Classification of Animals PDF

TERM ONE THEME : THE WORLD OF LIVING THINGS TOPIC : CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS What are living things?  Living things are things that have life. Mention the main groups of living things.  Plants  animals Give the examples of living things.  Pl...

TERM ONE THEME : THE WORLD OF LIVING THINGS TOPIC : CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS What are living things?  Living things are things that have life. Mention the main groups of living things.  Plants  animals Give the examples of living things.  Plants  Human beings  Insects  Worms etc.  Birds Mention any two characteristics of living things.  Living things respire.  Living things reproduce.  Living things feed.  Living things excrete.  Living things respond to  Living things move stimuli.  Living things grow. What do you understand by Classification of living things?  Classification is the grouping of things according to common characteristics and features. Name any two features used in classification of living things.  Number of legs  Ways of movement  Ways of breathing  Hair on the body  Response to stimuli  Shape  Colour  Adaptation to the  Size environment  Body divisions  How they get food. State any two reasons for classifying living things.  Makes it easy for us to identify them.  Makes it easy to name them. Note: Living things are classified into five groups called kingdoms.  Animal kingdom  Fungi kingdom  Plant kingdom  prototista kingdom(prototists)  monerans ANIMAL KINGDOM Give any two characteristics of animals.  Animals are multicellular.  Animals cannot make their own food because they do not have chlorophyll 1   They feed on already made food.  Animal cells have a cell membrane. State the differences between plants and animals. Plants Animals o Make their own food o Feed on already made food. o Green plants contain o Don’t have chlorophyll chlorophyll o Growth occurs equally on all o Growth occurs only at the tips parts of the body of roots and shoots o React quickly to external stimuli o React slowly to stimuli o Stop growing long before their o Continue growing throughout death their life Mention two groups of animals.  Vertebrates  Invertebrates Classification of animals Animals Vertebrates Invertebrates Warm Cold Arthropo Coelentera echinoder Molluscs ds Worms Sponges tes ms Blooded Blooded Reptile Birds Mammals Fish Amphibians s What are Vertebrates?  Vertebrates are animals with backbones. Give any two characteristics of vertebrates.  They have an Endo (internal) skeleton.  They have a large brain protected by the skull (cranium).  They have back bones. NB: Vertebrates are also grouped into two;  Warm blooded (homoeothermic or homoeothermic) Page 2 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   Cold blooded (poikilothermic) What are Warm blooded (homoeothermic)?  Are animals that have a constant body temperature. Mention two examples of warm blooded animals.  Mammals  Birds What are Cold blooded animals (poikilothermic)?  Are animals whose body temperature changes according to the surrounding. Give two examples of cold blooded animals.  Fish  Reptiles  Amphibians 1. Mammals  Mammals are groups of vertebrates with mammary glands.  Mammary means breasts. Mention any two characteristics of mammals.  They are warm blooded.  Their bodies are covered with fur: prevent heat loss from the body.  All mammals care for their young ones.  They give birth to live young ones except the egg laying mammals.  They feed their young ones on milk from their mammary glands.  They breathe through lungs.  They undergo internal fertilization. State the main characteristics of mammals.  They give birth to live young ones.  Their bodies are covered with fur.  Have mammary glands. Name the groups of mammals.  Primates (flexibly fingered  Marsupials (pouched mammals) mammals)  Cetaceans (sea mammals)  Insectivores (insect eating  Carnivores (flesh eating mammals) mammals)  Chiroptera (flying mammals)  Ungulates (hoofed mammals)  Monotremes (egg laying  Rodents (gnawing mammals) mammals) A. Primates  Primates are mammals with a well-developed brain.  Primates are the most advanced group of mammals. Mention any three Characteristics of primates. Page 3 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   They have a well-developed brain.  They have five fingers on their hands and five toes on their feet.  They have five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot.  They are omnivores i.e. feed on both meat and vegetation.  They have four sets of teeth. Name two examples of primates.  Man  Monkeys  Gorilla  Bush baby  Baboon  Chimpanzee Mention two groups of even toed ungulates. - Ruminants - Non-ruminants What are Ruminants?  Are ungulates that chew cud and have four chambered stomachs. What are Non-ruminants?  Are ungulates that have a single stomach and do not chew cud. What are Carnivores (flesh eating mammals)?  They are mammals which feed on flesh (meat).  They are also called preying mammals. Give any two Characteristics of carnivores.  They have long stout legs: for running very fast.  They have well-developed canines for tearing flesh.  They have strong curved claws for grabbing grey. What are Insectivores (insect eating mammals)?  These are mammals which feed on insects. Identify two Characteristics of insect eating mammals.  They have a high sense of smell.  They have strong claws for digging the ground to get food.  They mostly hunt at night. Name the examples of insect eating mammals  hedgehog,  moles  ant bears Chiroptera (flying mammals)  They are mammals that move by flying. Mention two characteristics of flying mammals.  Their fore limbs are modified into wings.  They are nocturnal.  They can find their food at night using echoes.  They give birth to live young ones.  Have mammary glands. Page 4 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 NB: Bats are the major examples of flying mammals. Moths, hedgehogs are other examples of nocturnal animals. Marsupials (pouched mammals)  Marsupials are mammals with a pouch.  Pouch is used to carry its young one until it matures.  Have breasts inside the pouch. Give two examples of pouched mammals.  Kangaroo  Wallabies  Koala bear  wombat B. Monotremes (Egg laying mammals)  These are mammals which lay eggs.  Feed their young ones on milk from their mammary glands. Note:  They are regarded as the most primitive mammals because;  They have characteristics of reptiles, birds and mammals.  They lay eggs and have beaks similar to those of birds.  They feed their young ones on milk from their mammary glands. Examples of egg laying mammals:  Duck billed platypus  Spiny ant eater(echidna) C. Cetaceans (sea mammals)  Cetaceans are mammals that live in the sea and oceans.  They have a layer of fats called blubber which keep them warm in water. Mention any two characteristics of cetaceans.  They live in seas.  They breathe by means of lungs.  Have a high level of intelligence next to primates. Name two examples include.  Whales  Dolphins  Seals  otter  walrus  Porpoises Give any two importance of mammals to man.  Some ungulates and rodents are a source of food to man  Some mammals are used for transport.  Some mammals provide raw materials such as hides and skins, horns and tusks for industries.  Oxen are used to plough land for man. Page 5 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   They are tourist attractions  Some rodents can be used to reduce or kill pests on a farm. Mention two dangers of mammals.  Some rodents are crop pests.  Dogs and cats are diseases vectors. 2. Birds State two characteristics of birds  Have streamlined bodies.  Their bodies are covered with feathers.  Have scales on their legs.  They are warm blooded (homoeothermic).  They breathe by means of lungs  They take care of their young ones.  They undergo internal fertilization. Mention the groups of birds.  Swimming birds  Scratching birds  Climbing birds  Wading birds  Birds of prey  Scavenger birds  Perching birds  Flightless birds A. Birds of prey  These are birds which hunt and kill prey. Give any two Characteristics of birds of prey.  They feed on flesh (meat).  They have strong eye sight to spot their prey even at a distance.  They have strong, sharp, hooked beaks for tearing their prey.  They have strong, sharp curved talons for gripping and killing their prey.  Do not have a crop in their alimentary canal. Why are birds of prey not having a crop in their alimentary canal?  They feed on already moistened food. Give any two examples of birds of prey.  Hawks  secretary birds  falcons  Vultures.  owls  eagles  kites Draw a beak and the foot of the bird of prey. B. Perching birds  Have three toes pointing forward one back ward.  This helps them to grasp twigs and small branches. Groups of perching birds Page 6 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 1. Seed eaters  Are perching birds that feed on seeds.  Have strong conical beaks for breaking seeds. Examples include;  pigeons,  doves  weaverbirds Structure of a seed eater 2. Insect eaters  These are perching birds that feed on insects.  Some have wide beaks when open for catching insects in flight.  Some have short beaks for picking insects. Mention any two Examples of insect eaters.  Sparrows  Swallows  Robins  Swifts  Bee eaters NB: Swallows and swifts have short wide open beaks to catch insects even when flying. Structure of an insect eater 3. Nectar suckers  These are perching birds that feed on nectar.  They have thin long slender beaks for sucking nectar from flowers. Examples include; sun bird and humming bird. Structure of beak 4. Fruit eaters  These are perching birds that feed on fruits only.  They have strong long beaks like a horn bill. C. Scratching birds  These are groups of birds that scratch the ground searching for food. Page 7 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   They have strong blunt claws for scratching the ground.  Scratching birds mostly feed on insects, worms, small grains etc.  These birds are unable to fly high because: their bones contain marrow that makes them heavy. Examples of scratching birds  Domestic fowls e.g.  Chicken,  Turkey,  Guinea fowl. Structure of beak D. Swimming birds  These are birds with fully webbed feet: for swimming.  They have a flat broad breast bone: for floating on water.  They have flat spoon shaped beaks: to help them to sieve and scoop food from mud.  Their skin has many oil glands: that produce oil to make feathers water proof. Examples of swimming birds  Ducks  Geese  Pelicans  Swans  Sea gulls  King fisher Structure of beak and feet E. Wading birds  These are groups of birds that find their food in water.  They have long thin legs:to prevent them from sinking in water.  They have partly webbed feet: to enable them walk in mud. Page 8 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473  They have long slender necks: for swinging the head while spearing food. Examples of wading birds  flamingoes  ibis  herons  crested crane Structure of beak and feet F. Flightless birds or walking birds  These birds that are unable to fly but can run very fast.  They have weak and small wings compared to their body weight.  They have compact bones filled with bone marrow.  Do not have flight feathers. Examples of flightless birds  Ostrich  Kiwi  Penguin  Emu Foot of an ostrich NB: An ostrich is the largest and fastest flightless bird Penguins have wings and feet modified for swimming. G. Climbing birds  They are able to climb or walk on tree trunks.  They have two toes pointing forward and two toes pointing back ward: to enable them climb trees easily.  They have short, curved and strong beaks. Examples 1. A parrot has a short strong and curved beak which is used for holding and cracking seeds and nuts. Structure of beak and feet Page 9 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473  2. Wood pecker  It has a strong pointed beak for:  For probing insects.  For making holes in barks of trees. H. Scavenger birds  These are birds that feed on Carrion.  Have strong curved beaks to enable them tear flesh. NB: They help to clean the environment by feeding on carrion. Identify the examples of scavenger birds  vultures,  crows,  marabou storks Structure of beak and feet Mention any ways in which birds are adapted to flying.  They are streamlined to reduce friction in air.  They have hollow bones which help to reduce weight.  Their front limbs are modified into wings.  They have a nictitating membrane which cover the eyes and protect them against moving air during flight.  They have flight feathers.  They have no pinna to obstruct the flow of air. Page 10 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   They have hollow air sacs from the lungs. Suggest any two importance of birds.  They are a source of food to man and animals.  Their feathers can be used for decoration on hats, hand bags.  Their bones can be used for making glue.  Birds are a source of income to farmers.  Some birds like sun birds pollinate flowers when collecting nectar.  Some bird like vultures, crows and marabou storks clean our environment Mention any two dangers of birds.  Many birds destroy farmer’s crops.  Some birds cause accidents on run ways at airports.  They make a lot of noise especially weaver birds  They keep vectors like fleas and mites.  Some birds of prey such as kites and eagles kill and eat the chicks of domestic birds. THE COLD BLOODED VERTEBRATES  These are vertebrates whose body temperature changes according to the surrounding. Name four groups of cold blooded animals.  Reptiles  Amphibians  Fish Give any three Common characteristics of reptiles.  They have back bones. hearts  They all move by crawling along  They reproduce by laying eggs. the ground  They are poikilothermic (cold  Their bodies are covered with blooded) scales  They do not take care of their  Their eggs undergo internal young ones fertilization.  They have a set of teeth of the  They breathe by means of lungs. same kind  They have three chambered a) Snakes  Are reptiles that are limbless. Characteristics of snakes  They are limbless.  They are carnivorous animals.  Do not have eyelids.  They have a forked tongue: for smelling and tasting food.  They moult: to grow.  They move by gliding. Page 11 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473  Features of snakes.  They have a forked tongue: for smelling and tasting food.  Have teeth curved inwards: to prevent the prey from escaping.  Do not chew food but just swallow it because: they do not have molar and pre-molar teeth for chewing. Groups of snakes  Poisonous snakes  Non-poisonous snakes  Constrictors i.Poisonous snake  These are snakes that produce venom.  They have fangs: for injecting venom in the prey.  They have triangular shaped heads.  Have dark scaring colours. Examples of poisonous snakes 1. Cobras 2. Gabon Viper 3. Black Mamba 4. Puff adder. ii. Non-poisonous snakes  These are snakes that do not produce venom.  They do not have fangs.  They have slender heads.  They move swiftly to run away from enemies. Examples include;  house snakes,  grass snakes,  tree snake iii. Constrictors  They are big non-poisonous snakes with strong muscles.  They have strong muscles: for squeezing and crushing prey.  They have flexible jaws: to enable them swallow larger prey. Examples include;  Python, king snakes  Boas  Anaconda. Identifying marks of a poisonous and non-poisonous snake. First aid for snake bites  Rest the victim in one place  Clean the bitten part with methylated spirit.  Tie a piece of cloth just above the bitten part and apply a black stone.  Take the victim to a nearby health Centre. Describe first aid for a snake bite in one sentence.  Tie a piece of cloth just above the bitten part. Qn: why do we tie a piece of cloth just above the bitten part? Page 12 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   To prevent quick spread of venom in the body. Qn; How can the victim of a snake bite be carried to a nearby health Centre?  Using a stretcher.  Two people carry  Piggy back. How to control snake bites.  Slashing bushes in the compound.  Covering holes in houses and compound. Importance of snakes to man  They provide skin that can be used for making drum membranes, shoes, belts, hand bags.  They eat pests and vectors.  Venom is used to make anti-venom drugs. Lizards  Are reptile with limbs and movable eyelids.  Their tongues are fleshy.  They have movable eyelids.  Their heads are flat and triangular. Examples of lizards; 1. Geckoes  These are small and yellowish-brown.  They have short and broad tongues.  They can cast off their tails and develop new ones.  They feed on small insects and worms.  They lay eggs in cracks and holes in buildings where they mainly live.  They have suction pads on their feet: which enable them to move upside down on ceilings.  They are useful because they feed on mosquitoes and other harmful insects. 2. Chameleon  They have large heads and protruding eyes.  The eyes can work independently of each other.  The feet and tails are well developed for catching and gripping small twigs and branches of trees.  They have long sticky tongues which are sticky used to trap insects.  They change colour according to the surrounding.  for protection and get food. Tortoises and turtles  Have hard shells on their bodies for protection.  Tortoises are land animals that feed on grass and insects. Page 13 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   Have four limbs that end in clawed toes.  Have sharp cutting edges in their jaws instead of teeth.  They reproduce by laying eggs which are fertilized internally.  Terrapins are a kind of turtles that live in fresh water. Crocodiles and alligator  They have a strong tail.  They have long strong jaws  The female lays hard-shelled eggs and covers them in sand or mud.  They are covered with scales. Qn. What is the use of a tail of a crocodile?  For swimming  For defense Note: A crocodile uses a tail and teeth for protection. Uses of crocodiles and alligators to man  We get skins for making shoes, bags and belts.  Man can eat their meat. 2. Amphibians  Are animals that live both on land in water. Characteristics of amphibians:  They live both in water and on land.  They are poikilothermic  Have two pairs of limbs (hind limbs are fully webbed to enable them to swim).  Their eggs undergo external fertilization.  They breathe through lungs on land and moist skin while in water.  But tadpoles breathe through gills.  Frogs and toads don’t have tails while newts and salamanders have tails in the adult stage. Examples of amphibians  Frogs  Toads  Newts  Salamander Differences between frogs and toads Frog Toad  Has a smooth moist skin.  Has a rough dry skin.  Has fully webbed toes.  Has partly webbed toes.  Lays eggs in mass.  Lays eggs in a string-like jelly.  Has longer hind legs and larger  Has short hind legs and smaller eyes. eyes Page 14 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473  Spends most of its time in water  Spends most of it time on land.  Most active during day.  Most active during night. Structure of a frog and toad Functions of the parts Mouth – for feeding Nostrils – sense organ for smell Eyes – sense organ for sight External eardrum – for hearing Poison gland – produce poisonous substance that prevents other animals from eating a toad Strong hind legs – enable a toad hop to escape from enemies Webbed feet – enable a toad to swim in water. Feeding, life history, respiration and adaptation of frogs Feeding in frogs / toads  Adult frogs and toads are carnivores.  They feed on worms, beetles, cockroaches and other insects.  They have wide mouth and sticky tongues for picking food.  They have a series of small teeth in the mouth to hold their prey so that they don’t escape. Life cycle (metamorphosis) of a frog / toad  During rains the male and female form a pair in water  The males make noises (croaks) to attract females.  The male climbs the female’s back  The female lays eggs as the male sheds sperms over them and get fertilized externally.  Eggs are also smeared with a sour jelly called spawn:to protect them against predatorsand keep them together.  After about 2 weeks the eggs hatch into young ones called tadpoles. Qn. How do eggs of amphibians hatch?  By help of heat from the sun. Page 15 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473  Diagrams showing eggs of a toad and frog. frog toad Respiration in a toad/ frog A frog can breathe in three different ways; i) lungs ,bucal cavity and moist skin. ii) A toad can breathe through the bucal cavity and lungs only Differences between a tadpole and an adult frog / toad Tadpole Adult - It has gills for - uses lungs and moist skin for breathing. breathing. - uses its webbed feet for swimming - Has a tail for swimming Ways in which a frog is adapted to living in water  Has a streamlined body that enables it to move easily in water.  Have strong hind legs with fully webbed feet so it can swim rapidly.  The eyes and nostrils are arranged in such a way that they can float on water and its body is hidden from its enemies.  They can hibernate during dry season i.e. rest or sleep. Mention the importance of amphibians  They feed on harmful insects such as houseflies.  Used as specimen in science laboratories. f. Fish Characteristics of Fish  They are poikilothermic animals.  They live in water.  They have fins used for swimming.  Their eggs undergo external fertilization.  They have streamlined bodies to reduce friction while swimming. In which ways are fish are adapted to living in water?  Have streamlined bodies.  Have gills for breathing in water.  Scales and colour provide them with protection.. Mention the importance of fish.  They are eaten as food. They are a good source of proteins.  Their bones are used in the manufacture of glue.  They are sources of income when sold.  Silver fish are used to make animal feeds. Page 16 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   Fish control vectors. How do fish control vectors?  By feeding on the larva of mosquito while in water External features of fish Eye Lateral line Dorsal fin Nostril Mouth Tail fin Gill cover/operculum Annual fin Pelvis fin Anus Pectoral fin Give the functions of the parts of the fish below. The mouth– helps fish to take in food and water. Nostrils – used for smelling and tasting food Scales – protect the body from external injuries. Gill cover or operculum- protects the gills from damage. Lateral line – to detect sound movement in water Qn. How does a lateral line detect movements in water?  By vibration of the fluid. Fins – make fish stable and control the direction in water. Caudal fin: helps a fish to swim forward Dorsal fin: keeps the fish upright Pelvic fin: helps to reduce speed Helps a fish to swim upwards and downwards Pectoral fin: helps to reduce speed Helps it to swim upwards and downwards Gills – used for breathing How do fish carry out external fertilization? The male fish sheds sperms on eggs. How fish protect themselves against enemies  By use of dorsal fins and teeth.  Fish have slippery bodies. Page 17 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Why are gill filaments very many in number?  To increase the surface area for absorbing oxygen in water. Give one reasons why a fish dies when removed from water.  Gill filaments stick together which reduces the surface area for absorbing oxygen  The muscular system of the mouth and operculum work only in water but not in air. INVERTEBRATES  Invertebrates are animals without back bones. Give two Characteristics of Invertebrates.  They do not have back bones.  Some have Exo – skeletons Invertebrates Coelenterates Molluscs Arthropods Worms Sponges Mention the groups of invertebrates.  Worms  Molluscs  Echinoderms  Arthropods  Coelenterates  Sponges 1) Arthropods  These invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed legs. State two characteristics of arthropods.  They all have segmented bodies and jointed legs.  They all have Exo skeleton. NB. The Exo skeleton prevents growth in size. Arthropods shed their Exo skeleton through the process known as moulting. Name four Classes of arthropods.  Crustaceans  Insects  Arachnids  Myriapods Give any two examples of arthropods.  Crab  shrimps  Cyclops  sand hoppers  lobster  pawns Page 18 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   cray fish  wood louse  barnacles Myriapods  There are two groups;  chilopoda  diplopoda. a) Chilopoda (centipedes)  Have a pair of jointed legs attached to each segment.  They have a pair of antennae  They have poison claws on their front legs.  They feed on small insects ( they are carnivorous animals) Centipede b) Diplopoda (millipedes)  Have two pairs of jointed legs on each segment.  They protect themselves by coiling and produce s bad smell.  They herbivores and help in aerating the soil. Millipede How are Arachnids similar to insects? Give two characteristics of arachnids.  Have only two main body parts (cephalothorax and abdomen).  They breathe by means of book lungs. Mention any one example of arachnids.  Scorpions,  Mites,  Spiders,  Ticks How are spinnerets important to the spider?  They are used to spin silk to make cob webs. How are the cob webs useful to the spider?  The cob webs are used to trap insects (prey). State how scorpions protect themselves.  Scorpions protect themselves by stinging. Page 19 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Mention any two characteristics of insects.  They have three pairs of jointed legs.  They have three main body parts.  They breathe through spiracles. Structure of an insect Antenae/feelers Head Compound eye Thorax Legs Abdomen Give the main functions of the following parts of an insect; a) Antennae: for hearing, for feeling, for sensing direction. b) Proboscis: for sucking. c) Mandibles: for biting, for cutting d) Compound eyes: for seeing. e) Halters: used for balancing during flight. f) Suction pads: help an insect to move on the walls g) Legs are also used for walking. h) Wings; for flying. i) Spiracles: for breathing. j) Ovipositor: for laying eggs. k) Stinger: for protection against enemies. What is metamorphosis?  Metamorphosis refers to major stages of development an insect undergoes. Mention two types of metamorphosis.  Complete metamorphosis  Incomplete metamorphosis Define Complete metamorphosis.  Is where an insect undergoes four stages of development i.e. eggs, larva, pupa and adult. Mention two examples of insects which go through complete metamorphosis. Page 20 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   Houseflies  Butterflies  bees  Mosquitoes  Moths Life cycle of a housefly How are maggots important to man? They reduce the volume of faeces in a pit latrine by feeding on them. Why is it not advisable to pour oil or any chemical in a pit latrine?  They kill maggots which reduce the volume of faeces in a pit latrine. Mention one danger of houseflies / economic importance of houseflies.  They carry germs on their hairy bodies which cause diseases like dysentery, cholera, typhoid, trachoma, etc. Give two uses of house fliesto man.  They help to locate dirty places in the environment.  Their larvae help to reduce the volume of faeces in a pit latrine. How to control diseases spread by house flies.  Ensuring proper disposal of waste.  Covering left over foods in clean containers.  Regular burning of rubbish.  Spraying houseflies using insecticides. MOSQUITOES Mention the types of mosquitoes. a) Anopheles mosquito  Female anopheles mosquito spreads a germ in the protozoan group called plasmodium  The germ causes malaria.  Female anopheles mosquito feeds on blood. Why? To make eggs mature.  Female anopheles mosquito produces saliva while sucking blood: to prevent blood from clotting.  The male anopheles mosquito does not feed on blood but it feeds on plant juices. Qn. Why can’t male anopheles mosquito spread malaria?  It feeds on plant juices but not blood. b) Culex mosquito Page 21 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   It spreads a worm called filarial which causes elephantiasis (filariasis).  The disease makes the legs to grow big like those of an elephant. c) Aedes or tiger mosquito  Spreads the virus that causes either yellow fever or dengue fever in human beings. Diagram showing life cycles of mosquitoes. NB.  The larva of a mosquito breathes through breathing tubes called siphon  The larva of a mosquito is called a wriggler, the pupa is a tumbler while that of a butterfly is called a caterpillar, and the pupa is chrysalis State one danger of the larva of the butterfly  The larva (caterpillar) is very destructive because it feeds on plant leaves. Name the stage of a butterfly which does not feed.  The pupa (chrysalis) does not feed. It rests in a cocoon. What is Incomplete metamorphosis?  Is where an insect undergoes three stages of development.i.e. eggs, nymph and adults. Write ant two examples of insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis.  grasshoppers, locusts, cockroaches, crickets, termites Life cycle of a cockroach In which ways are the following insects dangerous? a) Cockroaches  Destroy clothes, books, food Page 22 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   They transmit diseases like typhoid fever, diarrhea, polio and amoebic dysentery b) Mosquitoes  Transmit diseases such as malaria, elephantiasis, dengue fever, yellow fever c) Tsetse flies  Transmit nagana to animals and sleeping sickness to human beings d) Honey bees  They sting e) Termites  Destroy crops  Damage buildings and other structures. f) Grass hoppers  Damage crop leaves g) Butterfly and moth  During the larva stage caterpillars destroy crops and plants How are the following insects important? a) Honey bee  Pollinate flowers  We get honey and wax from them b) Termites  Break down plant materials and form soil c) Grasshoppers  They are eaten as food.  Source of income when sold. d) Butterflies and moths  Pollinate flowers  Some caterpillars eat other insects  Silk worm produces silk used for making cloth e) House flies  During the larva stage reduces the volume of faeces in latrines. Molluscs Molluscs are invertebrates with soft and unsegmented bodies. Give any two characteristics of mollusk.  Have soft and unsegmented bodies.  They reproduce by laying eggs.  Some have shells used for protection. Name the examples of molluscs.  snails,  slugs,  octopus,  Oysters. How are shells of snails important? Page 23 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   They are used to make animal feeds. Why are shells of snails included in animal feeds?  They are sources of calcium. How are snails important to poultry keepers?  Their shells are used to make mash to provide calcium Structures of a fresh water snail Why is a tape worm called a parasite?  It derives food from a host. Write two examples of flat worms. 1. Tape worms 2. Liver flukes 3. Blood flukes How tape worms enter the body.  Eating poorly cooked meat of infected animals.  Eating unwashed fruits. Give two signs of tape worm infection.  Wasted muscles due to malnutrition.  Segments in faeces How to prevent tape worms  Eating well cooked meat.  Wash fruits before washing them.  Regular deworming.  Ensure proper disposal of human waste. How do hook worms cause anemia?  They damage blood vessels and cause intestinal bleeding.  They suck blood. Write two ways hook worms are spread.  Through drinking contaminated water.  Through walking in dumpy areas bare footed. State any two signs of hook worm infection.  Intestinal bleeding.  Small wounds on intestines.  Pale tongue, gums, eyelids and finger nails. Page 24 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Give two symptoms of hook worm infection.  Abdominal pain.  Weakness and tiredness. How can we Prevent hook worm infection?  Boil water for drinking.  Wear shoes or sandals while walking in dumpy areas.  Regular deworming. How do earth worms breathe?  Breathe through the moist skin. Why do earth worms normally come out of the soil after raining?  To get enough oxygen. How do earth worms aerate the soil?  By making tunnels in the soil. Why are earth worms called hermaphrodites?  They have both male and female reproductive organs. What are Hermaphrodites?  Hermaphrodites are organisms with both male and female reproductive organs. Mention any two examples of hermaphrodites.  Earth worm  Leech  Bristle worm Write down any two importance of earth worms.  They aerate the soil.  They help in the formation of humus.  Help in water infiltration into the soil. How do earth worms depend on the soil?  They live in the body.  They get food from the soil. TOPIC SOUND ENERGY What is sound?  Sound is the form of energy produced by vibration of objects. Why is sound called a form of energy?  It can do work. How is work done by sound important to us?  It enables us to hear. What is Vibration?  Is the repeated to and fro movement of an object. Give any two natural sources of sound include.  Crying baby  Talking man, Page 25 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   animals,  storms,  thunder,  Waterfalls etc. What are artificial sources of sound?  These are people made sources and include; radios, bells, gun, flute, cars, musical instruments like guitars, harps, tube fiddles, drums, etc How is sound produced?  Sound is produced by vibrations of different objects. How sound is produced by living things  All mammals;produce sound by vibrations of vocal cords.  Birds;make sound by vibration in the rings of cartilage in thetrachea.  Bees and mosquitoes; produce sound by flapping their wings rapidly.  Grass hoppers and crickets;produce sound by rubbing their hind legs against their wings. State any two properties of sound.  Sound travels by means of sound waves.  Sound requires a medium or material in order to travel.  Sound can be reflected Speed of sound in the three states of matter.  Sound travels through solid, liquid, and gas at different speed Table showing speed of sound in the three states of matter state solid liquid Gas speed 1500m/s 1484m/s 330m/s Note:  Sound travels fastest in solid: molecules are compact.  Slowest in gas: molecules are mobile.  Does not travel in a vacuum: because it does not contain matter. Write down two factors that affect speed of sound.  Temperature  Altitude  Wind What is Pitch? Pitch is the highness or lowness of sound. Mention any three factors that affect or determine the pitch of sound.  The size of the vibrating surface Page 26 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   Nature of the vibrating object:  Frequency of the vibration  Thickness or thinness of the vibrating object  Tension (tightness or looseness) in the vibratingsurface Study the diagrams below and use them to answer the following questions. Which of the two drums will produce the higher pitched sound?  Drum Y Give the reason for your answer above.  Drum Y has the smaller vibrating surface. Which drum will produce the low pitched sound?  Drum x Give a reason for your answer.  Drum X has the larger vibrating surface. What is frequency?  Frequency is the number of vibrations per second. Define Volume of sound.  Volume is the loudness or softness of sound.  Amplitude is the factor that determines volume of sound. Give two types of sound. a) Music b) Noise Music  This is organized sound with regular vibrations. Noise  This is disorganized sound with irregular vibrations. What are musical instruments?  These are instruments which produce organized sound. Mention three groups of musical instruments. a) String instruments: - these produce sound by vibration of the strings and air around when plucked e.g. violin, tube fiddle, guitar etc. b) Wind instruments: - these produce sound by vibration of air inside them when blown e.g. flute, trumpet, pine pipes, a bottle, saxophone, horn, etc. c) Percussion instruments: - these produce sound by vibration of the surface when hit e.g. xylophones, bells, shakers, rattles etc. Page 27 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 ECHOES / REFLECTION OF SOUND  An echo is a reflected sound.  An echo is formed when sound is blocked by a hard surface. Mention any two uses of echoes.  Bats use echoes to locate food and find their way.  Pilots use echoes to detect obstacles like mountains.  Sailors use echoes to find the depth of the water body.  Fishermen use echoes to detect shoals of fish.  Whales use echoes to know if there is an obstacle like rocks. Give one danger of echoes.  Echoes make hearing difficult. How can we control echoes?  Putting curtains in cinema halls and theatres.  Putting porous soft boards on walls of cinema halls and theatres.  Covering walls with blankets.  Putting thick carpets on the floor of a cinema or theatre hall. Name any three things used to reduce echo.  Curtains  Porous soft boards  Blankets  Thick carpets Note: Things used to reduce echo should be porous and soft: to absorb sound. Calculating distance and time using speed of sound Example 1 A man heard a gunshot after four seconds. How far is he from the firing spot? Distance =? Speed of sound = 330 m/sec. Time = 4 sec. D=SxT D = 330 m/s x 4 s D = (330 x 4) m D = 1320 m Therefore the man is 1320 m from the firing spot. Example II It takes three seconds for a man to hear the echo of his clap. How far is he from the cliff that reflected the sound? Speed of sound = 330 m/sec Time taken = 3 sec Distance =? D = S x T/2 D = 330 m/s x 3/2 s D = 990/2 D = 495 m Page 28 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Example III Amooti was standing across the valley, which was 660 metres from the cliff. If he shouts, how long will it take to hear the echo? D = 660 m S = 330 m/s T=? T = D/ S T = 660/ 330 x 2 T=2x2 T = 4 sec Example IV Okello was standing 165 metres away from his father who called him by clapping. How long did it take Okello to hear the clapping? T=? D = 165 m S = 330 m/s T = D/S T = 165/330 T = 0.5 sec Why should sound be stored?  Sound can be stored for future use. Give any two ways of storing sound.  Using notation method discs  Recording it on compact discs.  Recording on MP3.  Recording it on memory cards  Recording it on flash cards.  Recording it on video compact List down any two devices that store sound  Memory card  digital versatile disc  Compact disc  Telephones etc. Apart from using discs, how else can sound be stored?  By using notation method. Mention one way of reproducing sound.  Sound can be reproduced by playing the recorded sound. Name any two devices that reproduce sound.  Telephone  video deck  DVD player  Compact disc player  Computer  MP3 player State any two ways of reproducing sound.  By using of a telephone.  By using MP3 player.  By using a computer.  By using compact disc player. Page 29 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   By using a DVD player. Page 30 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 The human mammalian /ear  Used for hearing.  Helps in body balancing. Structure of the mammalian ear The ear is divided into three parts i.e. a) The outer ear, b) middle ear c) the inner ear Give the main functions of the parts of the ear. a) Pinna – collects sound waves from the environment and sends it to the auditory canal b) Auditory canal – directs sound waves to the ear drum from the pinna. c) Ear drum–vibrates when hit by sound waves. d) Ossicles – a chain of three small bones i.e. hammer, anvil, stirrup (HAS) or malleus, incus, stapes (MIS). They amplify sound vibration. Carry sound waves from eardrum to the oval window. Increase the force of vibration. e) Oval window – passage of sound vibrations from the ossicles to the inner ear. f) Eustachian tube – balances air pressure on either side of the ear drum. g) Semi-circular canals – control body balance. Works like the cerebellum of the brain. h) Cochlea – changes the sound vibrations into nerve impulses. i) Auditory nerve – carry sound impulses from the ear to the brain for interpretation Page 31 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Mention any two problems that affect the ear (ear defects).  Earache  Deafness  Ear discharge How can partial deafness be controlled?  Removing wax from ears regularly. Note:  Wax in the ears traps dust.  Too much wax in the ears should be removed using cotton buds or warm water.  Warm water melts wax. Why is it not advisable to use sharp objects when cleaning the ear?  It causes permanent deafness. Name any two general causes of deafness.  Breaking the ear drum  Too much wax in the ears  Ear infections. Identify the diseases of the ears.  Earache  Otitis  Ear dischargeName the disorders of the ear  Deafness  Ear ringing  Mechanical damage. How can we care for the ears?  Wash the ear daily with clean water and soap to remove dust.  Never use sharp objects to clean the ear.  Remove wax from ears regularly.  Do not listen to very loud sound. Page 32 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473  TOPIC THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM What is circulatory system?  This is a system concerned with the movement or flow of blood in the body. What is Blood circulation?  Is the movement of blood around the body. Name the three main components circulatory system.  The heart  The blood  Blood vessels THE HEART  It is divided into two parts by a thick wall called septum.  The right side deals with de-oxygenated blood.  The left side deals with oxygenated blood.  The heart is further divided into four chambers i.e.  The upper chambers referred to as auricles/atria (the right and left auricles)  The lower chambers referred to as ventricles (the right and left ventricles) THE STRUCTURE OF THE HEART Pulmonary artery Aorta Vena cava Pulmonary vein Right atrium Left atrium Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve Right ventricle Left ventricle Septum Write the functions of the parts of the heart below. 1. Vena cava – It carries deoxygenated blood from all body parts to the heart. 2. Pulmonary artery- It carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. 3. Pulmonary vein – It carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. 4. Aorta– It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all body parts. 5. Valves – They prevent the back flow of blood. Page 33 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473  6. Septum – It separates the left from the right side of the heart. Why does blood first goes to the heart? NB: Blood goes to the lungs to release carbon dioxide and pick oxygen.  From the lungs, blood is carried to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein and then pumped to all body parts through the aorta.  The left side of the heart has thicker muscles because it pumps blood with pressure to all body parts. Note  The normal heart beat of a person is 72 times a minute, but can go beyond if there is fear or excitement.  The circulation of blood all around the body was first discovered by Sir William Harvey (1578 - 1637) English physician.  The instrument used by doctors to detect heart beat is called a stethoscope. Name the body organs related to the circulatory system. 1. Heart – Pumps blood to all body parts. 2. Lungs – It is where blood is oxygenated. 3. Kidney – It is where blood is filtered/purified 4. Small intestine – Blood picks digested food to be supplied to body parts. 5. Liver – Regulates amount of sugar in blood. Identify four components of blood.  White blood cells  Red blood cells  Blood plasma  Platelets What are the main functions of the following components of the blood? a) White blood cells  To defend the body by fighting disease causing germs in the body. b) Red blood cells  To carry or transport oxygen around the body c) Blood plasma  It transports digested food  It transports carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs.  It transports heat in the body.  It transports hormones. Mention two characteristics of white blood cells.  Have a nucleus.  Do not have a definite shape. How do white blood cells fight disease causing germs?  By engulfing and digesting the germs.  By producing anti-bodies against germs. How are white blood cells adapted to their function? Page 34 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   Are very many in number.  Do not have a definite shape. Why are white blood cells not having a definite shape?  To engulf germs easily.  To enable them pass through blood capillaries. Simple diagrams of white blood cells Mention two characteristics of red blood cells.  They do not have a nucleus.  They do not a definite shape. Why are red blood cells not having a nucleus?  To increase the surface area for transporting oxygen How are red blood cells adapted to their function?  They do not have a nucleus. Diagrams showing red blood cells Diagram showing the platelets Name the liquid part of the blood.  Plasma is the liquid part of blood. Name the components of plasma.  Digested food  water  Antibodies  Carbon dioxide  Hormones Mention any two general functions of blood.  It carries oxygen and digested food to all body parts.  It transports waste products from all parts of the body to excretory organs.  It transports carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs.  It contains white blood cells that defend the body against disease germs.  It distributes heat all parts of the body.  It carries hormones in the body. BLOOD GROUPS  There four blood groups namely Page 35 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   Blood group A  Blood group B  Blood group AB  Blood group O Note:  Blood is grouped according to the clotting agent A and B  A person who gives blood is called a donor.  A person who receives blood is called receiver or recipient. Receiver (Recipient) Donor Blood group Blood group A A, O B B, O AB AB, A, B, O O O Note:  A person with blood group AB is called a universal recipient. Why?  Because he or she receives blood from all blood groups.  A person with blood group O is called a universal donor. Why?  Because he or she gives blood to all blood groups but receives blood from blood group O only.  A person with blood group AB receives blood from all blood groups but donates to only blood group AB. NB:  Because of HIV/AIDS, all blood must be screened before it is donated. What is Blood Transfusion?  Blood transfusion is the transfer of screened blood from one person to another as long as the blood groups match. How do people lose blood?  Through accidents  Due to untreated malaria  Women lose blood when giving birth. Why should blood be screened before transfusion?  To identify the blood group.  To check for blood diseases. Blood vessels  These are tubes which carry blood around the body. Mention the three blood vessels namely  Arteries  Veins  Capillaries Arteries  These are blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. Page 36 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 State the Structural characteristics of arteries.  Have thick walls.  Have narrow lumen.  Have elastic muscular walls. Identify the Non-structural characteristics of arteries.  Carry blood away from the heart.  Blood in arteries flows with pulse.  Blood in arteries flows with high pressure and speed. NOTE: the main artery is the aorta. How are arteries adapted to their function?  They have thick walls to withstand the high pressure at which blood flows. Veins  Veins are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. Give any two structural characteristics of veins.  They have thin walls.  They have wide lumen.  They have valves. Suggest Non-structural characteristics of veins.  Carry blood towards the heart.  They carry blood with low pressure and speed.  Blood in veins does not flow with pulse. Note: The biggest vein in the body is the vena cava. How are veins adapted to their function?  They have valves to prevent the back flow of blood. NOTE  All veins carry de-oxygenated blood apart from the pulmonary vein. Structure showing artery and a vein: Capillaries  These are blood vessels that join arteries to veins.  They are the smallest blood vessels. Mention any two characteristics of capillaries.  Have porous walls. Page 37 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   Join arteries to veins.  Their walls are one cell thick. Identify any two functions of capillaries.  Supply food and oxygen to body cells.  Take away waste from body cells. A diagram showing capillaries Vein Artery Mention the differences between arteries and veins. Arteries Veins i. Arteries carry blood away from the i. Veins carry blood towards the heart. heart. ii. Arteries have thick walls ii. Veins have thin walls. iii. Arteries have narrow lumen. iii. Veins have wide lumen. iv. Arteries carry blood containing more iv. Veins carry blood containing more oxygen. carbon dioxide. v. Arteries have a rhythmic flow of v. Veins have valves to prevent the blood called pulse. back flow of blood. Identify any two examples of opportunistic infections.  Malaria  Dysentery  Tuberculosis  Pneumonia Mention any three diseases of the circulatory system.  AIDS  Sickle cell anaemia  Coronary heart disease  Haemophilia  Malaria  Leukaemia  Anaemia Give any two diseases of the heart.  Heart attack  high blood pressure(hypertension)  Coronary heart disease  heart murmur Identify General causes of heart diseases.  Smoking  Alcoholism  Eating too much fatty foods. State two ways of preventing and controlling of diseases of the circulatory system Disease Prevention and control Page 38 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473  AIDS  Abstain from sex  Have protected sex  Have one lifelong sexual partner  Use screened blood for blood transfusion  Avoid sharing skin piercing objects Malaria  Drain stagnant water  Sleep under treated mosquito nets  Spray using insecticide Sick cell Anaemia  It has no cure Anaemia  Feed on food containing iron  Seek for early medical advice to treat symptoms Heart disease  Avoid eating a lot of fatty foods  Avoid smoking  Doing body physical exercises regularly. Suggest any three disorders of the circulatory system.  Heart attack  Blood clot bleeding  Heart stroke  Cuts and wounds  Heart failure  Excessive How to maintain proper functioning of the circulatory system  Feed on a balanced diet.  Have regular physical body exercises  Eat meals containing low animal fats. TOPIC ALCOHOL, SMOKING AND DRUGS IN THE SOCIETY ALCOHOL IN SOCIETY What is alcohol?  Alcohol is a chemical substance which when taken changes the way one’s mind works. Name the two types of alcohol.  Methanol alcohol  Ethanol alcohol Mention two methods of producing alcohol  Fermentation.  Distillation. Define the term fermentation.  Fermentation is the process by which sugar in juice is turned into alcohol with the help of yeast. Page 39 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 How is fermentation important?  Fermentation is used locally to brew alcohol. Note; fermentation in industries is used to brew: beer, spirits and wine. This method is used to produce crude alcohol. What is distillation?  This is the process of boiling crude beer to vapor to obtain a distillate. Name two processes involved in distillation.  Condensation  evaporation NOTE  Alcohol produced is called distilled alcohol.  Scientific name is called a distillate. State any two uses of alcohol.  For drinking.  Used in making cosmetics and perfumes.  Used to sterilize medical instruments in hospitals.  Sell it and get money. Why is the delivery tube coiled?  To prevent the back flow of distillated. State the importance of cold water.  Helps to condense the vapour Why is home distilled alcohol not good for drinking?  It is not purified. Why the mixture of water and alcohol is separated using fractional distillation?  They are in liquid form. How is heat important in the above diagram?  Helps in evaporation Illustration showing distillation method Copper tube Crude alcohol Distillate Heat Cold water Identify any two effects of alcohol to an individual.  Lowers concentration at work.  Loss of appetite for food.  Loss of job due to poor  Loss of memory. performance. Page 40 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   It damages the liver, brain and  Weakens body immunity. pancreas.  Leads to self-neglect Give any two effects of alcohol to a family.  It leads to family neglect.  It causes spouse and child abuse.  Children may copy the habit of drinking.  It causes domestic violence Alcoholism Who is an alcoholic?  A person who depends on alcohol for normal functioning of the body or a person who is addicted to alcohol.  Addiction is a condition in which a person has a very strong desire to take alcohol every day. What is alcoholism?  A condition where an individual depends on alcohol for normal functioning of the body. Name the body organs damaged when you drink alcohol.  Liver  Brain  stomach Identify any two effects of alcohol on the community  Increased road traffic accidents.  It leads to poverty.  Leads to high crime rate.  There is easy spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Give any two reasons why people drink alcohol. (Factors that lead to alcoholism)  To fit in peer groups.  To quench thirst.  To express happiness.  To overcome sadness.  To forget their problems. How to avoid alcoholism  Join good social groups such as football clubs.  Say no to people who persuade you to drink alcohol.  Get more information about dangers of drinking alcohol. What are the Uganda laws on alcohol?  Persons under 18 years of age are not allowed to drink alcohol.  Do not drive while drunk.  Home distillation of alcohol is not allowed.  Bars should not operate during working hours.  Customers are not allowed to drink from unlicensed places like shops. SMOKING Page 41 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 What is smoking?  This refers to the inhaling of tobacco smoke. Give two ways of smoking.  Active smoking  Passive smoking Define the following terms; a) Active smoking  It is where people inhale the smoke from the burning cigarette. b) Passive smoking  This refers to the inhaling of air containing tobacco smoke from an active smoker. Outline any two reasons why some people smoke.  To fit in peer groups.  To relax and feel at ease  To pastime  To concentrate on what  To feel warm. they are doing. Name two harmful substances in tobacco.  Nicotine  Tar NOTE:  Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas.  Nicotine is the addictive drug.  Tar is the poisonous substance. Mention any two effects of smoking to; A: Individual  Causes lung cancer, emphysema and bronchitis.  Weakens immunity.  Worsens respiratory diseases like tuberculosis and asthma. B: Family  Loss of family income.  Children may copy the habit.  It encourages passive smoking to family members. C: Community  Smoke pollutes the environment.  It may lead to fire accidents. How to avoid Smoking in the society  Decide one day not to smoke.  Join good social groups of people.  Learn more dangers about smoking.  Destroy all things connected with smoking. DRUGS What is a drug? Page 42 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   A drug is a chemical substance, which when taken increases or slows down the way the body functions. Name two groups of drugs.  Essential drugs  Narcotic drugs(drugs of dependence) What are Essential drugs?  These are drugs that meet people’s common health needs. Identify any two qualities of essential drugs.  Are affordable.  Are accessible.  They are safe if used properly.  Are effective if used properly. Name four essential drugs.  Vaccines  ARVs  Panadol  Aspirin Define drug prescription.  This refers to health workers written information on how to use a drug. Define the term dosage.  Dosage refers to the amount of drug take once or regularly over a period of time. Under dose  This is when one drugs below the right amount. Causes of under dose 1. Sharing drugs 2. Self-medication 3. Fear to take bitter drugs. Over dose:is when one takes a drug that is above the right amount. Causes overdose 1. Self-medication 2. Too much pain 3. Buying drugs from local shops. Give any two advantages of drug prescription.  It helps the patient to take the correct drug.  It prevent over dose and under dose.  It controls misuse of drugs. What are the dangers of taking unprescribed drugs?  Leads to taking over or under dose.  You may take a wrong drug  You may take fake drugs. What are the Factors to consider when giving drugs (prescribing drugs)?  Patient’s age Page 43 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473   Degree of sickness  Kind of disease the patient is suffering from.  Patient’s body weight Give two ways of Safe storage of drugs.  Drugs should be stored in clean, cool dry place.  Drugs should always be kept out of reach of children Why should always be kept out of reach of children?  This is done to prevent poisoning and destroying drugs. State any two advantages of proper storage of drugs.  It prevents drug misuse  It controls drug poisoning  It prevents contamination of the drug  It helps to maintain the life span of the drug What are the Dangers of buying drugs from shops?  They don’t have prescriptions  Some of them are not stored properly  Some of the drugs are sold might be expired Drug misuse  This is the use of a drug without the health workers advice Give any two ways of misusing drugs.  Sharing drugs  Taking unprescribed drugs.  Self-medication. State any two causes of drug misuse.  Buying drugs from local  Self-medication shops.  Too much pain  Ignorance about drugs What do you understand by the following terms; a) Drugs of dependence (Narcotic drugs)  These are drugs which cause addiction if taken for a long time. b) Drug dependency  This is the condition when a person depends on drugs for normal functioning of the body. c. Drug abuse This is the illegal use of a drug which may be harmful to one’s health. Name the Common drugs of dependency.  Marijuana  Alcohol  Khart or miraa  Tobacco  Cocaine Give any two reasons why people abuse drugs.  To overcome fear  To pastime  Due to peer influence  To feel warm  To keep awake or sleep  Gain strength Page 44 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 What are the effects of drugs of dependence to an individual?  Brain damage  Job neglect  Loss of appetite  Self-neglect  Insomnia (inability of sleep)  Low immunity to disease Write any two effects of drugs of dependence to the family.  Family neglect  domestic violence  Criminal acts like defilement and rape  Loss of family income Give any two effects of drugs of dependence to the community.  It leads to increased accidents  Criminal behaviour  Poverty Mention any two Life skills that can help you to avoid drugs dependence.  Resist peer pressure  Through counseling and guidance  Follow good morals from elders  Spending leisure time constructively by engaging in productive activities  Reading good material which is useful to life Page 45 GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473  TERM TWO THEME: THE WORD OF LIVING THINGS TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS FLOWERING PLANTS  Plants are living components of the environment  A plant is a green growing living thing on the earth’s surface  Plants are the primary sources of food to animals Mention two plants are classified  Flowering plants  Non-flowering plants. What are flowering plants?  Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and reproduce by means of seeds. Give two main systems of flowering plants.  Shoot system  Root system Mention two groups of Flowering plants.  Monocotyledonous and  Dicotyledonous. What are monocotyledonous plants?  Monocotyledonous plants are plants that bear seeds with one cotyledon. They are also called cereals. Mention any two examples of monocotyledonous plants.  Maize  Rice  Millet  Wheat  Sorghum Give any two characteristics of monocotyledonous plants.  The seeds of monocotyledonous plants have only one cotyledon  They have a fibrous root system.  They have a parallel leaf venation  Their seeds undergo hypogeal germination. What are Dicotyledonous plants?  These are plants that bear seeds with two cotyledons. They are also called legumes. Mention any two examples of Dicotyledonous plants.  Beans  Peas  Ground nuts  Simsim  Soya beans State any two characteristics of dicotyledonous plants. GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 46   They have a tap root system.  Their seeds have two cotyledons.  Their seeds undergo epigeal germination Give two types of root systems.  Tap root system  Fibrous root system Draw structures showing parts of a tap root and fibrous root systems. Tap root system Fibrous system Mention any two functions of roots to a plant.  Roots hold the plant (shoot system) firmly in the soil  Root hairs absorb water and mineral salts from the soil  Prop roots provide extra-support to plants  Root nodules of legumes store nitrogen-fixing bacteria that improve soil fertility. Give any two importance of roots to people.  Swollen roots with stored food are sources of food to people e.g. Cassava, Sweet potatoes, & Carrots.  Some plant roots acts as herbs to cure some diseases  Big dry roots acts as source of wood fuel to people.  Some big roots can be used in making craft items. Name the root shown below. Prop root Giveany two functions of stems to a plant.  They hold and space out leaves to receive the sunlight energy  Stems transport water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves  Green stems help in the process of photosynthesis  Stems conduct manufactured food in the leaves to all other parts of the plants. Name any two functions of stems to people.  Some plant stems act as a source of food to both people and animals  Big stems provide people with timer and poles for construction GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 47   Plant stems act as a local medicine to cure some animal diseases  Some plants are harvested to provide wood fuel to people  Some plant stems are used for propagation i.e. cassava, sugarcanes and some flowers. Give three types of stems.  Aerial stems – Upright/ erect, climbing, creeping  Underground stems  Climbing stems. What are underground stems?  These are stems which grow from underground. Name two examples of underground stems.  Bulbs  Rhizomes  Corns Why do some plants climb others?  Plants climb others for support.  In order to get sun light energy. Give two ways how plants climb others.  Use of tendrils  Use of hooks  Twining or clasping Name the method of climbing plants in the diagrams.  Use of tendrils PLANT LEAVES  Leaves are the green parts of a plant with stomata for gaseous exchange.  Leaves have chlorophyll to trap sunlight energy and manufacture its starch.  Leaves also form the shoot system of a plant.  A leaf is fixed between two internodes on a plant stem or branch. A drawn structure showing a leaf GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 48 What are the functions of the parts of a leaf below? a) Stomata  They are small holes on the leaf where gaseous exchange takes place.  They also help during the process of transpiration. b) Veins Distribute water and mineral salts within the leaf c) apex  It’s the sharp tip part of a leaf to provide protection to the leaf d) Leaf stalk / petiole  This provides attachment of the leaf to the stem or branch. Give the two types of leaves  Simple leaves  Compound leaves Simple leaves  Simple leaves are leaves that have one leaflet on each leaf stalk or lamina. Dawn structure showing different examples of simple leaves (a) Simple serrated (b) Simple divided entire (c) Simple lobed (d) Monocotyledonous plant leaf [simple lanciolate] Compound leaves  Compound leaves have more than one leaf-let on one leaf blade or stalk.  Each leaflet has a small stalk which is attached to a common leaf stalk. Examples of compound leaves;  Compound trifoliate e.g. Beans leaves GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 49   Compound bipinnate e.g. Jacaranda leaves/ mimosa plant  Compound digitate leaf eg. Silk cotton leaves  Compound pinnate e.g. acacia leaves /encalyptus Drawn structures showing examples of compound leaves Bipinnate Pinnate Trifoliate Digitate Leaf venation  Plant leaf venation refers to the arrangement of veins in a leaf. Name two types of leaf venations: i) Network leaf venation ii) Parallel leaf venation A drawn structure showing a network leaf venation of a plant leaf Drawn structure showing a leaf with parallel leaf venation State any two importance of leaves to people.  Leave are a source of food to people.  People use leaves as herbal medicine.  People use some leaves as building materials PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS What is Photosynthesis?  Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their food.  The word “photo” means light, “synthesis” means to make or “buildup” Mention two raw materials needed for photosynthesis.  Water  Carbon dioxide Name the by-product photosynthesis. GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 50   Oxygen Mention the conditions needed for photosynthesis  Sunlight  Chlorophyll Name the product of photosynthesis.  Starch Write the equation for photosynthesis. TRANSPIRATION What is photosynthesis?  Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water as vapour into the atmosphere.  Transpiration takes place in plants through the stomata of leaves, lenticels and in the cuticle of stems. Illustration showing transpiration in plant leaves. Water droplets Outline four factors that affect the rate of transpiration in plants.  Wind  Sunlight:  Humidity:  Surface area of the leaf  Temperature:  Number of stomata How important is transpiration to plants?  Transpiration helps water and mineral salts to move from roots to the rest of the plant parts by the process of capillary attraction.  Transpiration helps in cooling the plant during a hot day. Give one importance of transpiration to the environment.  The transpired vapour from the plants helps in the formation of rain. State one danger of transpiration. GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 51   Excessive transpiration makes plants to dry (wilt)  It lowers the crop yields due to less water left in the plant. Give any two ways plants reduce the rate of transpiration.  By shedding their leaves especially during dry season  Some plants curl their leaves  Some plant leaves have few stomata and distributed at the lower part of the leaf.  Some plants have leaves with a small surface area to reduce the rate of water loss  Leaves have a wax-like layer to cover their stomata to limit the water loss. Mention one importance of buds to plants.  Buds develop into branches and flowers. FLOWERS  The flower is the reproductive part of a flowering plant. Process of reproduction takes place. Drawn structure showing parts of a flower Write the Functions of the parts of the flowers. Petals, the brightly coloured petals help to attract pollinating agents such as insects. Sepals- Green sepals help to manufacture food for the plant.  Protect the inner parts of the flower at an early stage (bud stage) Stigma. Its function is to receive pollen grains Style: is a passage of the pollen grains to the ovary.  The style also supports / holds the stigma in position. Ovary. It produces the female gametes called ovules.  A fertilized ovary develops into a fruit. GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 52 Filament. Holds the anther in position Anthers. Produce and store pollen grains. Write one importance of flowers to plants.  Flowers help plants to reproduce Write any two importance of flowers to people.  Some flowers are eaten  Some flowers are used for decoration.  Flowers are used to make perfumes. Of what importance are brightly coloured petals to a plant?  To attract the insects pollinators. POLLINATION  Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower on a plant. NOTE  Pollination helps to allow fertilization in plants  The pollen grains are the male gametes while the ovules are the female gametes in plants. Give two types of pollination  Self-pollination  Cross pollination What is Self-pollination?  Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers to the stigma of flowers on the same plant Structure illustrating self-pollination What is Cross pollination?  Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther heads the stigma of a flower on another plant but of the same type or species. Illustration showing cross-pollination GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 53 Name the agents of pollination.  Wind  Insects  Birds Note:  Insects that pollinate flowers include; bees, butter flies and moths which pollinate flowers at night.  Birds that pollinate flowers include; sun bird and humming birds State any two characteristics of insect-pollinated flowers.  They have scent.  They have brightly coloured petals.  They produce sticky pollen grains.  They have sticky stigma. Give any two characteristics wind pollinated flowers.  They produce a lot of pollen grains,  They have no scent,  They have dull petals  They don`t produce nectar. SEEDS  A seed is a fertilized ovule.  A seed develops into a young plant or a seedling under favourable conditions. What are Dicotyledonous Seeds?  Dicotyledonous seeds are seeds with two cotyledons Mention any three examples of dicotyledonous seeds.  Bean seeds  Peas  Groundnut seeds NB: All dicotyledonous seeds undergo epigeal germination. A drawn structure showing parts of external and internal parts of a bean seed. External Parts Internal parts What are monocotyledonous seeds?  Monocotyledonous seeds are seeds with only one cotyledon. GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 54 Give any two examples monocotyledonous seeds.  Maize,  Millet,  Sorghum, etc. NB: Monocotyledonous seeds undergo hypogeal germination. Drawn structures showing external and internal parts of a maize grain External parts Internal parts Write down the main Functions of the following parts. a) Seed coat (testa)  It protects the inner delicate parts of the seed. b) Cotyledon  Absorbs stored food from the endosperm to the embryo during germination. c) Endosperm  Stores food in monocotyledonous seeds. d) Plumule  It grows into shoot system e) Radicle  Grows into the root system. f) Micropyle  Is a passage of air and water to the seed embryo. Mention one importance of seeds to plants.  Seeds help plants to multiply in number. Give two importance of seeds to people.  Seeds are eaten as food.  People sell seeds and get money. Why is a maize grain called a fruit?  It has two scars. GERMINATION IN PLANTS  Germination is the development of a seed embryo into a seedling. GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 55 Name two types of germination.  Epigeal germination  Hypogeal germination What do you understand epigeal germination?  Epigeal germination is a type of germination where the cotyledon comes out of the ground. NOTE  Epigeal germination is a common characteristic of dicotyledonous seeds e.g. Beans, soya beans, groundnuts. Drawn structure showing the different stages in Epigeal germination. Define the term hypogeal germination.  This is a type of germination in which the cotyledon remains under the ground NOTE  This type of germination is a common in monocotyledonous seeds e.g. maize, millet, rice, sorghum Stages involved in hypogeal germination Name threeConditions necessary for seed germination.  Oxygen  Water  Optimum temperature. Define Seed viability. GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 56   Seed viability is the ability of a seed to germinate under favourable conditions. Give the meaning of the terms below. a) Tropism:  Tropism is the plants growth movement in response to stimulus (change in the environment) b) Phototropism  This is the plant’s growth movement towards the source of light. Illustration: c) Hydrotropism  This is the plant’s growth movement towards the source of water. d) Geotropism:  This is the plant’s growth movement towards the direction of gravity force. e) Thigmotropism:  This is the plant’s growth movement in response to the direction of touch. f) Chemotropism This is the plant’s growth movement towards the source of chemical. How is a fruit different from a seed?  A fruit is a fertilized ovary while seed is fertilized ovule. SEED AND FRUIT DISPERSAL What is dispersal?  Dispersal is the scattering of seeds / fruit from the parent plant to other areas. Identify any two agents of seed and fruit dispersal.  Animals  Flowing water  Wind  Self-dispersal or explosive mechanism GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 57 Give any two importance/advantages of seed and fruit dispersal.  Dispersal enables plants to colonize new areas  Dispersal reduces competition for light and the nutrients among plants.  Dispersal increases the chances of the plant survival. Write down four types or mechanisms of seed dispersal.  Wind dispersal  Water dispersal  Animal dispersal  Explosive mechanism. State two characteristics of seeds dispersed by animals  They have juicy mesocarps  Some have hook-like structures to attach them on the animals’ bodies  Some have hard seed coats to protect them from the digestive juices. Identify any two examples of seeds dispersed by animals.  Mango fruit  Jack fruits  Guava fruit  Avocado fruit etc. Mention any two characteristics of seeds dispersed by wind.  Many are small and light to be easily carried by wind.  Some like jacaranda seeds have wing-like structures for floating in air.  Some like a dandelion have a parachute hair structure  Some have a tuft of hair e.g. cotton seeds Note:  Seeds dispersed by explosive mechanisms split their pods when ripe and disperse their seeds.  These include; castor oil, peas and beans. Give one characteristic of Seeds dispersed byflowing water  These seeds have numerous air spaces with an air tight covering Examples include; Water lilies and coconut fruits. NON-FLOWERING PLANTS  Non-flowering plants are groups of plants that do not bear flowers. Name two groups of non-flowering plants.  Spore producing.  Coniferous plants. Name two examples of spore producing plants  Liverworts  Mosses  Ferns Conifers or Coniferous plants:  Coniferous plants are non-flowering plants that reproduce by means of seeds produced in hard structures called cones.  Conifers have roots, stems and small needle shaped leaves Give two examples of coniferous plants. GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 58   Pines  Podo tree  Ginkgo  Cedar tree  Cypress  Fir tree Mention any two importance of conifers.  Some are planted in compounds to provide shade and also act as wind breaks.  Some conifers are planted around the compounds and farmers to act as live fences  They are sources of soft wood timber Illustrations showing different examples of spore producing plants Fern plant Mosses plant Liverwort plant NOTE:  All spore producing plants are green and therefore able to make their own food. PLANT PROPAGATION  Propagation is a way obtaining a new plant from an existing plant. Name two types of propagation. a) Natural propagation (seed propagation) – involves the use of seeds for reproductive part of a plant b) Vegetative propagation (artificial propagation)  This refers to asexual reproduction in which part of a plant used to obtain a new plant is not from a flower (productive part) Mention two types of vegetative propagation.  Natural vegetative propagation  Artificial vegetative propagation Give four examples of natural vegetative propagation. a) Use of suckers  Some plants are propagated using suckers such as; bananas, pineapple and sisal A structure showing a sucker of a banana plant GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 59  b) Use of tuber  Some plants are propagated using tubers such as; Irish potatoes, cocoyam. A structure showing parts of stem tuber. Lateral bud ‘eye’ Lateral bud ‘eye’ c) Use of corms  Some plants are propagated with the help of corms (kind of underground stems) e.g coco yams, gladiolus and crocus. Draw a structure showing coco yam and an Irish potato d) Use of rhizomes  Some plants are propagated using the rhizomes.  Rhizomes are swollen underground stems with stored food and grow horizontally. Example include, ginger, zoysia grass and turmeric. e) Use of bulbs  Some plants are propagated using bulbs such as onions  A bulb is a short, thick underground stem with scaly leaves containing stored food. Structure of a bulb (onion) Scale leaves Fleshy leaves Axillary bud stem adventitious roots Mention the functions of the following parts. GGC PUBLISHER AND COMPUTER SERVICES TEL: 0786107473 Page 60   Foliage leaves: These leaves make food for the plant.  Storage / Fleshy leaves: They store the manufactured food.  Axillary buds: They develop into new shoots.  Stem: It holds all the leaves together.  Scale leaves: They protect the fleshy leaves. Mention any two examples artificial vegetative propagation.  By stem cutting e.g. cassava, sweet potatoes and sugar cane.  By layering  Marcotting  By budding  By grafting THEME: SCIENCE IN HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND HUMAN OCCUPATION TOPIC: KEEPING CATTLE  Keeping cattle refers to the act of rearing bulls, cows, calves and heifers.  Animal husbandry refers to the act of r