and divorce was permitted in specific situations, such as adultery or desertion. Because early Filipinos' spiritual worldview was dominated by animistic beliefs, religion played a significant part in daily life. They worshipped anitos, which were spirits or deities, and carried out rites to please them, particularly for healing, protection, and abundant crops. The babaylan (or katalonan in other tribes), who functioned as spiritual leaders, frequently led rituals. The foundation of the legal system was batasan, or customary law, which was transmitted orally and interpreted by elders. The practice of trial by ordeal was widespread, requiring accused to do challenging activities in order to establish their innocence. Justice was served quickly, and depending on the seriousness of the offense, penalties ranged from fines to slavery. All things considered, the early traditions and customs showed a society with a well-organized social structure, unique cultural practices, and a belief system strongly rooted in spirituality and the natural world. Benedict Anderson: Why Counting Counts: A Study of Forms of Consciousness and Problems of Language in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Through a quantitative examination of the language used in José Rizal's two (2) major novels, Benedict Anderson's book presents a novel viewpoint on the works. In particular, he examined how Rizal's political and social vocabularies changed between Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as how his political consciousness and language changes over time. The use of Spanish, Tagalog, and lengua de Parian (i.e., the dialect of the Chinese mestizo class) by various people, including the narrator, across both works is one (1) of Anderson's main areas of interest. He looked at how the changing power and class dynamics in the colonial Philippines are reflected in these linguistic choices. He also examined how Rizal's intended audience changed over time, becoming more antagonistic toward Chinese mestizos, and how this secrecy reflected larger racial and national conflicts. The geographical roots of contemporary Filipino identity, which were influenced by the conflict between Spanish colonial rule and the increasing nationalist sentiment among Tagalog speakers, is another important issue. He emphasized how various languages were combined to create a cross-class lingua franca in Manila, signifying the multifaceted levels of political ambition and national identification found in Rizal's writing. In the end, the study clarified how Rizal handled these through his narrative and character development and how language in the books is entwined with larger political, social, and cultural themes. John Schumacher: The Propaganda Movement: 1880-1895 Summary Highlights Renewed Activity in Madrid The Propaganda Movement, after a period of inactivity, was reorganized in Madrid with the aim of advocating for reforms in the Philippines. Notable figures like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Rizal were involved in this renewed effort. 06 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 1 of 2  GE1804 The movement employed various tactics, including writing articles, publishing newspapers, and lobbying for reforms. Rizal's Break with del Pilar Rizal and del Pilar had differing approaches to the Propaganda Movement. Rizal favored a more moderate approach, while del Pilar advocated for more radical reforms. These differences led to a split between Rizal and del Pilar, forming the Rizalitas and the Pilaristas. Rizal chose to focus on his literary works, while del Pilar continued to lead the Propaganda Movement after Rizal stepped down and gave his support to del Pilar. The Filipino Past and Education for the Future Rizal emphasized the importance of understanding Filipino history and culture as a means of fostering national identity. He believed that education was crucial for the development of a Filipino consciousness and for preparing the nation for independence. Rizal's literary works, such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, played a significant role in shaping Filipino national identity and inspiring the revolution. 06 Handout 2 *Property of STI  [email protected] Page 2 of 2