Reviewer UTS PDF

LESSON 1: SELF-IMAGE, SELF-CONCEPT, SELF-CONFIDENCE, AND SELF- Psychologist Morris Rosenberg ESTEEM one of the earliest mentions of any type of theory about self-image...

LESSON 1: SELF-IMAGE, SELF-CONCEPT, SELF-CONFIDENCE, AND SELF- Psychologist Morris Rosenberg ESTEEM one of the earliest mentions of any type of theory about self-image The book “Society and the Adolescent Self-Image” was one of the first Self-image in-depth explorations of the concept how we see ourselves on a more global level, both internally and Provided one of the most-cited psychology scales ever: the externally. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale “the idea, conception, or mental image one has of oneself.” The Elements and Dimensions of Self-Image “Self-image is how you perceive yourself. Although there is no widely agreed-upon framework for the aspects of self- a number of self-impressions that have built up over time… image, there are some proposed types and dimensions (Suzaan Oltmann). positive, gives a person confidence in their thoughts and actions negative, makes a person doubtful of their capabilities and ideas.” The three elements of a person’s self-image are: 1. The way a person perceives or thinks of him/herself. What you see when you look in the mirror and how you picture yourself in your 2. The way a person interprets others’ perceptions (or what he thinks head is your self-image. others think) of him/herself. 3. The way a person would like to be (his ideal self) Self-image vs. Self-concept Self-image and self-concept are strongly associated, but they’re not The six dimensions of a person’s self-image are: quite the same thing. 1. Physical dimension: how a person evaluates his or her appearance Self-concept is a more overarching construct than self-image and 2. Psychological dimension: how a person evaluates his or her involves how you see yourself, how you think about yourself, and how personality you feel about yourself. 3. Intellectual dimension: how a person evaluates his or her intelligence In a sense, self-image is one of the components that make up self- 4. Skills dimension: how a person evaluates his or her social and concept (McLeod, 2008) technical skills 5. Moral dimension: how a person evaluates his or her values and Self-image vs. Self-esteem principles Self-image has a lot to do with self-esteem. 6. Sexual dimension: how a person feels he or she fits into society’s How we see ourselves - a big contributing factor to how we feel about masculine/feminine norms (Oltmann, 2014) ourselves. Self-esteem These elements and dimensions offer a framework, one possible way through the overall sense of respect for ourselves and involves how which to view the self-image. favorably (or unfavorably) we feel about ourselves. deeper than self-image. 10 Examples of Positive and Negative Self-Image Negative self-image influences self-esteem Low self-esteem is likely to be accompanied by a negative self-image A positive self-image is having a good view of yourself; for example: Somewhat independent “self” aspects Seeing yourself as an attractive and desirable person. Having an image of yourself as a smart and intelligent person. The Psychology of Self-Image Theory Seeing a happy, healthy person when you look in the mirror.  Believing that you are at least somewhat close to your ideal version of 4. In advertising, the body type of models which is portrayed as ideal, is yourself. naturally possessed by only 5% of American women. Thinking that others perceive you as all of the above as well as 5. Only 1 out of 10 high school students are overweight, but 9 out of 10 are yourself. already on a type of diet. 6. Teenagers who engage in unprotected sex which results in unwanted Negative self-image is the flipside of the above; it looks like: pregnancy, often have poor self-images. Seeing yourself as unattractive and undesirable. 7. There are fewer cases of men with eating disorders because of the Having an image of yourself as a stupid or unintelligent person. perception that they are women’s diseases. Seeing an unhappy, unhealthy person when you look in the mirror. 8. Today’s media greatly influence the self-image of teenagers. They are Believing that you are nowhere near your ideal version of yourself. told that their value is related to how thin or muscular they are. Thinking that others perceive you as all of the above as well as 9. In a study on Self-image Maintenance and Discriminatory Behavior, yourself. evidence showed that prejudice develops from a person’s need to justify a threatened perception of the self (The World Counts, n.d.) The Importance of a Positive Self-Image Having a distorted self-image means that you have a view of yourself that Some risks of obsession with physical image is not based on reality. Significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other Having a self-image that is distorted or simply untrue, is harmful. – the important areas of functioning importance of having an accurate and positive reflection of oneself. Development of a clinical eating disorder It can cause serious emotional and psychological problems Development of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Physical disfigurement Self-confidence is a feeling of trust in one's abilities, qualities, and Depression judgement. Anxiety Persistent feelings of shame Low Self-Image and Depression can be a driving factor and/or a product of depression. LESSON 2: PHILOSOPHY OF SELF Treatment: building and maintaining a better self-image Philosophy better self-image can reinforce the treatment and help one feel happier The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality and and healthier. existence. Finding answers to serious questions about ourselves and the world 9 facts about self-image from The World Counts website: o E.g. what is life? 1. One study conducted a test on women. 3 out of 4 said that they were o why do I exist what is my purpose in living overweight. Only 1 out of 4 really was. Involves questioning existing knowledge with the aim of knowing the 2. After viewing images of fashion models, 7 out of 10 women felt more truth depressed and angrier than before. Morality of certain practices in the world (what and why) 3. Anorexia Nervosa, an eating disorder, has the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric illnesses. The word philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek words philo 'love' and sophia 'wisdom'  The term first used by Pythagoras Self can be explained as a process of knowledge and purification of soul Through Philosophy, we obtain skills such as: Existence of mind and soul- in perfection with God Critical thinking 3 parts of soul Argument skills 1. rational soul - intellectual/ thinking soul, wise choices, understanding Communication 2. spirited soul - emotion and passion Reasoning 3. appetitive soul - basic needs to live Analysis Dynamic relationship among the three. Problem-solving Rational soul resolves conflict and controls spiritual and appetitive soul to achieve genuine happiness Philosophy allows us to Justify our opinion St. Augustine Spot a bad argument choice/free will Explain to people the right and wrong of things ‘Spirit man’ in Medieval Philosophy Search for meaning and truth Integrated Plato and Christianity “I am doubting, therefore I am” PHILOSOPHERS Soul is united with body to be complete Humankind is created in the image and likeness of God Socrates Man is good “To find Yourself, think for Yourself.” Knowledge of God results to self-knowledge “Know thyself” “An unexamined life is not worth living” (reflection) Rene Descartes “I think, therefore I am” - Cogito, ergo sum o Cogito - thing that thinks (mind) Dualistic - man has body and soul o Extenza - extension (body) o Body - finite, changeable, and imperfect (physical realm) Father of Modern Phlosophy o Soul - permanent, unchangeable, and perfect (ideal realm) These realms are dichotomous John Locke The soul strives for wisdom and perfection through reason “There is nothing in mind expect was first in the senses.” Focusing on bodily needs prevents wisdom The self is consciousness o Consciousness - necessary for knowledge of self or personal identity in different situations Meaningful life The human mind at birth is blank slate (tabula rasa) - virtues and values Baby learns through experience - soul-searching Immanuel Kant Plato “We construct the self” “The essence of knowledge is self-knowledge.” Self gives all their personality and knowledge  Self constructs its own reality Maurice Merleau-Ponty Self creates familiar and predictable world “We know not through our intellect but through our experience.” Through our rationality, the self transcends sense experience “The self is embodied subjectivity” All knowledge of ourselves and the world is based on subjective Sigmund Freud experience Topography of mind - likened to iceberg The self can never be completely objective Freud’s Three Levels of Mind Mind-body bifurcation is invalid 1. The conscious mind - the tip of iceberg 2. The preconscious mind LESSON 3: SOCIOLOGY 3. The unconscious mind - majority of behavior Structures of Personality SOCIOLOGY 1. ID - Pleasure principle is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and 2. EGO - reality principle consequences of human behavior 3. SUPEREGO - moral arm Psychosexual stages of development - source of pleasure SOCIAL LIFE Defense mechanisms is structured along the dimensions of time and space. Specific social The five stages of psychosexual development include: activities take place at specific times, and time is divided into periods that are Oral stage: Between infancy and two years old. connected with the rhythms of social life— the routines of the day, the month, Anal stage: Between 15 months and three years old. and the year Phallic stage: Between three and six years old. Latency stage: Between six years old and puberty. SOCIAL CHANGE Genital stage: Between puberty and death. Social change is the transformation of cultures, institutions, and societal Gilbert Ryle functions over time. “The self is the way people behave” Three main theories of social change: evolutionary, functionalist, and “I act, therefore I am.” - refers to one’s behavior conflict. Self - seen as bodily behavior Historical examples include the Civil Rights movement and the feminist Argues that the mind does not exist and therefore can’t be the seat of movement. self Benefits of Social Change Dualism - the mind and the body are separate Social movements like women's suffrage and racial equality fights promote social justice by dismantling discrimination and creating a more equitable Paul Churchland society. “The self is the brain” Self is inseparable from brain and physiology Advancements in technology, healthcare, and education from social If there is no brain, there is no self change lead to improved standards of living and better access to resources Mind is imagination, does not exist and opportunities.  Expanded rights such as freedom of speech and choice of life path are At times, we appear to regard a man’s behavior as spontaneous and examples of how social change can lead to a society that values individual responsible. At other times we recognized that inner determination is at least freedom mor. not complete, that the individual is not always to be held to account. Social change drives innovation and problem-solving. Evolving societal 1. Social Structures needs lead to solutions for environmental challenges, like advancements 2. Cultural Norms and Values in renewable energy. 3. Inequality and Social Stratification Social change can drive environmental protection through movements promoting sustainable practices for a healthier planet THE STRUCTURE OF GROUPS THE SOCIAL CAUSES 1. Group A social cause is a problem or issue that affects society and prompts action - is an amorphous one and can refer to a wide variety of or change, often resulting from individual actions within a community, rather gatherings, such as just two people, a club, a regular gathering than natural laws of friends, or people who work together or share a hobby. - The term refers to any collection of at least two people who Examples of Social Causes interact with some frequency and who share a sense that their Healthcare - A social and economic right that can be thwarted by the identity is somehow aligned with the group commodification of human needs and an inequitable distribution of 2. Organizations resources - is an orderly arranging of parts into a whole. Housing - A social right that states should address through policies and - Social organization is a pattern of social relationship between laws to facilitate adequate housing and among individuals and groups are interrelated together to Mental health - Can be related to social, psychological, and economic create a social organization factors, such as social isolation, stigma, and discrimination 3. Societies Natural Environment - Changes in the environment, such as pollution, - refers to a group of people who live in a definable community can lead to pandemics, poverty, and famine, which can inspire changes in and share the same cultural components. On a broader scale, society to deal with these problems society consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas. Education - Can transmit long-lasting values to individuals in society that Types of Societies serve as the foundation for social change 1. Hunting and Gathering Societies Gender equality - Gender discrimination can deprive women of social, - Earliest form of human society economic, and political opportunities and rights - Smallest size(family bands) Income and wealth - Rising income inequality can impact health equity - Most of the time they spend looking for their foods Economic equality - Can be rooted in social issues, such as gender, race, - Very low-developed division of labor or heritage, and is closely tied to societal status 2. Horiticular Societies - Villages ( less than a hundred inhabitants to several hundred) The Consequences of Human Behavior - Family clans and others - Domestication of plants and animals  - Food production is a major social effort Division of labor Major Works evolves especially by gender Mind, self, and society (1934) 3. Agricultural Societies The Philosophy of the Present (1932) - Developed large-scale agriculture Movement of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936) - Large societies with large cities The Philosophy of the Act (1938) - Multiethnic society - Large division of labor Farming technology roles (government, CHARLES COOLEY religion, business, etc.) was born on August 17, 1864, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the fourth of six 4. Industrial Societies children. He was the son of Mary Elizabeth Horton and the renowned law - Most developed form of human society school professor and State Supreme Court Justice Thomas McIntyre Cooley. - Nation-states Young Cooley was somewhat of a withdrawn, passive child. He felt - Mega populations (metropolis) intimidated and alienated by his successful father, a characteristic that - Advanced technology in many fields haunted him for the rest of his life. Cooley attended the public schools of Ann How People Interact Within These Contexts Arbor and graduated high school in 1880. Social norms: Social roles are the expected behaviours connected to specific roles, while social norms are the unwritten laws that guide Contributons behaviour in a variety of social situation Human Nature and the Social Order (1902) Interaction rituals: Daily interactions are frequently guided by habits Social Process (1918) such as greetings, farewells, and etiquette that encourage the upkeep The Theory of Transportation (1894) of social norms and the growth of relationships. On Self and Social Organization (Heritage of Sociology Series) Communication: In social relationships, communication verbal and ERVING GOFFMAN nonverbal is important. Sociologists examine how individuals communicate using language, body language, and other methods in (1922–1982), was a major Canadian-American sociologist who played order to build connections, communicate meaning, and manage a significant role in the development of modern American sociology. social structures He is considered by some to be the most influential sociologist of the 20th century, thanks to his many significant and lasting contributions GEORGE HERBERT MEAD to the field. was an influential American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, best He is widely known and celebrated as a major figure in the known for his work on the development of the self and social psychology. His development of symbolic interaction theory and for developing the ideas have had a profound impact on the field of sociology, particularly dramaturgical perspective. through the development of symbolic interactionism. Major Works Contributions The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959) Theory of the self Asylums (1961) Role-taking Relations in Public (1963) Generalized others  Stigma (1963) 3. Time Gender Advertisements (1979) 4. Place LESSON 4: ANTHROPOLOGY Examples of Anthropology Anthropology - Cultural Is the study of mans biological and cultural development. Anthropology is the - Biological study of human being, encompassing their biological, cultural and social - Applied aspects. It seeks to understand the diversity of human experience across time and space. LESSON 5: PSYCHOLOGY | PERSPECTIVE OF SELF Psychology comes from a Greek word “Psyche” meaning life and “Logos” History meaning explanation 1. The 1860s saw the emergence of the modern anthropological - defined as the study of the mind and behavior of an individual discourse, driven by developments in biology, philology, and prehistoric archaeology. In 1871, Darwin published The Descent of WILLIAM JAMES SELF THEORY Man, a theory that suggested that humans and great African apes descended from a common ancestor recently. William James was a psychologist and philosopher who had a significant 2. He identified the distinctive feature of the human species as their influence on the development of psychology in the United States. Among his comparatively large brain size and concluded that intelligence— many accomplishments, he was the first to teach a psychology course in the which gave rise to language and technology— was the species ' U.S. and is often called the "Father of American Psychology " evolutionary advantageIn the German-speaking nations, an opposition to this Anglo-American " evolutionist" anthropology The Self Theory emerged James' theory of the self, divided a person's mental picture or components of self into two categories: the "Me" and the "I". 4 Branches THE SELF THEORY The "Me" is the object a person refers to when Cultural Anthropology - studies human societies and elements of describing personal experiences, while the "I" is the self that knows who cultural life. they are and what they have done in their life. Archeological - examines peoples and cultures of the past. Both concepts can be used in the statements like; "I know it was me who Biological Anthropology - specializes in evolution, genetics, and ate the cookie." He called the "Me" part of self the "empirical me" and the health "I" part "the pure Ego” Linguistic Anthropology - a concentration of cultural anthropology that For James, the pure ego is what provides the thread of continuity between focuses on language in society our past, present, and future selves. He further divided the "Me" part of self into: a material, a social, and a spiritual self, as below Differences between Anthropology and Sociology - Material self - consists of things that a person has or 1. Focus entities/institutions that a person belongs to. Thus, things like 2. Method  the body, family, clothes, money, and such make up the The Ideal Self material self. is an imaginary picture of the self as the possessor of unlimited powers - Social self - who we are in a given social situation. For James, and superlative qualities is developed. people change how they act depending on the social situation The Real Self that they are in. The real self is who and what we actually are. Examples would be parent, - Spiritual self - who we are at our core. It is more concrete or child, sister, and so forth. The real self contains the potential for growth, permanent than the other two selves. The spiritual self is our happiness, willpower, gifts, and so forth. subjective and most intimate self This is a force that encourages growth and self-realization, not an entity. THE REAL AND IDEAL SELF GLOBAL VS DIFFERENTIATED MODELS - Global refers to the general value that a person places on himself or Theory of CARL ROGERS herself. Carl Rogers is widely regarded as one of the most eminent thinkers in - While different models refer to your ability to separate your own feelings psychology. He is best known for developing the psychotherapy method and thoughts from others called client-centered therapy and for being one of the founders of The Different Models by ANTHONY SYNNOTT humanistic psychology 1. Self Consciousness - Is a heightened sense of self awareness The Ideal Self 2. Self Multiple - Someone ' s role is not stop being her or him. The ideal self is the self defined by the characteristics to which an Also about their responsibilities and sense of self. individual aspires. 3. Self Looking Glass - We see ourselves through the eyes of other It is a self guide. people, even to the extent of incorporating their views of us into our It is the self that people believe they want to be, strive to be, and believe own self-concept. they should be as a result of what they have learned and experienced. 4. Self as Structure - Is essential a social structure and it arises in social The Real Self experience. The real self is the actual self that reflects the true qualities, aptitudes, 5. Self as a Flower - The self is like a flower, potentially growing into full inclinations, and characteristics of the individual. bloom. It is intrinsically who they actually are. 6. Self as Creative - To know ourselves better, and creativity allows us to It is the way they think, feel, look, and behave. express the truth of who we are. 7. Self as an Onion - This is indicated by the phrase "hidden depths " Self Theory of KAREN HORNEY and reflects the notion that one may not really know someone. Karen Horney was a psychologist during a time when women’s 8. Self as Identity - It is the concept you develop about yourself that contributions were often overlooked and ignored. evolves over the course of your life. She made significant contributions to humanism, self-psychology, 9. Self as Unicorn - It is party unknown, even unknowable because it is psychoanalysis, and feminine psychology. so below consciousness and in progress. Her refutation of Freud's theories about women generated more interest in 10. Self as Chameleon - It is multiple, mutable, adaptable and selective the psychology of women. in presentation. True and False Self BY WINNICOTT’S cultivation, impermanence of the individual ego, and Donald Woods Winnicott, a paediatrician and early psychoanalyst, made interconnectedness of all things. notable contributions to psychoanalysis, diverging from classical Freudian In Eastern philosophy, the most well-known conceptions of the self theory post-1945. His work helped shape the Independent Tradition in are represented by the views of Confucianism, Taoism, and psychoanalysis Buddhism. (Ho, 1995; Mosig, 2006). True Self Confucianism a sense of integrity, of connected wholeness that harks to the early stage. Confucius or “Kong Fuzi” (6th–5th Century BCE) False Self “Self-cultivation” is the ultimate purpose of life but the characteristics is used when the person has to comply with external rules, such as being of a chun-tzu (noble person). polite or otherwise following social codes. It is related to the social aspect of human existence. The self is Theory of Agentic Self by ALBERT BANDURA conceived as a “relational self” – “one which is intensely aware of the Albert Bandura (1925-2021) was a Canadian-born American psychologist. He social presence of other human beings” (Ho, 1995: 117). had many accomplishments for his work. His notable work was referred to as It promotes the moral cultivation of both the self and the helping of the “Bobo Doll Experiment.” others to attain a purposeful life sustained by virtue to achieve social Agentic Self Theory harmony (Lin et al., 2013; Yu, 2007). Human agency refers to an individual’s capability to influence one self’s Taoism function and life by actions. Lao Tzu It is also stated that there are four functions: Intentionality, Forethought, Living the way of Tao or the universe Self-reactiveness, and Self-reflection The perfect man has no self and the selfless person leads to a The Four Functions of Human Agency balanced life in harmony with both nature and society. 1. Intentionality - Intentions are the center. It is how you form those There should be unity and harmony among opposing elements: the Yin intentions. and Yang. 2. Forethought - Anticipate the likely future and it becomes their guide in Yin is used to describe things that are relatively denser, heavier, lower, achieving it. more hidden, more yielding, more feminine, more mysterious, and 3. Self Reactiveness - The ability to give shape and monitor their actions is more passive. one step towards their goal. Yang is used to describe the opposite conditions: things that are less 4. Self Reflectiveness - Reflecting from their own action and taking dense, lighter, higher, more obvious or superficial, more masculine, corrective measures and adjusting if needed to. and more dynamic. LESSON 6: WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT Buddhism Siddharta Gautama (Buddha) EASTERN THOUGHTS OF SELF comes from the root word “Budh” meaning awake It is a concept of self wherein it varies across different philosophical The 5 parts the compose the individual and religious traditions that are typically seen as emphasizing self 1. Matter 2. Sensation  3. Perception - He is a student of Socrates. 4. Mental Constructs - “Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, 5. Consciousness because they have to say something.” Annica - everything in life is impermanent and always changing. 3. Aristotle Aims to attain the state of Nirvana - He is a student of Plato. - “No great mind has ever existed without a touch of madness.” Eastern vs Western The Four Noble Truth Relational Individual 1. Dukkha (The Truth) - Life is suffering Selfless Developing yourself 2. Samudaya (The Cause) - The cause of suffering is craving Inclusive Exclusive 3. Nirodha (The cure) - The end of suffering comes with an end to craving Hierarchy Equality 4. Magga (The Path) - Eight Fold Path is the path which leads to the end of suffering Individualism vs Collectivism Independent view of self and Interdependent view of self The Eight Fold Path autonomous Identity is personal; Individual Identity is social; Group success success and express individual and restrain self to fit in with the identity group “Me” or “i” “We” People from Western countries tend People from Eastern countries tend to be more individualistic. to be more collectivist FILIPINO THOUGHTS OF SELF Colonial Experience and Filipino Identity WESTERN THOUGHTS OF SELF Regional Diversity and Identity Western Philosophy Influence of Social Media, Globalization, and Intermarriages Navigating Conflict and Peace in Diversity Europe and Northern America Ancient Greek INDIVIDUALISM: focuses towards the self LESSON 7: PHYSICAL SELF MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIONS The Physical Self WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS - refers to the body that includes basic parts such as head, neck, arms and 1. Socrates legs - He is known for the Socratic Method. - it also includes our organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, - “All I know is I know nothing.” intestines and muscles. 2. Plato  - In general, the body performs its function leastwell during (1) infancy and Causes of poor body image: (2) old age. Emphasis on thin ideal body - Physical efficiency generally peaks in early adulthood and declines into Bullying and peer pressure the middle age Media - Though physical development and growth during childhood continues at Effects of poor body image a slow rate compared with rapid rate of growth in babyhood Body dissatisfaction – happens when a person has persistent - One of the most crucial stage of development is the adolescence stage negative thoughts and feelings about their body Depression – feeling of shame, anxiety, or self-consciousness Lifespan - development from conception of death Low self-esteem – lack of confidence about who they are and what Elizabeth B. Hurlock they can do - Outline the stages in the lifespan Eating disorder – body dissatisfaction can lead to dieting or over- - Divided the stages into 10 parts exercising. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia Stages of Life nervosa. 1. Prenatal – fertilization to the birth - Anorexia nervosa – self-starvation because of gaining weight, 2. Infancy – birth to 2 weeks of life and loss of appetite. 3. Babyhood – 2 weeks of life to 2 years - Bulimia nervosa – causes to eat large amounts of food and 4. Early hood – 2 to 6 years old then followed by purging by self-induced vomiting. 5. Late hood – 6 to 10 or 12 years old Forms of body modification – a method of making permanent 6. Puberty – 10 or 12 to 14 years old changes to the body, including piercings, tattoos, implants, etc. 7. Adolescence – 14 to 18 years old 8. Early adulthood – 18 to 40 years old Standards of beauty 9. Middle adulthood – 40 to 60 years old Clean and unblemished skin 10. Late adulthood – 60 years old to death Thick shiny hair Well-proportioned bodies Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development Symmetrical faces Nature (genes and hereditary factors) - Physical appearance personality Achieving physical well-being - Characteristics Balance diet – maintain a healthy body weight Nurture (environmental variables) Exercise – physical activities - Childhood experiences, how we were raised Sleep – 7 to 9 hours a night - Social relationships surrounding culture Water – 8-ounce (237ml) glasses of water per day Body Image Hygiene – practices that keep things healthy and clean our body refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel about their body and physical appearances Appearance – everything about a person that others can observe Self-esteem – a person’s overall evaluation of his/her own worth. LESSON 1: SELF-IMAGE, SELF-CONCEPT, SELF-CONFIDENCE, AND SELF- – younger women and girls tend to have more poor body ESTEEM image Self-image The book “Society and the Adolescent Self-Image” was one of the first how we see ourselves on a more global level, both internally and in-depth explorations of the concept externally. Provided one of the most-cited psychology scales ever: the “the idea, conception, or mental image one has of oneself.” Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale “Self-image is how you perceive yourself. The Elements and Dimensions of Self-Image a number of self-impressions that have built up over time… Although there is no widely agreed-upon framework for the aspects of self- positive, gives a person confidence in their thoughts and actions image, there are some proposed types and dimensions (Suzaan Oltmann). negative, makes a person doubtful of their capabilities and ideas.” The three elements of a person’s self-image are: What you see when you look in the mirror and how you picture yourself in your 4. The way a person perceives or thinks of him/herself. head is your self-image. 5. The way a person interprets others’ perceptions (or what he thinks others think) of him/herself. Self-image vs. Self-concept 6. The way a person would like to be (his ideal self) Self-image and self-concept are strongly associated, but they’re not quite the same thing. The six dimensions of a person’s self-image are: Self-concept is a more overarching construct than self-image and 7. Physical dimension: how a person evaluates his or her appearance involves how you see yourself, how you think about yourself, and how 8. Psychological dimension: how a person evaluates his or her you feel about yourself. personality In a sense, self-image is one of the components that make up self- 9. Intellectual dimension: how a person evaluates his or her intelligence concept (McLeod, 2008) 10. Skills dimension: how a person evaluates his or her social and technical skills Self-image vs. Self-esteem 11. Moral dimension: how a person evaluates his or her values and Self-image has a lot to do with self-esteem. principles How we see ourselves - a big contributing factor to how we feel about 12. Sexual dimension: how a person feels he or she fits into society’s ourselves. masculine/feminine norms (Oltmann, 2014) Self-esteem the overall sense of respect for ourselves and involves how These elements and dimensions offer a framework, one possible way through favorably (or unfavorably) we feel about ourselves. which to view the self-image. deeper than self-image. Negative self-image influences self-esteem 10 Examples of Positive and Negative Self-Image Low self-esteem is likely to be accompanied by a negative self-image Somewhat independent “self” aspects A positive self-image is having a good view of yourself; for example: Seeing yourself as an attractive and desirable person. The Psychology of Self-Image Theory Having an image of yourself as a smart and intelligent person. Psychologist Morris Rosenberg Seeing a happy, healthy person when you look in the mirror. one of the earliest mentions of any type of theory about self-image Believing that you are at least somewhat close to your ideal version of yourself.  Thinking that others perceive you as all of the above as well as 14. Only 1 out of 10 high school students are overweight, but 9 out of 10 are yourself. already on a type of diet. 15. Teenagers who engage in unprotected sex which results in unwanted Negative self-image is the flipside of the above; it looks like: pregnancy, often have poor self-images. Seeing yourself as unattractive and undesirable. 16. There are fewer cases of men with eating disorders because of the Having an image of yourself as a stupid or unintelligent person. perception that they are women’s diseases. Seeing an unhappy, unhealthy person when you look in the mirror. 17. Today’s media greatly influence the self-image of teenagers. They are Believing that you are nowhere near your ideal version of yourself. told that their value is related to how thin or muscular they are. Thinking that others perceive you as all of the above as well as 18. In a study on Self-image Maintenance and Discriminatory Behavior, yourself. evidence showed that prejudice develops from a person’s need to justify a threatened perception of the self (The World Counts, n.d.) The Importance of a Positive Self-Image Having a distorted self-image means that you have a view of yourself that Some risks of obsession with physical image is not based on reality. Significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other Having a self-image that is distorted or simply untrue, is harmful. – the important areas of functioning importance of having an accurate and positive reflection of oneself. Development of a clinical eating disorder It can cause serious emotional and psychological problems Development of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Physical disfigurement Self-confidence is a feeling of trust in one's abilities, qualities, and Depression judgement. Anxiety Persistent feelings of shame Low Self-Image and Depression can be a driving factor and/or a product of depression. LESSON 2: PHILOSOPHY OF SELF Treatment: building and maintaining a better self-image Philosophy better self-image can reinforce the treatment and help one feel happier The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality and and healthier. existence. Finding answers to serious questions about ourselves and the world 9 facts about self-image from The World Counts website: o E.g. what is life? 10. One study conducted a test on women. 3 out of 4 said that they were o why do I exist what is my purpose in living overweight. Only 1 out of 4 really was. Involves questioning existing knowledge with the aim of knowing the 11. After viewing images of fashion models, 7 out of 10 women felt more truth depressed and angrier than before. Morality of certain practices in the world (what and why) 12. Anorexia Nervosa, an eating disorder, has the highest mortality rate of all psychiatric illnesses. The word philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek words philo 'love' and 13. In advertising, the body type of models which is portrayed as ideal, is sophia 'wisdom' naturally possessed by only 5% of American women. The term first used by Pythagoras  Self can be explained as a process of knowledge and purification of Through Philosophy, we obtain skills such as: soul Critical thinking Existence of mind and soul- in perfection with God Argument skills 3 parts of soul Communication 1. rational soul - intellectual/ thinking soul, wise choices, understanding Reasoning 2. spirited soul - emotion and passion Analysis 3. appetitive soul - basic needs to live Problem-solving Dynamic relationship among the three. Rational soul resolves conflict and controls spiritual and appetitive Philosophy allows us to soul to achieve genuine happiness Justify our opinion Spot a bad argument St. Augustine Explain to people the right and wrong of things choice/free will Search for meaning and truth ‘Spirit man’ in Medieval Philosophy Integrated Plato and Christianity PHILOSOPHERS “I am doubting, therefore I am” Soul is united with body to be complete Socrates Humankind is created in the image and likeness of God “To find Yourself, think for Yourself.” Man is good “Know thyself” Knowledge of God results to self-knowledge “An unexamined life is not worth living” (reflection) Rene Descartes “I think, therefore I am” - Cogito, ergo sum Dualistic - man has body and soul o Cogito - thing that thinks (mind) o Body - finite, changeable, and imperfect (physical realm) o Extenza - extension (body) o Soul - permanent, unchangeable, and perfect (ideal realm) Father of Modern Phlosophy These realms are dichotomous The soul strives for wisdom and perfection through reason John Locke Focusing on bodily needs prevents wisdom “There is nothing in mind expect was first in the senses.” The self is consciousness o Consciousness - necessary for knowledge of self or personal Meaningful life identity in different situations - virtues and values The human mind at birth is blank slate (tabula rasa) - soul-searching Baby learns through experience Plato Immanuel Kant “The essence of knowledge is self-knowledge.” “We construct the self” Self gives all their personality and knowledge  Self constructs its own reality Maurice Merleau-Ponty Self creates familiar and predictable world “We know not through our intellect but through our experience.” Through our rationality, the self transcends sense experience “The self is embodied subjectivity” All knowledge of ourselves and the world is based on subjective Sigmund Freud experience Topography of mind - likened to iceberg The self can never be completely objective Freud’s Three Levels of Mind Mind-body bifurcation is invalid 4. The conscious mind - the tip of iceberg 5. The preconscious mind LESSON 3: SOCIOLOGY 6. The unconscious mind - majority of behavior Structures of Personality SOCIOLOGY 4. ID - Pleasure principle is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and 5. EGO - reality principle consequences of human behavior 6. SUPEREGO - moral arm Psychosexual stages of development - source of pleasure SOCIAL LIFE Defense mechanisms is structured along the dimensions of time and space. Specific social The five stages of psychosexual development include: activities take place at specific times, and time is divided into periods that are Oral stage: Between infancy and two years old. connected with the rhythms of social life— the routines of the day, the month, Anal stage: Between 15 months and three years old. and the year Phallic stage: Between three and six years old. Latency stage: Between six years old and puberty. SOCIAL CHANGE Genital stage: Between puberty and death. Social change is the transformation of cultures, institutions, and societal Gilbert Ryle functions over time. “The self is the way people behave” Three main theories of social change: evolutionary, functionalist, and “I act, therefore I am.” - refers to one’s behavior conflict. Self - seen as bodily behavior Historical examples include the Civil Rights movement and the feminist Argues that the mind does not exist and therefore can’t be the seat of movement. self Benefits of Social Change Dualism - the mind and the body are separate Social movements like women's suffrage and racial equality fights promote social justice by dismantling discrimination and creating a more equitable Paul Churchland society. “The self is the brain” Self is inseparable from brain and physiology Advancements in technology, healthcare, and education from social If there is no brain, there is no self change lead to improved standards of living and better access to resources Mind is imagination, does not exist and opportunities.  Expanded rights such as freedom of speech and choice of life path are At times, we appear to regard a man’s behavior as spontaneous and examples of how social change can lead to a society that values individual responsible. At other times we recognized that inner determination is at least freedom mor. not complete, that the individual is not always to be held to account. Social change drives innovation and problem-solving. Evolving societal 4. Social Structures needs lead to solutions for environmental challenges, like advancements 5. Cultural Norms and Values in renewable energy. 6. Inequality and Social Stratification Social change can drive environmental protection through movements promoting sustainable practices for a healthier planet THE STRUCTURE OF GROUPS THE SOCIAL CAUSES 4. Group A social cause is a problem or issue that affects society and prompts action - is an amorphous one and can refer to a wide variety of or change, often resulting from individual actions within a community, rather gatherings, such as just two people, a club, a regular gathering than natural laws of friends, or people who work together or share a hobby. - The term refers to any collection of at least two people who Examples of Social Causes interact with some frequency and who share a sense that their Healthcare - A social and economic right that can be thwarted by the identity is somehow aligned with the group commodification of human needs and an inequitable distribution of 5. Organizations resources - is an orderly arranging of parts into a whole. Housing - A social right that states should address through policies and - Social organization is a pattern of social relationship between laws to facilitate adequate housing and among individuals and groups are interrelated together to Mental health - Can be related to social, psychological, and economic create a social organization factors, such as social isolation, stigma, and discrimination 6. Societies Natural Environment - Changes in the environment, such as pollution, - refers to a group of people who live in a definable community can lead to pandemics, poverty, and famine, which can inspire changes in and share the same cultural components. On a broader scale, society to deal with these problems society consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas. Education - Can transmit long-lasting values to individuals in society that Types of Societies serve as the foundation for social change 5. Hunting and Gathering Societies Gender equality - Gender discrimination can deprive women of social, - Earliest form of human society economic, and political opportunities and rights - Smallest size(family bands) Income and wealth - Rising income inequality can impact health equity - Most of the time they spend looking for their foods Economic equality - Can be rooted in social issues, such as gender, race, - Very low-developed division of labor or heritage, and is closely tied to societal status 6. Horiticular Societies - Villages ( less than a hundred inhabitants to several hundred) The Consequences of Human Behavior - Family clans and others - Domestication of plants and animals  - Food production is a major social effort Division of labor Major Works evolves especially by gender Mind, self, and society (1934) 7. Agricultural Societies The Philosophy of the Present (1932) - Developed large-scale agriculture Movement of Thought in the Nineteenth Century (1936) - Large societies with large cities The Philosophy of the Act (1938) - Multiethnic society - Large division of labor Farming technology roles (government, CHARLES COOLEY religion, business, etc.) was born on August 17, 1864, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, the fourth of six 8. Industrial Societies children. He was the son of Mary Elizabeth Horton and the renowned law - Most developed form of human society school professor and State Supreme Court Justice Thomas McIntyre Cooley. - Nation-states Young Cooley was somewhat of a withdrawn, passive child. He felt - Mega populations (metropolis) intimidated and alienated by his successful father, a characteristic that - Advanced technology in many fields haunted him for the rest of his life. Cooley attended the public schools of Ann How People Interact Within These Contexts Arbor and graduated high school in 1880. Social norms: Social roles are the expected behaviours connected to specific roles, while social norms are the unwritten laws that guide Contributons behaviour in a variety of social situation Human Nature and the Social Order (1902) Interaction rituals: Daily interactions are frequently guided by habits Social Process (1918) such as greetings, farewells, and etiquette that encourage the upkeep The Theory of Transportation (1894) of social norms and the growth of relationships. On Self and Social Organization (Heritage of Sociology Series) Communication: In social relationships, communication verbal and ERVING GOFFMAN nonverbal is important. Sociologists examine how individuals communicate using language, body language, and other methods in (1922–1982), was a major Canadian-American sociologist who played order to build connections, communicate meaning, and manage a significant role in the development of modern American sociology. social structures He is considered by some to be the most influential sociologist of the 20th century, thanks to his many significant and lasting contributions GEORGE HERBERT MEAD to the field. was an influential American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, best He is widely known and celebrated as a major figure in the known for his work on the development of the self and social psychology. His development of symbolic interaction theory and for developing the ideas have had a profound impact on the field of sociology, particularly dramaturgical perspective. through the development of symbolic interactionism. Major Works Contributions The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959) Theory of the self Asylums (1961) Role-taking Relations in Public (1963) Generalized others  Stigma (1963) 7. Time Gender Advertisements (1979) 8. Place LESSON 4: ANTHROPOLOGY Examples of Anthropology Anthropology - Cultural Is the study of mans biological and cultural development. Anthropology is the - Biological study of human being, encompassing their biological, cultural and social - Applied aspects. It seeks to understand the diversity of human experience across time and space. LESSON 5: PSYCHOLOGY | PERSPECTIVE OF SELF Psychology comes from a Greek word “Psyche” meaning life and “Logos” History meaning explanation 3. The 1860s saw the emergence of the modern anthropological - defined as the study of the mind and behavior of an individual discourse, driven by developments in biology, philology, and prehistoric archaeology. In 1871, Darwin published The Descent of WILLIAM JAMES SELF THEORY Man, a theory that suggested that humans and great African apes descended from a common ancestor recently. William James was a psychologist and philosopher who had a significant 4. He identified the distinctive feature of the human species as their influence on the development of psychology in the United States. Among his comparatively large brain size and concluded that intelligence— many accomplishments, he was the first to teach a psychology course in the which gave rise to language and technology— was the species ' U.S. and is often called the "Father of American Psychology " evolutionary advantageIn the German-speaking nations, an opposition to this Anglo-American " evolutionist" anthropology The Self Theory emerged James' theory of the self, divided a person's mental picture or components of self into two categories: the "Me" and the "I". 4 Branches THE SELF THEORY The "Me" is the object a person refers to when Cultural Anthropology - studies human societies and elements of describing personal experiences, while the "I" is the self that knows who cultural life. they are and what they have done in their life. Archeological - examines peoples and cultures of the past. Both concepts can be used in the statements like; "I know it was me who Biological Anthropology - specializes in evolution, genetics, and ate the cookie." He called the "Me" part of self the "empirical me" and the health "I" part "the pure Ego” Linguistic Anthropology - a concentration of cultural anthropology that For James, the pure ego is what provides the thread of continuity between focuses on language in society our past, present, and future selves. He further divided the "Me" part of self into: a material, a social, and a spiritual self, as below Differences between Anthropology and Sociology - Material self - consists of things that a person has or 5. Focus entities/institutions that a person belongs to. Thus, things like 6. Method  the body, family, clothes, money, and such make up the The Ideal Self material self. is an imaginary picture of the self as the possessor of unlimited powers - Social self - who we are in a given social situation. For James, and superlative qualities is developed. people change how they act depending on the social situation The Real Self that they are in. The real self is who and what we actually are. Examples would be parent, - Spiritual self - who we are at our core. It is more concrete or child, sister, and so forth. The real self contains the potential for growth, permanent than the other two selves. The spiritual self is our happiness, willpower, gifts, and so forth. subjective and most intimate self This is a force that encourages growth and self-realization, not an entity. THE REAL AND IDEAL SELF GLOBAL VS DIFFERENTIATED MODELS - Global refers to the general value that a person places on himself or Theory of CARL ROGERS herself. Carl Rogers is widely regarded as one of the most eminent thinkers in - While different models refer to your ability to separate your own feelings psychology. He is best known for developing the psychotherapy method and thoughts from others called client-centered therapy and for being one of the founders of The Different Models by ANTHONY SYNNOTT humanistic psychology 11. Self Consciousness - Is a heightened sense of self awareness The Ideal Self 12. Self Multiple - Someone ' s role is not stop being her or him. The ideal self is the self defined by the characteristics to which an Also about their responsibilities and sense of self. individual aspires. 13. Self Looking Glass - We see ourselves through the eyes of other It is a self guide. people, even to the extent of incorporating their views of us into our It is the self that people believe they want to be, strive to be, and believe own self-concept. they should be as a result of what they have learned and experienced. 14. Self as Structure - Is essential a social structure and it arises in social The Real Self experience. The real self is the actual self that reflects the true qualities, aptitudes, 15. Self as a Flower - The self is like a flower, potentially growing into full inclinations, and characteristics of the individual. bloom. It is intrinsically who they actually are. 16. Self as Creative - To know ourselves better, and creativity allows us to It is the way they think, feel, look, and behave. express the truth of who we are. 17. Self as an Onion - This is indicated by the phrase "hidden depths " Self Theory of KAREN HORNEY and reflects the notion that one may not really know someone. Karen Horney was a psychologist during a time when women’s 18. Self as Identity - It is the concept you develop about yourself that contributions were often overlooked and ignored. evolves over the course of your life. She made significant contributions to humanism, self-psychology, 19. Self as Unicorn - It is party unknown, even unknowable because it is psychoanalysis, and feminine psychology. so below consciousness and in progress. Her refutation of Freud's theories about women generated more interest in 20. Self as Chameleon - It is multiple, mutable, adaptable and selective the psychology of women. in presentation. True and False Self BY WINNICOTT’S cultivation, impermanence of the individual ego, and Donald Woods Winnicott, a paediatrician and early psychoanalyst, made interconnectedness of all things. notable contributions to psychoanalysis, diverging from classical Freudian In Eastern philosophy, the most well-known conceptions of the self theory post-1945. His work helped shape the Independent Tradition in are represented by the views of Confucianism, Taoism, and psychoanalysis Buddhism. (Ho, 1995; Mosig, 2006). True Self Confucianism a sense of integrity, of connected wholeness that harks to the early stage. Confucius or “Kong Fuzi” (6th–5th Century BCE) False Self “Self-cultivation” is the ultimate purpose of life but the characteristics is used when the person has to comply with external rules, such as being of a chun-tzu (noble person). polite or otherwise following social codes. It is related to the social aspect of human existence. The self is Theory of Agentic Self by ALBERT BANDURA conceived as a “relational self” – “one which is intensely aware of the Albert Bandura (1925-2021) was a Canadian-born American psychologist. He social presence of other human beings” (Ho, 1995: 117). had many accomplishments for his work. His notable work was referred to as It promotes the moral cultivation of both the self and the helping of the “Bobo Doll Experiment.” others to attain a purposeful life sustained by virtue to achieve social Agentic Self Theory harmony (Lin et al., 2013; Yu, 2007). Human agency refers to an individual’s capability to influence one self’s Taoism function and life by actions. Lao Tzu It is also stated that there are four functions: Intentionality, Forethought, Living the way of Tao or the universe Self-reactiveness, and Self-reflection The perfect man has no self and the selfless person leads to a The Four Functions of Human Agency balanced life in harmony with both nature and society. 5. Intentionality - Intentions are the center. It is how you form those There should be unity and harmony among opposing elements: the Yin intentions. and Yang. 6. Forethought - Anticipate the likely future and it becomes their guide in Yin is used to describe things that are relatively denser, heavier, lower, achieving it. more hidden, more yielding, more feminine, more mysterious, and 7. Self Reactiveness - The ability to give shape and monitor their actions is more passive. one step towards their goal. Yang is used to describe the opposite conditions: things that are less 8. Self Reflectiveness - Reflecting from their own action and taking dense, lighter, higher, more obvious or superficial, more masculine, corrective measures and adjusting if needed to. and more dynamic. LESSON 6: WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT Buddhism Siddharta Gautama (Buddha) EASTERN THOUGHTS OF SELF comes from the root word “Budh” meaning awake It is a concept of self wherein it varies across different philosophical The 5 parts the compose the individual and religious traditions that are typically seen as emphasizing self 1. Matter 2. Sensation  3. Perception - He is a student of Socrates. 4. Mental Constructs - “Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, 5. Consciousness because they have to say something.” Annica - everything in life is impermanent and always changing. 6. Aristotle Aims to attain the state of Nirvana - He is a student of Plato. - “No great mind has ever existed without a touch of madness.” Eastern vs Western The Four Noble Truth Relational Individual 1. Dukkha (The Truth) - Life is suffering Selfless Developing yourself 2. Samudaya (The Cause) - The cause of suffering is craving Inclusive Exclusive 3. Nirodha (The cure) - The end of suffering comes with an end to craving Hierarchy Equality 4. Magga (The Path) - Eight Fold Path is the path which leads to the end of suffering Individualism vs Collectivism Independent view of self and Interdependent view of self The Eight Fold Path autonomous Identity is personal; Individual Identity is social; Group success success and express individual and restrain self to fit in with the identity group “Me” or “i” “We” People from Western countries tend People from Eastern countries tend to be more individualistic. to be more collectivist FILIPINO THOUGHTS OF SELF Colonial Experience and Filipino Identity WESTERN THOUGHTS OF SELF Regional Diversity and Identity Western Philosophy Influence of Social Media, Globalization, and Intermarriages Navigating Conflict and Peace in Diversity Europe and Northern America Ancient Greek INDIVIDUALISM: focuses towards the self LESSON 7: PHYSICAL SELF MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIONS The Physical Self WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS - refers to the body that includes basic parts such as head, neck, arms and 4. Socrates legs - He is known for the Socratic Method. - it also includes our organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, stomach, - “All I know is I know nothing.” intestines and muscles. 5. Plato  - In general, the body performs its function leastwell during (1) infancy and Causes of poor body image: (2) old age. Emphasis on thin ideal body - Physical efficiency generally peaks in early adulthood and declines into Bullying and peer pressure the middle age Media - Though physical development and growth during childhood continues at Effects of poor body image a slow rate compared with rapid rate of growth in babyhood Body dissatisfaction – happens when a person has persistent - One of the most crucial stage of development is the adolescence stage negative thoughts and feelings about their body Depression – feeling of shame, anxiety, or self-consciousness Lifespan - development from conception of death Low self-esteem – lack of confidence about who they are and what Elizabeth B. Hurlock they can do - Outline the stages in the lifespan Eating disorder – body dissatisfaction can lead to dieting or over- - Divided the stages into 10 parts exercising. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia Stages of Life nervosa. 11. Prenatal – fertilization to the birth - Anorexia nervosa – self-starvation because of gaining weight, 12. Infancy – birth to 2 weeks of life and loss of appetite. 13. Babyhood – 2 weeks of life to 2 years - Bulimia nervosa – causes to eat large amounts of food and 14. Early hood – 2 to 6 years old then followed by purging by self-induced vomiting. 15. Late hood – 6 to 10 or 12 years old Forms of body modification – a method of making permanent 16. Puberty – 10 or 12 to 14 years old changes to the body, including piercings, tattoos, implants, etc. 17. Adolescence – 14 to 18 years old 18. Early adulthood – 18 to 40 years old Standards of beauty 19. Middle adulthood – 40 to 60 years old Clean and unblemished skin 20. Late adulthood – 60 years old to death Thick shiny hair Well-proportioned bodies Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development Symmetrical faces Nature (genes and hereditary factors) - Physical appearance personality Achieving physical well-being - Characteristics Balance diet – maintain a healthy body weight Nurture (environmental variables) Exercise – physical activities - Childhood experiences, how we were raised Sleep – 7 to 9 hours a night - Social relationships surrounding culture Water – 8-ounce (237ml) glasses of water per day Body Image Hygiene – practices that keep things healthy and clean our body refers to how individuals perceive, think, and feel about their body and physical appearances Appearance – everything about a person that others can observe Self-esteem – a person’s overall evaluation of his/her own worth. – younger women and girls tend to have more poor body image