Reading and Writing Techniques PDF

Lesson 2: Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information TECHNIQUES 3. Listing - These are approaches or methods used to organize →Just list a topic. Then, make a sub-list of things you could information that one has gathered i...

Lesson 2: Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information TECHNIQUES 3. Listing - These are approaches or methods used to organize →Just list a topic. Then, make a sub-list of things you could information that one has gathered in order to achieve write about each topic. your desired aim in writing. →Need to provide a list of subtopics that support your main - Approaches/methods that you as a writer make use to idea organize the information that you have in order to →Can be done individually or as a group improve your writing craft Brainstorming Steps on how to organize information through a Graphic Organizer brainstorming listing Topic Outline 1. Think of a general topic. Sentence Outline - Ex. Social media 2. Brainstorm ideas based on the topic and make a list. BRAINSTORMING - Ex. Platforms, information, source, searching,  It is a group problem-solving method that involves the entertainment, internet, etc. spontaneous contribution of creative ideas and solutions. 3. Take a look at the list and see which ideas are related. Use Ideas are gathered and listed from the input of every lines, arrows, asterisks, or whatever works for you to member. illustrate those connections  Process of writing down topics from different sources - Ex. Platforms, information, entertainment, posts/chats,  Generate topics and narrow them down into few netiquette, source, interactive, communication important ideas 4. Eliminate the topics that will not provide enough  Improve creative thinking and deepens information, then free to write understanding/knowledge - Ex. Eliminate: searching, internet, news, connecting, AI,  Usually done by group(dyad) but it can be individual Cancel culture  TECHNIQUES UNDER BRAINSTORMING: - Create possible title then free to write nya Cubing Free Writing 4. Mapping( Webbing/Clustering) Listing →It involves writing down ideas, and then making Mapping connections by associating similar ideas with color coded Researching circles or underlined dominant themes, or using distinct patterns, and then showing the relationship by linking with 1. Cubing lines. →Allows an individual to examine/look at something →Graphic forms of listing! →An idea is examined from six distinction viewpoints. →Ideas are presented by different colors 1. Describe it - what is it? →Main idea ay nasa center 2. Compare it - what is it like / how does it differ? →Use distinct color for a particular subtopics 3. Associate it - what does it reminds me of? 4. Analyze it - what are the parts? (of the topic) 5. Apply it - how can I utilize it? 6. Argue for or againts it - how can I support/oppose it EXAMPLE: ROSE 1. Flower that has different color and has thorn 2. Sunflower may seeds then rose ay may thorns (?) 3. Beauty in the beast 4. Stem, petals, leaves roots, thorns 5. Decorate our home, perfume 6. “rose is consider the most beautiful flower” oppose it or support it? (provide evidences) 5. Researching →Researching is a careful and detailed study into a specific 2. Free Writing problem, concern, or issue using the scientific method. →Just write! It allows someone to work without inhibitions. →Considered to be the easiest →Allows writer to write continuously in a set period of time →Literal na research lang without minding the proper spelling or grammar →Look for sources, sites that are reliable where you can get →Can produce a raw material - can be useful in the actual factual infromation writing process →.edu.ph ,.gov.ph ,.php.ph -> trusted web →Lasts for 10-15mins and done before pre-writing →Ex: scratch →Main goal: yung idea ilagay sa writing Alisajsmin  GRAPHIC ORGANIZER 4. Timeline  It uses visual symbols that express thoughts, ideas, →It is used to show how events occurred chronologically knowledge concepts, and the relationships between them. through a long bar labeled with dates and specific events.  Visual thinking topics that make pictures of your thoughts →It can be linear and comparative.  Visual representation that illustrate connection between →LINEAR- Shows how an event happened within one period things of time →COMPARATIVE- Shows how 2 sets of events happened TYPES OF GRAPIC ORGANIZER between the same period of time (comparing 2 topics) 1. Venn Diagram →The Venn diagram is used when the writer compares and EXAMPLE OF A COMPARATIVE TIMELINE. contrasts the elements. - pag yung →Help us visualize the similarities and differences of a topic music lang →Most used tas wala yung sa science LINEAR lang 2. Story Map 5. Topical Organizer →A story map is a graphic organizer that helps organize →It allows writers to map out their ideas. There is a identify and the key elements of a story. hierarchical topical organizer and the bubble topical →Helps to map out the elements of the story organizer. →Characters: the main character lang (protagonist & →Involves the practice of dividing the central idea into antagonist) subtopics and surrounding it to main idea →Plot and prob: conflict →Event: intro, climax or rising action and ending  HIERARCHICAL →Need to read or watch a story - A hierarchical topical organizer is a graphic organizer represents that visually relationships between ideas or concepts in a hierarchical structure. - Involves the process of organizing info in a structured manner with the main idea - Main idea ay top and branching out it then sa baba sub - Categorized/organized idea based on level of importance (pinaka mataas na position to down) 3. Problem Solution Map  BUBBLE TOPICAL ORGANIZER →A visual representation of a problem statement, definition, - Bubble maps are used to describe a central idea or causes and effects leading to a possible solution. term at the center using adjectives in the bubbles that →Visual representation of the nature of the problem and the surround. possible solution we can have - Using adjectives in the bubbles that surround →1st to do: define the problem - Most of the time using adjective →2nd : find the root causes and effects of the problem - Puro bilog lang while sa mapping may colors and →3rd : select the best solution drawing Alisajsmin  Lesson 3: Patterns of Development in Writing Across Disciplines PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT IN WRITING 2. SUBJECTIVE  It refers to the particular strategy writers use to develop → Writer put his/her own impression on what being ideas observe on what is being observe on the subject  Approaches or methods that the writers employed to → U are giving ur own opinion towards the subject effectively present or expand present or expand their → Purely opinionated thoughts or story Example:  Based on purpose of their writing 1. NARRATION - It tells a story. It relates an incident or a series of events that leads to a conclusion or ending. - Refers to an act/process of telling story and describing it 3. DEFINITION in chronological order - This pattern explains a concept, term, or subject. Its - we use action/transitional words that indicates time main purpose is to tell what something is and sequence - Provides concise, the exact meaning of the unfamiliar - Transitional words is really important because it help us word to create unified thoughts and to show the transition of - Used to explain technical words/concept events in a story that makes the story interesting also it TYPES OF DEFINITION helps the story to move 1. SCIENTIFIC It uses the following signal words: → Defines a concept in the most factual way, which is  First, second, etc. often used in scientific, proper or real world  After, next, then, eventually, soon facts.Focus on identifying the class, the genus, and  During, at the same time, simultaneously species of a particular subject  Suddenly, instantly, momentarily → Can be found in dictionary  The next day, following, thereafter  In the end, ultimately 2. SUBJECTIVE → Defines the object in a more personal way EXAMPLE: → Based of individual preferences/belief of individual One morning, Juan is in a hurry to go to school. Suddenly, he → Cannot be found in dictionary saw an old lady, carrying a full basket, crossing the street. → Depends upon your opinion Then, he thought of helping the elderly even though he will be late for school. Finally, the elderly crossed the street Example: safely and Juan was able to reach school on time. Social engineering is defined as any method that tricks people to share personal information through the use of 2. DESCRIPTION technology. The social component in this scheme means that - Description refers to the act of explaining or detailing there is reliance on various psychological tricks and the the characteristics, qualities, or features of something gullibility of users rather than technical hacking. Social or someone. It helps paint a vivid picture in the engineering also refers to various malicious acts online such reader's or listener's mind by using sensory details. as phishing, spamming and pretexting - Gives information about how person, object, place or situation looks like 4. EXEMPLIFICATION/CLASSIFICATION - Helps paint vivid picture by using sensory details - Exemplification: provides examples and illustrations in - We use our sensory language/sense organ to describe order to further clarify or explain the concept or our subject like how they move, how they smell and etc. subject matter(used when the writers needs to provide example to support a general idea) TYPES OF DESCRIPTION - Classification: used when a writer needs to sort out or 1. OBJECTIVE arrange subjects to groups or categories based on their → Writer present the actual picture of the subject without common and shared characteristics.(used when the his/her personal impression/opinion towards the writers need to organized or sort information into subject categories/groups based on their shared characteristics) Example: - Bakit magkasama ang itong dalwa? Kasi si exemplification ang nagbibigay ng supporting details/example sa bagay na clinaclasify Alisajsmin  Example: Salmonellosis is a type of food poisoning caused by Salmonella enterica bacterium. People who are infected with such illness experience abdominal cramps, fever, and diarrhea. Consequently, they suffer from severe dehydration, vomiting, headaches and body aches. Furthermore, salmonellosis can lead to complication, such as Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis) and focal infection. 7. PROBLEM & SOLUTION - A problem/solution essay presents a problem, usually 5. COMPARISON & CONTRAST discussing several aspects of the problem, then - This pattern organizes ideas based on how events, concludes by discussing solutions to the problem. places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or - Problem: unsatisfactory condition or circumstances that different from one another. causes difficulty/trouble - Compare: entails the similarities/likeness between - Solution: how solve the problem atleast 2 objects - Detailing problem and provide solution - Contrast: differences between and among topic Example: Example: Oceans and lakes have much in common, but they are also quite different. Both are bodies of water, but oceans are very large bodies of salt water, while lakes are much smaller bodies of fresh water. Lakes are usually surrounded by land, while oceans are what surround continents. Both have plants 8. PERSUASION and animals living in them. The ocean is home to the largest - A persuasive paragraph intends to convince readers to animals on the planet, whereas lakes support much smaller do or believe in something. forms of life. When it is time for a vacation, both will make a - Purpose is to persuade audience to believe in your stand great place to visit and enjoy. - Pick topic and choose your stand and provide supporting details 6. CAUSE & EFFECT - Cause and Effect is a text development pattern that explains why something happens. It also states what results in a particular event produces. - Focus on the reason and result/consequences in certain situation Alisajsmin  Lesson 4: Properties of a well-written Text MECHANICS F. Capitalize important words in the title of a book, journal,  we need take to consideration to make the text readable magazine, literary work, and song. to the reader - A, an, the: if located in the beginning it must be written  It determines errors on subject verb agreement, capital but if it is located at the middle it must written in prepositions, tenses, the grammar, spelling, capitalization, lower cases. abbreviations and acronyms, the use of numbers as part of - First word ng title laging capital the statement, and the punctuation marks. - Coherence & cohesion G. Capitalize all proper nouns - Language used - name, place, situation, and other specific names - Structure/organization - regardless where it is located, it must be written in - focuses in technical structure capital letter 1. CAPITALIZATION H. Names of religious and religious groups: A. Capitalize the first word of every sentence and every Islam quoted sentence. Hinduism - EX: 1.1 The sun is shining brightly today. Buddhism - EX: 1.2 The professor said, “Sit down” Judaism Sikhism B. Capitalize the first word of every line of poetry Iglesia ni Cristo EX: Born Again A Journey in Punctuation Roman Catholic by Diana R. Agbayani Yesterday, life was full of question marks I. Names used to refer to the bible and other sacred Smashed hopes, uncharted courses writings Reversals in life. Bible Today, is a comma Blessed Anthony of Amandola A moment of waiting Holy Scriptures For the unfolding of life's purposes Quran C. Capitalize the first word of the salutation((greetings) and J. Names of days of the week, months, festivals: the complimentary close of a letter(ending). Tuesday - EX: June Dear Dr. Lee: Christmas Dear President Duterte: Very truly yours, K. Names of schools, colleges, and universities: Respectfully yours, La Consolacion College Tanauan University of the Philippines of the D. Capitalize titles prefixed to names of person - TO GIVE EMPHASIS - Title prefixed means words written before the name of person to indicate their profession L. Names of historical events, eras, and holidays: - Example: Professor Benjamin A. Gonzales EDSA Revolution Renaissance period E. Capitalize the pronoun "I" and the exclamation "0" but New Year not "oh" Good Friday - must: Following grammar standard - Why “I” must be written in capital? 1. we are following M. Trade names grammar standard, 2. para di ma overlook, 3. give KFC importance to the writer Mang Inasal - I : Old English (ich, ic) Jollibee - Oh: nothing special Dove - O: Specialize interjection indicates strong feeling so it must be written capital letter and among interjection sya lang single letter - EX: I love reading books everynight. "O God," "O Captain! MyCaptain!” Alisajsmin  2. ABBREVIATIONS 4. ITALICS  are shortened form of words and phrases. A. use italics to indicate the Title of books, long poems, plays,  Ex: Professor - Prof. ; Doctor - Dr. motion pictures, work of art, magazines, and newspapers. - EX: A. In formal writing, use only acceptable abbreviations: Make a book review of Tolstoy's "War and Peace" - Pano malalaman if unacceptable? Pag gawa-gawa lang I love Shakespeare's play "Merchant of Venice." ng tao like BRD, IDK, IDGF Let's watch the movie "Lucy" Discuss your interpretation of the painting "Mona Lisa” B. Put a period after abbreviations. - No. - number B. Use italics to indicate foreign words and phrases that are - No - negative response not yet in the English language. - To avoid confusion - EX: - Pag under ng government or bansa no need to put I write best after my strum und drang season. (strum period like UN und drang: storm and stress) She had certain je ne sais quoi that made her stand out. 3. NUMBERS A. use figures to represent numbers in writing dates, time, C. Use italics to write scientific names. hours, room numbers, telephone number, volume, chapter, - EX: page number, street number Cocos Nucifera (coconut) - numerical format: No need to write the word itself Homo sapiens (humans) - EX: She lives at 16 Imperial Street. D. use italics to indicate emphasis on a word April 28, 2025 - EX: Now is the day of salvation! Vol. I, Chap. 5, pp. 300-320. E. use italics to indicate the names of ships, trains, and B. use words for numbers from one to ninety-nine airplanes. - Wors pag 1-99 words na nasa middle or anything - EX: - EX: There were twelve apostles. I visited I took a ride M.V. Doulos. I took a ride on the Titanic. C. Use figures to represent numbers in writing measurements, time, percentages, money, and page F. use italics in writing the names of legal cases numbers - EX: People VS. Dela la Cruz - Php 100.00 (need ng two decimal point) ang % ay - to identify easily the cases. always num. pero pag nasa unahan ten percent D. use words to represent a number when it begins a sentence. - EX: Seven out of twelve members were present at the meeting - regardless what number but if was at the beginning it must written words E. use words to represent fractions standing alone. - EX: Roxanne has to walk one-half km. to church - Words yung fraction kapag walang ibang kasamang number or whole number F. Use figure and letter combinations when you are expressing ordinal numbers, numbering items in a list, or expressing numbered streets from 10th and up. - ordinals 1-9 dapat word - If exceed of 9 combination of no. and letter: 10th THANKYOU SA MGA NAGBIGAY NG NOTES OKAY BYE G. use roman numerals for volume and chapter numbers for AYOKO NA the main divisions of outlines. - Examples: Volume 1, Chapter 11 Alisajsmin