Comprehensive Reviewer for Science, Technology, and Society (STS) Module PDF

**Comprehensive Reviewer for Science, Technology, and Society (STS) Module** **1. Historical Progress of Science and Technology (S&T):** - **Ancient Periods**: - Early Filipinos used tools, built structures, engaged in farming, and utilized plants for medicine. - The **Aust...

**Comprehensive Reviewer for Science, Technology, and Society (STS) Module** **1. Historical Progress of Science and Technology (S&T):** - **Ancient Periods**: - Early Filipinos used tools, built structures, engaged in farming, and utilized plants for medicine. - The **Austronesians** brought agricultural advancements, as evidenced by the Banaue Rice Terraces. - **Bronze and Iron Ages**: Pottery, simple metal tools, and early forms of metallurgy were practiced. - **Greek Influence (600-300 BC)**: Foundations of astronomy, mathematics, and biology; integrated with art and philosophy. - **Medieval Period (Dark Ages)**: Although called \"Dark Ages,\" it saw progress in fields like chemistry through knowledge transferred from the Arabs. - **Renaissance (14th-17th Century)**: Rediscovered Greek and Roman knowledge, emphasizing the scientific method and observations. - **Age of Enlightenment (18th Century)**: Promoted reason and individualism, impacting social and political ideas. - **Industrial Revolution (18th-19th Century)**: Introduced mechanization, steam engines, mass production, and later, electrical energy and automation. **2. Key Scientific Paradigm Shifts:** - **Copernican Revolution (16th Century)**: Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model, shifting from an Earth-centered view to a Sun-centered system. - **Newton's Laws of Motion (1687)**: Isaac Newton\'s *Principia* unified physics, explaining celestial and terrestrial phenomena through mathematics. - **Darwinian Revolution (1859)**: Charles Darwin's *On the Origin of Species* introduced evolutionary theory, challenging the church\'s teachings on creation. **3. The Philippine Context in S&T:** - **Pre-colonial Practices**: Indigenous technology included farming, weaving, pottery, and maritime innovations like the balangay boat. - **Spanish Colonization**: Introduced formal education, early universities, and medical advancements but limited Filipino participation due to racial and social barriers. - **American Colonization**: Enhanced education, public health, infrastructure, and established the University of the Philippines, improving research and scientific societies. - **Post-War to Present**: Faced difficulties in rebuilding S&T after WWII but made efforts to modernize through government policies and international aid. **4. Filipino Contributions and Innovations:** - **Inventions**: - **SALT Lamp** by Aisa Mijeno: An eco-friendly light source using saltwater. - **Erythromycin** by Abelardo Aguilar: An antibiotic, though credit was claimed by his employer, Eli Lilly & Co. - **Banana Ketchup** by Maria Orosa: An innovation during WWII using local ingredients. - **Medical Incubator** by Dr. Fe del Mundo: A makeshift incubator to address high infant mortality in rural areas. - **Amphibious Tricycle (Salamander)**: A vehicle capable of traveling on both land and water, ideal for flood-prone areas. **5. Government Policies and Programs:** - **Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022)**: - Goals: Build a prosperous, healthy, and innovative society with reduced inequality. - **Harmonized National R&D Agenda (2017-2022)**: - Focused on integrating research for economic and social benefits. - **Balik Scientist Act (RA 11035)**: Encouraged Filipino scientists abroad to return and contribute to local S&T. - **Scholarship Programs (RA 7687)**: Supported education in S&T fields. - **Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA)**: Centralized national space policies and technological initiatives. - **SETUP**: A program assisting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to adopt technological innovations for improved productivity. **6. Significant Eras and Their Contributions**: - **Pre-Colonial**: Indigenous science with agriculture, astronomy, and community health practices. - **Spanish Period**: Schools and hospitals were built; scientific activities began with restrictions on Filipino access. - **American Period**: Modernized infrastructure, expanded public education, introduced systematic scientific training. - **Modern Era**: Introduction of advanced technologies and S&T initiatives aimed at sustainable development and innovation. **7. Indigenous Science and Its Role:** - **Characteristics**: - Embedded in daily life and cultural practices. - Included knowledge of medicinal plants, weather prediction, food preservation, and classification of flora and fauna. - **Impact**: - Laid the foundation for modern science through practical applications and value-based community practices. - Recognized by UNESCO as a valuable contribution to global scientific knowledge. **8. Notable Filipino Scientists and Innovators (2000-2021)**: - **Reina Reyes**: Astrophysicist known for confirming Einstein's theory of relativity. - **Irene Crisologo**: Radar meteorologist focusing on weather radar data processing. - **Migs Canilao**: Anthropologist and archaeologist using satellite imagery for historical research. **9. Integration of Science and Technology in National Development**: - Essential for economic growth and modern living. - Policies supporting R&D, education, and technological innovations are key to maintaining progress. - S&T\'s influence extends to various sectors, from health to communication and agriculture. **10. Key Activities for Learning and Application**: - **Poster-Making**: Visual representation of S&T's role in nation-building. - **Historical Analysis**: Identifying paradigm shifts and their impacts. - **Group Discussions and Surveys**: Understanding public awareness and involvement in current technological advancements.