Rizal Reviewer Prelims PDF

The Life and Works of Rizal Empires, Dynasties and Citystates MODULE 1 – LESSON 1  The Jews symbolized their tribal unity and their sense of The Historical and Legal Context of the Study of Rizal...

The Life and Works of Rizal Empires, Dynasties and Citystates MODULE 1 – LESSON 1  The Jews symbolized their tribal unity and their sense of The Historical and Legal Context of the Study of Rizal national mission in the concept of Jehovah, the god of His people WHY STUDY THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL?  The Chinese once regarded China as the Middle Kingdom, the 1. TO COMPLY WITHTHE LAW Centre of the World, implying superiority over the rest of the  Republic Act No. 1425 or the Rizal Law world. 2. TO LEARN  Develop and analytical and critical lens in appreciating or 14th to 18th century reading related literature  In Europe, there was a growing consciousness and recognition 3. TO BE ENRICHED of nations as the basic social and cultural units of society  Gain and develop sense of patriotism, nationalism, and  Economic developments transformed domestic economy into volunteerism. a national economy  The French Revolution of 1789 asserted the principle of THE RIZAL LAW national self-determination. Enacted on June 12, 1956, Republic Act No. 1425, otherwise known as the Rizal Law, mandated the inclusion of a course specifically on The French Revolution of 1789 was above all the revolt against the the life and works of Rizal in the curricula of all schools, colleges, ancient regime, against the old order of men and societies. It and universities, public or private The bill was authored by former rebelled against kings and estates in the name of the people. Senator Claro M. Recto and principally sponsored by former Senator Jose P. Laurel Sr. Since kings were to cease governing and ‘people’ were to take their place, people had to be molded into some sort of unity, defined and THE RIZAL LAW - CONTENTIONS limited in some sort of way. The concept of ‘nation’ thus came to OPPOSITION the fore as a fundamental political category. The Catholic Church, Catholic Senators  The Catholic church issued a Pastoral Letter accusing Rizal’s works as “Heretic and impious” for the ill portrayal of the Catholic Church  The Catholic Action of Manila NATIONALISM DEFINED  Organized a campaign against the bill Nationalism is a set of political, social, and economic beliefs  Urged Filipino Catholics to write to their lawmakers to oppose characterized by the promotion of the interests of one nation. the bill,  Catholic lawmakers compared the compulsory reading of The aim is to achieve and maintain self- governance. It holds that a lawmakers to a requirement to salute the flag which was held particular nation should govern itself and should be free from by US SC as impairment of Freedom if Religion and Freedom of external interference. Speech. Benedict Anderson-Imagined Communities; Reflections on the SUPPORTER origin and spread of Nationalism Senator Claro M. Recto, Senator Jose P. Laurel  Senator Laurel, as then Committee on Education, sponsored A NATION IS IMAGINED... Senate Bill No. 483 authored by Sen. Recto which if enacted as a law would require reading of the original text of Noli Me AS LIMITED tangere and El Filibusterismo  It has finite, if elastic, boundaries beyond which lie other  Senator Laurel proposed an amendement to the bill, requiring nations. instead the inclusion of the study of Rizal in all curricula  Malacanang took some time to sign the bill, but alas was AS SOVEREIGN signed into law by President Magsaysay on June 12, 1956.  Nations dream of being free. The sovereign state is the emblem of this freedom, ‘sovereignty’. Module 1 Lessons 2 and 3 Theories of Nationalism and Imagined Communities AS A COMMUNITY  A nation is conceived as deep, horizontal comradeship RISE OF NATIONALISM regardless of inequities and Exploitation. Before modernization and industrialization NATION DEFINED  Tribes establishing distinctive social and cultural norms and  Nation is a fabrication of bond between people who did not inculcating tribal consciousness and loyalty to the tribe among actually exist prior to its recognition. youth  It is a socially-constructed community imagined by the people  Diffusion of agricultural and industrial techniques who perceive themselves as part of the group.  The conquest and consolidation of tribes by military empires  The spread of inter-tribal religions such as Buddhism, REALIST NOTION OF NATIONALISM VS CONSTRUCTIVIST VIEW OF Christianity or Islam NATIONALISM  The development of literary languages, such as Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and Chinese. Late Middle Ages  The Fourth Crusade by the Latin Christian to conquer the Muslim-controlled part of Jerusalem  Tribalism was supplanted by either cosmopolitanism or localism  Cosmopolitanism emerged from the unification of peoples towards a common empire, a common religion or a common culture. NOLI ME TANGERE BY RIZAL 1. "the civilized Filipinos" (los Filipinos civilizados) - did not resist conversion to Catholicism;  According to Anderson, the novel Noli Me Tangere conjured an 2. "the mountain tribes" (las tribus montanesas) imagined community among the readers and characters. - resisted and therefore were not civilized  Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo uncovered the atrocities Migration Waves Theory and societal maladies during the Spanish colonial era by telling a narrative set against the political, economic, and cultural 1ST WAVE context of the time.  Negritos  Dislodged from their possession of their land Two dimensions of Filipino mindsets were also portrayed:  Rizal’s silence may be taken to imply their exclusion from the 1. Openness for assimilation and acceptance of the colonial rule rubric of Indio 2. Absolute resistance of colonial rule and assertion of self-  Outside the ilustrados’ Sphere of legitimate knowledge and determination for Filipinos pursuit of knowledge Module 1 Lessons 4 and 5 2nd WAVE Rizal, the Creole, and Popular Nationalism  Malays, “mountain tribes”  From the south, moved north, intermarriedn and displaced the THE CREOLE Negritos  Rizal suggested that their resistance to Spain set them back as  Initially referred to a white man of European descent promitives, unlike the Tagalog, who became “civilized  The term later referred to indigenous natives and others of Filipinos” non-European origin  Young nationalists saw them as unrepresentative of their  Later, it has become a term used to refer to a certain dialect homeland THE PHILIPPINE CREOLE 3rd WAVE  Malays, who had taken the lowlands  Those who possessed MORE native (but not pure) Spanish  Composed of Tagalogs, Pampanguinos, Visayans, Bicolanos, blood Ilocanos. Pangasinons, Cagayanons  The measure of being Filipino (Creole) “was not so much the  ”Higher civilization and milder morals” amount of Spanish blood in their vein as by their culture,  “Indios Filipinos” whom Rizal had in mind belonged to the position and wealth” third wave RIZAL AND THE ORIGIN OF FILIPINO RACE Campaign for Assimiliation THEORIES OF FILIPINO ORIGIN:  The notion of civilization of the early nationalists (mostly 1. Migration Waves Theory ilustrados) conformed with the European framework 2. Out-of-Taiwan Theory by Peter Bellwood (progressive, industrial, Catholic, etc). (1980s)  Hence, the so-called "savage races" who did not embrace the 3. Nusantao Theory by Wilhelm Solheim European influence were excluded from the Filipinos whose justice and liberty these early nationalists fought for. Jose Rizal claimed that "the ancient Filipinos" (los antiguos Filipinos)  One possible cause for this view was that most ilustrados possessed a civilization which one could be proud, and in some (except possibly Isabelo de los Reyes) did not get the aspects, even superior to that of Europe. opportunity to live outside the pueblos and sustain relations with the excluded races.  The ilustrados' campaign for "assimilation" was influenced by the French colonial dictum of assimilation.  The Ilustrados became enthusiastic of the French idea of a “civilizing mission”  Rizal appreciated that "the French spirit does not shine in zeal for colonization"  Antonio Luna honored French colonies and seen them as places where "the road to a genuine policy of assimilation of the most beautiful of civilizations" had been paved. Gender and Cognatic Kinship  Filipinos acted in accordance with natural laws Prevarications on Race and Nation Thievery (Crime)  Rizal also developed doubts on his initial proposition that indio  Rizal opined that “the ancient Filipinos” has a practice that forebears had emigrated from Sumatra based on the cultural allows repentance but saves the honor of the repentant similarities of Sumatra and the Philippines or lack thereof. Intellect  Blumentritt admitted in his work that Malay Tagalog have  Filipinos already have their faculty of reason; but under plenty of foreign blood (Chinese, Spanish, Japanese) colonial rule, Filipinos were made contented with merely asking and believing. Multiracial Imagined Community “They are creole youth of Spanish descent, Chinese mestizos, and Who were the ancestors? Malayas; but we call ourselves solely Filipinos”  NOT ALL natives were included in the ilustrados’ framework of - Rizal to Blumentritt, 1887 the civilized ancient Filipinos  In Rizal's construct, not all the "races” in the Philippines during Things to ponder on the Spanish conquest were at par in their state of culture and  The ilustrados essentially excluded Negritos, highland peoples, capacity for civilization. and Muslims from the national community that they had  Rizal distinguished 2 social groups of Las Sociedades Malayo- begun to imagine Filipinas (the Philippine-Malayan societies):  Race is an elemental dimension of nationhood, but is not the sole determinant factor. Module 2 Lesson 2  The Age of Discovery entered where new lands, mostly in Padro Pablo Pelaez and Secularization America, were targeted for colonization and came to be called as the “New World”. PADRE PEDRO PELAEZ  Evangelical efforts and Christian missions were sent by Spain  A Filipino Catholic priest, who advocated for the secularization and ran by religious orders like the Augustinians, Dominicans, of Filipino priests Franciscans and Jesuits to indoctrinate indigenous people of  The secularization movement advocated for native Filipino the Americas into Catholicism. priests to head parishes.  However, a rift between the Church and the Spanish  Pelaez died during the 1863 earthquake in Manila government ensued as the religious orders denounced the enslavement and oppression of the navits of America. He is also:  Burgos Law – enacted in 1512, prohibited the slavery of the  A teacher of Philosophy at the Jesuit Colegio de San Jose and a indigenous people and endorsed their conversion to lecturer of Philosophy and Theology at the University of Santo Catholicism. The law was promulgated out of the pressure Tomas imposed by Friars and Spanish academics on King Ferdinand II  A member of the Committee that studied and planned the of Aragon and His daughter Queen regnant, Joanna of Castile. educational reforms that later became the basis of the 1863  The same issue between the Catholic clergies and Spanish Decree on Education officials emerged in the Spanish conquest of the Philippines.  One of his students was Jose Burgos, who continued his  The Catholic Clergy, including Father Pedro Pelaez, Father advocacy Gomez and Father Burgos, became very vocal against human rights atrocities. SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT  Patronato = patronage; Real = royal. Royal patronage..  Patronato Real is a Church-State agreement, which embodies  In 1849, a royal decree transferred a few parishes from the the authority granted by the Church in administering care of secular clergy to the Recollects and Dominicans. ecclesiastical affairs such as management of church revenues  Pelaez, with Father Mariano Gomez, organized activities that and designation of church officials. called for the return of control of Philippine parishes to Filipino  Such acts of the state must be in accordance with the seculars. Concordat with the Holy See.  Peláez founded El Católico Filipino, the first Catholic newspaper in the Philippines. Peláez wrote against this policy ROLE employing his knowledge of canon law. Spanish government  Management of Church  The secularization movement inspired Nationalist Movements Revenues among early Filipino nationalists, including Jose and Paciano  Appointment of Rizal, Father Burgos. Father Gomez. Clergymen  Financial and military CAVITE MUTINY AND GOMBURZA support to the Spanish Friars  According to José Montero y Vidal, a Spanish historian, the Spanish Friars Indoctrination to Catholicism Cavite Mutiny was an attempt of the natives to overthrow the of Indios Spanish government in the Philippines, due to the removal of privileges enjoyed by the Cavite arsenal laborers at Fort San Felipe, such as exemption from the tribute and forced labor Module 2 Lesson 2 (polo y servicio). Land Ownership and the Calamba Land Dispute  According to Izquierdo, the mutiny was stimulated and prepared by the native clergy, mestizos and lawyers as a signal LAND OF RIZAL’S FAMILY of objection against the injustices of the government.  The estate where the livelihood of the Rizal family was  On February 15, 1872, the Spanish colonial authorities charged situated was owned by the Dominicans. Fathers Burgos, Gomez and Zamora with treason and sedition,  Domingo LamCo befriended the Dominican for his conversion and subversion, due to their alleged complicity in the uprising to the Catholic Faith. He was sent to Binan, Laguna to of workers at the Cavite Naval Yard construct the irrigation canal for the friar estate.  Spanish Governor-General Izquierdo believed that the Filipinos  Don Francisco Mercado and Dona Teodora Alonso, Jose Rizal’s were planning to topple the Spanish rule and createits own parents, moved and settled from Binan to Calamba, Laguna. government under the leadership of the three priests.  The couple were able to expand more farmlands to the south  The priests were sentenced to death by garrote at of the town in the Pansol area with no rental fees but only Bagumbayan, Execution followed 2 days after the verdict. clearing of the lands for irrigation and agriculture.  The death of Gomburza awakened strong spirits of angerand  This portion of Pansol was coveted by many of the rivals of resentment among the Filipinos. Don Francisco but he got the favor and clout of the Dominicans. PATRONATO REAL  In 718, the Iberian Peninsula, a region of Southwestern of Europe shared by Portugal and Spain was overrun by the Umayyad Muslims and established a Caliphate.  The Kingdom of Asturias became the main base for the Christian resistance to the Islamic rule. In year 732, the spread of Islam in the Peninsula was halted by the Battle of Tours.  By 1492, the Catholic Monarchs united Spanish crown and completed the conquest of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain. With this, it marked the beginning of the rise of Spain as Catholic Kingdom. Module 2 Lesson 1 THE CHINESE IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Tracing Rizal’s Historical Roots TWO MAIN TYPES OF MESTIZOS IN COLONIAL PHILIPPINES: DATE OF BIRTH June 19, 1861 1. Spanish Mestizo PARENTS  Francisco Mercado 2. Chinese Mestizo  Teodora Alonso SIBLINGS Born as the 7th child of 11 REASONS WHY CHINESE MESTIZONS WERE SEEN AS MORE siblings (2 boys; 9 girls) SIGNIFICANT ELEMENTS OF PHILIPPINE SOCIETY Principalia SOCIAL CLASS Local elite class; 1. Bigger population due to greater infusion of Chinese blood. landowning family 2. Assimiliation into the fabric of native society. 3. Assumption of important economic, social, and political roles. THE CHINESE MESTIZOS OR MESTIZO DE SANGLEY  The term used to describe persons of either pure Chinese ancestry or mixed Chinese and Filipino blood who were living in the Philippines during the Spanish Colonial Era.  Some of them entered the Philippines as traders and established their communities in Luzon then in Visayas and Mindanao.  The emergence of Chinese mestizo as a legally distinct class happened during the Spanish Colonial era.  The Chinese people became indispensable to the Philippine economy due to their service as traders, artisans, and domestic servants. THE PLIGHT OF THE SPANIARDS  The Spaniards started seeing them as threat because of the uncertainty of their loyalty, given that they were not Christianized like the Indios and their different ethnic roots  To resolve their dilemma, the Spaniards implemented a policy that would grant more advantage to Chinese mestizos who would convert to Catholicism. The Spaniards also advocated PARENTS OF JOSE RIZAL for intermarriages between Catholic Chinese and Catholic Indios. DON FRANCISCO MERCADO  The Dominicans actively converted communities of Chinese  Reared in Binan, Laguna mestizos and their spouses to Catholic communities.  A farmer and book-lover  Domingo Lamco (a Chinese Immigrant) and Dela Roza (Chinese THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS Mestiza)  Chinese Mestizos actively engaged in enterprises and gave rise = Francisco Mercado and Bernarda Monicha to the Philippine middle class. = Juan Mercado and Cirilia Alejandrino  Worked as exporters-importers, wholesales-retail traders, etc. = Don Franscisco Mercado Less competition due to the expulsion of the Chinese who cooperated with the British DOÑA TEODORA ALONSO REALONDA  Chinese mestizos and Indio merchants started clearing and  Born in Santa Cruz, Manila cultivating lands  Had Spanish and Chinese ancestry from her maternal  The middle class soon rise higher in their social status and grandmother afforded education for their children.  Second child of Lorenzo Alberto Alonso (a municipal captain in Binan, Laguna) and Brijida de Quintos. FORMATION OF THE FILIPINO IDENTITY  A pious Catholic and devoted housewife  Due to their perceived threat to their rule, the Spaniards  Managed the family’s farm and finances attempted to create a divide between the Chinese mestizos and the indios Francisco and Teodora married and resided in Calamba, Laguna  Hierarchy in the gobernadorcillo – higher rank for the Indios where they put up an Agricultural Business and raised their 11  Separate theaters children.  Enlightened by their education, the Chinese mestizos and indios grew political consciousness on concerns of national scale  This budding sense of Filipino nationality firstly manifested in the works of Pedro Paterno and Gregorio Sanciano, both Chinese mestizos.  In his 1881 book El Progreso de Filipinas (Progress of the Philippines), Sanciano condemned the prevailing class-based taxation s discriminatory. This is where different tax rates are imposed on Chinese mestizos and indios, and exempted the Spanish mestizos.  His suggestion was assimilation of the Philippines to Spain, so that all citizens can enjoy the same rights and previleges. The Illustrados took an interest in the Awit of Bernardo Carpio because it dealt with issues on identity and lost origins, but ordinary people regarded Bernardo as a liberator king who one day would free them from oppression TRUE According to Ileto (1998), Rizal consciously likened his death to this icon. People have also made similar interpretations between this event and Rizal's death. CHRIST Ileto (1998) suggested that the supernatural beliefs about Rizal constitutes the which side of Philippine history? UNDERSIDE During the pre-colonial period, this member of society was entitled to labor service, control of larger and better land holdings, and a share of the harvest. DATU The first first creole leader was: FR. PALAEZ Rizal law is also formally known as: RA 1425 Before it became the Rizal law, the bill was identified in the lower house and the senate as: HOUSE BILL NO. 5561 AND SENATE BILL N0. 438 The author of the Rizal bill was: CM RECTO The Rizal bill was supported by this member of the church as he saw the good intentions of the hero in his writings. BISHOP SANTOS