_Rizal_Higher Education in Spain.pdf

Rizal Left for Spain 1882-1885  OBJECTIVES: At the end of the discussion, you should be able to: A. Narrate in your own words the details on Rizal’s departure to Spain; B. Identify the benefits of Rizal’s decision to leave Philippines; and C. Discuss the sig...

Rizal Left for Spain 1882-1885  OBJECTIVES: At the end of the discussion, you should be able to: A. Narrate in your own words the details on Rizal’s departure to Spain; B. Identify the benefits of Rizal’s decision to leave Philippines; and C. Discuss the significance of Rizal’s studying abroad to the growing ideals of freedom in his own country.. Why did Jose Rizal left to Spain?  Rizal left home and went to Europe in order to educate himself. “He was not moved by the wish to have a good time and enjoy life” - Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera  Some say it was s secret departure to Spain. Why do you think it was kept in secret?  Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept in utmost secrecy to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars. Even his parents and sisters were not informed about it until his ship has lifted its anchor. He left Calamba by carromata in the early morning of May 1, 1882 and reached Manila after ten hours of travel. He used the name “Jose Mercado” in his travel passport.  On May 3, 1882 , he woke up early, attended the mass at Sto. Domingo Church in Intramuros and then proceeded to the Pasig River to board his boat. Those who saw him off were his brother Paciano who gave him money (700), Saturnina a diamond ring , his Uncle Antonio, and a few close friends. He carried his recommendations from the Ateneo authorities to the Jesuit fathers in Barcelona. 35 pesetas allowance per month by Paciano through Uncle Antonio.  Before his departure he wrote a farewell letters for his beloved parents and another for her sweetheart Leonor Rivera. He was almost 21 yrs. old the day he left. He was young and on his parting from his family, friends and loved ones, tears welled from his eyes. As the “Salvadora” sailed further away from Manila, he wrote in his diary: “My Country, my people, I leave you now, you disappear. I lose sight of you.” Salvadora  He gazed the receding skyline of Manila. He then took his pencil and paper and sketched it as it vanished in view. As the ship sailed to Singapore, he compared the people and the things around him on board, in order to forget the pain of being separated from his family.  There were only 16 passengers and he is the only Filipino. The rest were Spaniards, British, and Indians Negro. The Captain of the ship, Donato Lecha, befriended him. He and his fellow passengers(older than him) played chess throughout the voyage to kill boredom.  He wrote in his diary, “Almost all those men,” speaking of Spanish passengers and he noticed that the passengers were foreign travelers, Spanish traders, students, “spoke ill of the country to which they had gone for pecuniary reasons”.  After one week of sailing, the Salvadora reached Singapore. Rizal was so impressed by Singapore’s progress and its clean and beautiful scenery. In his 2 days stay in Singapore, he visited its historic places, the botanical garden, art galleries and parks which he wrote in his diary.  From Singapore, Rizal boarded the Djemnah, a French ship which was bigger and better than the Salvadora, which was sailing to Europe. Most passengers aboard are French-speaking nationals. Rizal spoke French and use gestures to some passengers to be understood.  The streamer made stops at Point de Galle, Colombo, Suez, Naples and Marseilles. Rizal was impressed at Naples’ business activity, its lively people and its lovely panoramic scenery. On June 12, 1882, the ship docked at the French harbor of Marseilles. His brief sojourn (a temporary stay) in Marseilles was a part of his exciting experiences. Naples,Italy He was fascinated by Mount Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Telmo, and other historic sights of the city. Chateau d'If prison June 16, 1882 – Arrived in Barcelona via train. Barcelona is a city of Catalina, Spain’s second largest city. The city was a place where freedom and liberalism is enjoyed by its people.  While in Barcelona, he met some of his schoolmates in Ateneo who gave him a warm welcome. They gave him a party at Café Plaza de Cataluña. After customary toasts, Rizal in turn gave them the latest news and gossips in the Philippines. They invited him to take a walk at the park and visited historical spots. He was amused at the Las Ramblas, a famous street in Barcelona.  Rizal spent his time writing letters to his family. In the letter, Rizal told his parents his experiences during his trip from Port Said to Barcelona. In the same Letter, he requested them to send him a birth certificate and statement showing that he had parents in the Philippines.  He wrote nationalistic articles, "Amor Patrio" (Love of Country) and “Los Viajes” (Travels) using his pen name Laong Laan These were specially written for Diariong Tagalog(first Manila bilingual newspaper), a Manila newspaper edited by Basilio Teodoro Moran. These were the first articles he wrote abroad. It was well liked by his countrymen for it hold fast to his idea that Philippines was Filipino’s own country and not Spain.  Laong Laan is the pen name of Dr. Jose P. Rizal.  "Laong" is a Tagalog word meaning a long time, while “Laan“, means reserved for a purpose.  Laong Laan means "kept in reserve for a purpose for a long time." If you’ll become a writer, what will be your Pen Name? While in sojourn in Barcelona He received sad news about the cholera that was ravaging Manila and the provinces. Many people had died. A letter from Chengoy (Jose’s friend) recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner because of the absence of a loved one. In a letter dated May 26, 1882, Paciano advised his younger brother to finish the medical course in Madrid.  Life in Madrid On September 2, 1882, Rizal transferred to the Spanish Capital in order to continue his medical studies. He enrolled two courses in the famous Central University of Madrid- in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. He took the following subjects: medical clinic, surgical clinic, legal medicine and obstetrical clinic. Universidad Central de Madrid Aside from his hectic schedule in the university, he also took other activities. This included taking lessons in painting and sculpture at the Academy of San Fernando, attending classes in French and German, fencing and shooting at the Hall of Arms of Sans y Carbonell. He took lessons in French, German and English under private instructors. He also attended operas and concerts in order to enhance his knowledge of fine music.  He also visited art galleries and museums and read a variety of books to broaden his cultural background and perspective. From Madrid, he wrote a letter to his father on October 28, 1883, in which Rizal stated:  “I remember having told you in my former letter that from eight o’clock in the morning until eight fifteen at night, I have classes except for half an hour which I use for lunch, that is, from two thirty to three in the afternoon; the gymnasium is doing me good.”  In the Spanish capital (Madrid), Rizal met and associated with other Filipino students who formed the Spanish- Filipino Circle. He wrote articles for its magazine. (Revista del Circulo Hispano-Filipino) The members of the association Circulo Hispano-Filipino requested Rizal to write a poem and was entitled “Me Piden Versos” (They ask me for Verses) It was translated into English by Charles E. Derbyshire.  They used to meet and gather at the home of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey, former mayor of Manila, during Governor Carlos dela Torre’s regime (1809–1879, was a Spanish soldier and politician). Rizal used to visit the home of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey every Saturday evenings and with other Filipino students, played certain games for amusement, and with his two daughters, Consuelo and Pilar. He rigidly budgeted his money and time. He lived frugally, spending his money in food, clothing, lodging, and books –never wasting a peseta for gambling , wine, and women. His only extravagance was investing a few pesetas for a lottery ticket in every draw of the Madrid Lottery. He spent his leisure time reading and writing at his boarding house, attending the reunions of Filipino students at the house of Paterno brothers, Antonio, Maximino, and Pedro.  FINANCIAL STRUGGLE After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse to Calamba. Due to hard times in The harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on Calamba, the monthly account of drought and locusts. allowances of Rizal in On top of this economic disaster, the manager Madrid were late in arrival of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased and there were times when the rentals of the land cultivated by the Rizal they never arrived, causing family. much suffering to him. This hacienda manager, a frequent guest at At one time Paciano was the Rizal home, used to ask for a turkey from forced to sell his younger Don Francisco (the hero’s father), who was a brother’s pony in order to good raiser of turkeys. send money to Madrid.  Rizal was enamored by Consuelo’s refined manners and lovely smile, which sparked their relationship. Occasionally, he gave her fresh flowers which she affectionately cherished. Sinamay Cloth fresh flowers Jose possessed an aura of charisma due to his many splendored talents and noble character which made him attractive to romantic young women. No wonder the prettier of Don Pablo’s daughters (Consuelo) fell in love with him. BUT He back out. He back out for two reasons: 1. He was still engaged to Leonor Rivera 2. His friend and co-worker in the Propaganda Movement, Eduardo de Lete, was madly in love with Consuelo and he had no wish to break their friendship.  Before he left the city in the summer of 1883, he wrote a poem dedicated to Consuelo Ortega. Rizal dedicated a poem : "A la Señorita C. O. y R." In Spain, Rizal was exposed to liberal ideas and cultural influences postulating the maximum individual freedom of action. Being young and idealistic, Rizal was impressed by the way Spanish masons spoke on ideas and values of freedom.  Rizal’s first visit to Paris Unlike ordinary tourist, Rizal improved his During his first summer vacation in mind by observing closely the French way Madrid Rizal went to Paris, sojourn of life and spending many hours at the ing in this gay capital of France from June 17 to August 20, 1883. museums, notably the world-famous At first, he was billeted at the Hotel Louvre; the botanical gardens, especially de Paris. the Luxembourg; the libraries and art galleries; and the hospitals, including the Laennec Hospital, where he observed Dr. “Paris is the costliest capital in Europe.” Nicaise treating his patients. -Rizalx Are you familiar of this logo?  Rizal was a freemason who condemned the corrupt ways of the Church and upheld individual and national liberty. When Rizal arrived in Spain in 1882, he found a country that was strongly influenced by Masonic thought. He became a Master Mason in Lodge Solidaridad(Madrid) on November 15, 1890, and from then on, he ceased going to church regularly, though he continued to have faith in God. Freemasonry is a fraternal organization that took root in Europe and spread all over the world. Its “basic aims are to strive for moral betterment, work for the welfare of others, and bring about a universal league of mankind” (Watson in Licauco, 2008). Jose P. Rizal was a freemason who condemned the corrupt ways of the Church and upheld individual and national liberty.  Rizal joined the Masonry for two reasons: 1. To secure Freemansory’s aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines. 2. The possible help the Masons could extend as a protective shield to use in his fight against evil forces of tyranny and exploitation. Rizal selected a symbolic name by which he was to be known - “Dimasalang,”  RIZAL ADMIRATION TO LUNA AND HIDALGO In 1884, two Indios won in the Madrigal Exposition of Fine Arts (Exposicion de Bellas Artes), Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. It was a significant moment in Philippine Art History.  Juan Luna’s- Spoliarium earned a gold medal  Felix Hidalgo’s- Christian Virgin Exposed to the Populace earned a silver medal Juan Luna Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo Juan Luna Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo  The community made a banquet to commemorate the triumph and welcome the two artists at Café Ingles on June 25, 1884. Rizal was the main speaker at the said event. Spain had been made to believe that the Philippines is a happy arcadia where the Indios lived contented and submissive under the missionaries. With this speech, he launched the FIRST ATTACK against the friars in the Philippines that naturally produce alarm in the Philippines. He mocked the reign of the Spaniards in the Philippines and the injustice his fellow Filipinos are experiencing. It was a very bold move for a young and little student of medicine.  Rizal finished his degree in Medicine on June 21, 1884 and is planning to specialize in ophthalmology either in England or Germany. Paciano concurred with Rizal’s plan. His Licentiate was not given until 1887, because he did not have enough money to pay for the diploma.  RIZAL DEFENDS HIS THESIS FOR PHILOSOPHY AND LETTERS DEGREE He defended his Thesis on the error in the translation of the “ANGEL’S SONG OVER BETHLEHEM ON THE NATIVITY” He discussed his subject and answered the questions to him for almost 1 hour. (Oral Exam) PROF. MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO Ofcourse, HE CAME OUT TRIUMPHANT and HIGHLY PRAISED.  HE THEN GRADUATED ON HIS 24TH BIRTHDAY (Graduated on June 19, 1885)- Philosophy and Letters  HIS SCHOLASTIC GRADE WAS EXCELLENT OR: “SOBRESALIENTE” (excellent)