Revision Booklet For Term 2 Assessment PDF

This booklet is to help you to revise for your next assessment. Answer as many of the questions as you can and find the answers to any you can't answer from the resources. CLIMATE CHANGE What evidence do we have that our climate is changing? Wha is the greenhouse effect? How do humans contribute to...

This booklet is to help you to revise for your next assessment. Answer as many of the questions as you can and find the answers to any you can't answer from the resources. CLIMATE CHANGE What evidence do we have that our climate is changing? Wha is the greenhouse effect? How do humans contribute to greenhouse gases? How will climate change affect people and the world? What do you understand by climate injustice? What are some of the effects of climate change on the UK? SKILLS What is physical geography, give an example, what is human geography, give an example. Can you read 4 and 6 figure grid references? What are contour lines and how do you red them? DEVELOPMENT What is gender inequality? What does GNI per capita mean? What does HDI mean and what factors are in it? COASTS What are the characteristics of a constructive wave? What are the characteristics of a destructive wave? Give an example of hard engineering. Give an example of soft engineering. What is he difference between the two. Greenhouse gases – natural causes: ​ The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour and nitrous oxide. ​ They occur naturally in the Earth’s atmosphere. Water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the Earth’s atmosphere. It occurs in the atmosphere as part of the water cycle. ​ Erupting volcanoes emit carbon dioxide stored in the crust and mantle. ​ Soil and natural vegetation also emit carbon dioxide slowly into the atmosphere. Methane is released in low oxygen environments such as swamps and bogs and through the roots of some plants. ​ These processes all account for the changes in the Earth’s climate through time.​ Greenhouse gases – human causes: ​ As the world’s population has grown and countries have developed, they need energy to fuel industry, transport, and cities. Power stations, factories, homes and cars burn fossil fuels or stored carbon, coal, oil, and natural gas, mined from rock layers. This adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. ​ The world’s forests naturally absorb greenhouse gases, but people are cutting down forests as they develop, often burning the forest, which adds carbon dioxide. ​ A growing world population needs food, in particular livestock and rice paddy fields: these release methane and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere. These human changes to the planet are happening rapidly. T​his is upsetting the natural carbon cycle of the planet. Gases such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are human-made. Human activity is increasing the natural levels of these gases – it is making the greenhouse ‘blanket’ thicker.​  GNI, calculated in national currency, is usually converted to US dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies, as most countries recognise the currency (World Bank).​ High income countries are in the more developed northern hemisphere – North America, Western Europe, but also Australia, Saudi Arabia and several other states in the Middle East. Japan stands out as a high-income country in SE Asia. Most countries in the world are middle income, either upper or lower; this includes most South American countries and Mexico in central America, Russia, Kazakhstan, China and India, and other South Asia countries. North, central and South African states are also in these categories. Low-income countries are predominantly located in central Africa, countries such as Mali, Niger, Chad and Sudan in the Sahara Desert region, Ethiopia and Somalia to the east. Further south these low-income African countries include the Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and Mozambique and the island of Madagascar. Elsewhere Syria How developed and Yemen a country in the Middle East, is anddepends on are Afghanistan theall people's war-tornstandard countries, of andliving Northquality and Korea.​ of life​ Standard of living is the wealth and comfort available to a person or group. ​Quality of life is the standard of health, comfort and happiness experienced by a The Human Development person or group. ​ Index The three elements the UN uses to calculate HDI are:​ a decent standard of living (GNI per capita)​ health (life expectancy) ​ education (mean years of schooling). ​ ​ he HDI has a value between 0 and 1. The higher the number, the greater the T level of development. The UN publishes an annual HDI report. ​ Human development theory​ The human development theory is an approach focusing on people and the opportunities they have. It argues that development cannot be achieved through economic growth alone, which is only a tool rather than a final goal. Instead, human development is about giving people more freedom and opportunities to live their lives as they wish. This is a wider definition of development, which takes account of social, cultural and political dimensions.​  The photo shows that there is inequality between the wealthy apartment blocks and the favelas. Luxury apartments with swimming pools on the balcony look across at the poverty of informal settlements where people have to build their own home from any material they can find. Pupils may consider access to basic services such as sanitation, food and electricity.​ A north–south divide can be seen within the UK. Household income, life expectancy and educational achievement are all higher in the south (South- East) of England. Pupils should use the key to quote data.​ Inequality can be seen between the South and the North. In the South of the UK there is a higher income, longer life expectancy and better education than the North. ​ Two reasons for existence of SDG 5 – all people should be treated equally. No society can develop effectively when half of its population is marginalised. ​ Without the contribution of all members of a society, development cannot be achieved. If half a country’s population is marginalised, half of the country’s potential and innovation is left untapped. Gender equality is a Gender inequality occurs when people basic human right.​ are treated differently and given different opportunities just because they are male or female. This can take many forms including:​ being deprived of education, ​ forced into early marriage, ​  The sustainable development theory focuses on the need to maintain a balance between human needs, natural resources and the Earth’s systems. It aims to create growth but without disturbing or limiting the quality of life for future generations. It is about finding better ways of doing things, both now and for the future.​ The development gap is the gap between the rich and poor. ​ Currently, 20% of the world's population hold 80% of the wealth. ​ A large portion of the world's population live in difficult conditions in the less developed countries.​ There are a number of ways that have been put forward to reduce this gap.​ Formation of waves Two types of wave Constructive and destructive andforms of erosio and deposition  Type​ Advantages​ Disadvantages​ ​ Groynes​ These timber or Wood groynes have a ​ rock structures built short lifespan. They out to sea trap beach need replacing every material moved by 10–15 years and there longshore drift, is constant creating a wider maintenance, beach to protect costing about £1,000 Hard the cliff. Wood per groyne per year. engi groynes Interrupting longshore neeri cost £100,000 each. drift starves beaches Rock groynes are further along ng £125,000 but last the coast, increasing exam longer.​ erosion. ​ ples​ Sea wall​ A concrete wall is They can be ​ placed at the foot of considered​ the cliff. Recurved unattractive. They are walls reflect waves. expensive to build They protect (around £5,000– land behind the wall. £10,000/m) and They are often built expensive with a walkway for to maintain.​ people to use.​ Type​ Advantages​ Disadvantages​ ​ Rock​ Piles of large, hard Rocks are usually from ​ armour (rip-rap)​ granite​ countries such as boulders are placed at Sweden or Norway, the​ so they are expensive base of a cliff or sea to transport. They can wall.​ appear ugly The rocks force waves when covering large to​ areas of a beach.​ break, absorb their energy​ and protect the cliff. They​ Hard cost around £200,000 engi per​ neeri 100 m.​ ng Gabions​ Small rocks are They are considered ​ exam encased in​ unattractive. Wire ples​ wire cages and absorb mesh can be wave​ dangerous as energy against cliffs it breaks easily so and​ there’s a risk of​ beaches. They cost injury.​ around​ Cages rust quickly.​ £1,000/m. They’re relatively​ cheap and easy to construct.​ More cost effective than other methods, it’s a quick fix that may last 20–25 years.​  Type​ Advantages​ Disadvantag ​ es​ Beach recharge​ This maintains the This has to be ​ size of​ frequently​ the beach, which is replaced as good at​ material washes​ absorbing wave away and storms energy. It is​ destroy​ considered more the beach, so it attractive​ costs more​ and natural as it in the long term. blends in​ Material​ with the existing has to be dredged Soft beach.​ from​ engin It costs about elsewhere.​ eerin £2,000/m,​ g and is cheap and easy to​ exam maintain.​ ples​ Sand Sand dunes are Sand dunes can be ​ dune regeneration​ effective​ easily​ barriers to the sea. damaged by Planting​ storms.​ Marram grasses It is a natural can​ system so​ stabilise the there’s no dunes. It is​ guarantee it will​ relatively cheap, at stabilise.​ £200–​ £2,000 per 100 m.​