Reviewer in Science Q3 Review PDF

SCIENCE ======= *VOLCANO* - [may differ in many aspects such as **HEIGHT, SHAPE, SLOPE**. ]{.smallcaps} - **[THE SHAPE OF THE VOLCANO IS RELATIVE TO THE COMPOSITION OF ITS MAGMA]{.smallcaps}** - [an **OPENING IN THE EARTHS' SURFACE** where **MOLTEN ROCKS, SMOKE, GASES and ASHES...

SCIENCE ======= *VOLCANO* - [may differ in many aspects such as **HEIGHT, SHAPE, SLOPE**. ]{.smallcaps} - **[THE SHAPE OF THE VOLCANO IS RELATIVE TO THE COMPOSITION OF ITS MAGMA]{.smallcaps}** - [an **OPENING IN THE EARTHS' SURFACE** where **MOLTEN ROCKS, SMOKE, GASES and ASHES** are **ERUPTED**]{.smallcaps} ***PARTS OF VOLCANO*** 1. Main Vent 2. Parasitic Cone 3. Side Vent 4. Magma Chamber 5. Gas & Volcanic Ash ***CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANO*** - **ACTIVE --** have record within last 600 years, erupted 10,000 years ago - **INACTIVE --** have not erupted for the last 10,000 years; physical form being changed by agents of weathering and erosion - **DORMANT --** has not erupts for a long time, but might in the future - **EXTINCT --** dead, has not erupted for at least 100,000 years ***TYPES OF VOLACANO*** - SHIELD -made of layers of thin runny lava (basaltic) with a long broad sloping volcano -does not erupt violently, gentle lava flows -formed over the hot spots -have many vents -effusive - COMPOSITE -layers of ash, tephra, thick sticky lava\ (andesitic) -erupts violently -very little lava flows, more pyroclastic materials -have vents -explosive - CINDER -small, steep volcano made of volcanic debris that builds up a vent -violently erupt, erupting lava -found near larger volcanoes -most common and smallest -don't have any vents -explosive ***TYPES OF ERUPTION*** - [PHREATIC/ HYDROTHERMAL ] -steam driven eruption as the hot rocks' contacts with water -ash columns, may be an onset larger eruption - [PHREATOMAGMATIC] -contact between water and magma -large columns of very fine ash and high speed and sideway emission of pyroclastic called BASE SURGES are observed - [STROMBOLIAN] -weak to violent eruptions, fountain lava - [VULCANIAN] -tall eruption columns that reach up to 20KM high -lasting seconds to minutes - [PLINIAN] -excessive explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic materials -high rate of magma discharge sustained for minutes to hours -PINATUBO ***IMPORTANCE OF VOLCANO*** **DISADVANTAGES** - LAHAR -violent type of mudflow or debris flow - NUEE ARDENTES -- clouds of hot ash and poisonous gases, glowing avalanche - DAMAGE TO PROPERTY -- can burn everything in its path - EFFECT ON THE ENVI. -- may reduce global temperature by several degrees, may lead to acid rain - LOSS OF LIFE -- death **ADVANTAGES** - FERTILE SOIL -- volcanic soils are very fertile, rich soils are called **LATERITE,** - TOURISM -- leads to many spin-off - CREATION OF NEW LAND -- volcanoes can create new land - BUILDING MATERIALS -- used in construction industry - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY -- may be tapped for human use ***SIGNS THAT A VOLCANO IS ABOUT TO ERUPT*** 1. Increase in the frequency of volcano, occurrence of volcanic **TREMORS** 2. Increase steaming activity 3. Crater glows due to presence of magma at or near the crater 4. Ground swells, ground tilt and fissuring due to **MAGMA INSTRUSION** 5. Localized landside, rock falls and landslides 6. Increase of drying up of vegetation 7. Increase of temperature of hot spring 8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs 9. Drying up of spring 10. Development of new thermal areas **FACTOR OF CLIMATE CHANGE** **NATURAL** - VOLCANIC ERUPTION - OCEAN CURRENT - EARTH ORBITAL CHANGES - SOLAR VARIATIONS - FOREST FIRE **ARTIFICIAL** - HUMAN ACTIVITIES - EMISSION OF GREEN HOUSE GASES - SOLAR RADIATION *GEOTHERMAL ENERGY* -Heat from the ground is called GEOTHERMAL ENERGY (heat within the earth) -Renewable energy -GEO (earth), THERME (heat) ***TWO SOURCE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY*** - **GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS --** steam to make electricity from deep inside the earth - **GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS --** heat water or provide heat for building, tap into heat close to the Earth's surface ***PROCESS OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT*** - Geothermal are found in areas with a lot of hot spring where the earth is particularly hot just below the surface - Wells are drilled 1 or 2 miles deep into the earth to pump steam or hot water 1. Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well under high pressure 2. When the water reaches the surface, the temperature is dropped, cause water to STEAM 3. Steam spins a turbine, connected to generator that produces electricity 4. Steam cools off and condenses back to water 5. Cooled water is pumped back into the Earth - Do heating and cooling homes to warm swimming pools - Transfer of heat by pumping water or a refrigerant through pipes (temp 50-60 F) - During winter, water absorbs warmth from the Earth, pump brings heat to the building above - In summer, heat pumps can run in reverse and help cool buildings 1. Water or refrigerant move through a loop of pipes 2. When cold, water heats up and travel through the loop 3. Once it gets back above ground, warmed water transfer heat into the building 4. Water cools down after its heat is transferred and pumped back 5. On hot day, system can run in reverse *CLIMATE CHANGE AND WEATHER* - Refers to significant, LONG-TERM CHANGES **WEATHER --** is a temporary condition that results from the flowing factors, SHORT TERM **FACTORS** - **LATITUDE --** the higher it is, the lower its temperature; determines North to South - **OCEAN CURRENT --** a continuous, directed movement of sea/ocean - **WIND/ AIR PRESSURE --** you can't see me but you can feel me; hot air is light so it rises, cool air is heavy so it sinks; move from HIGH to LOW pressure; sea is mostly in high pressure due to large amount of evaporation - **ELEVATION/ ALTITUDE --** height from sea level, this goes up, temperature goes down; the higher you go the colder you get - **RELIEF --** air forced to rise over a piece of land, the temperature decreases, and condensation increases; mountain more rainfall than low lying areas cause of air forced over the higher ground it cools causing moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall 1. **TEMPERATURE** 2. **HUMIDITY** 3. **RAINFALL** 4. **SEASONS** 5. **CLIMATE** **EL NINO & LA NINA** - "little boy", arrive around Christmas - Associated with WARMER WATER - HIGH-PRESSURE - Trade winds die or change direction - Suppress the upwelling deeper water - HEAVY RAINS over west coast of South America - DRY CONDITION in Southern Africa **LA NINA** - "little girl" - COLDER WATER - LOW-PRESSURE - Winds strengthens - Stimulate the upwelling deeper water - DRY CONDITION over the region - HUMID CONDITION in South Africa *STARS AND CONSTELLATION* **STARS --** a massive ball of PLASMA that emits light throughout the universe - PLASMA -- fourth state of matter (**an ionized gas**) where electrons are ripped away from the atoms forming a SUPERHEATED GAS **CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS** - **BRIGHTNESS --** sun is brighter because it's closest to us - LUMINOSITY -- refers to the amount of light that a star radiates; true brightness of a star - APPARENT BRIGHTNESS -- perceived brightness of a star from observer; affected by a star's luminosity and distance - Affect by 2 factors "DISTANCE" and "ACTUAL BRIGHTNESS (absolute brightness)" - **COLOR --** sun is a yellow dwarf star - Star color depend on its SURFACE TEMPERATURE and SIZE - The bigger the star the hotter it become - Cooler tars tend to be redder - Hotter star have a bluer appearance - WHITE AND YELLOW are in mid ranges - **SURFACE TEMPERATURE --** sun is 5778 k - Measure star's temperature on KELVIN SCALE - Coolest star are 2,5000k, hotter can reach 50,000k - **SIZE --** measure size in terms of the sun's radius - **MASS --** also measured in terms of our own sun, with 1 equal to the size of our sun **CONSTELLATION --** group of stars that appear to form a pattern or picture in the night sky; "set of stars" **ASTERISM --** group of patterns in the sky; used by observers to navigate the night sky - GABBANG or GEMINI -- filipino farmers interpreted this constellation as the end of the planting season and signifies a rich harvest - BAHA or TAURUS -- this constellation signifies it's time to clear the forest for Manobos - LEPU or AQUILA -- this constellation means it's time for Manobos to clean the fields while waiting for harvest time - POLARIS OF THE LITTLE DIPPER or URSA MINOR -- this constellation helped travelers figure the direction they needed - BALATIK or ORION'S BELT -- Manobos believed that this constellation signifies that they need to start planting and set traps to protect the crops from animals - Stars moves **EAST TO WEST**, because of the earth's rotation (clockwise) - Because of this, Sun appears to rise in the EAST and set on WEST - **APPARENT MOTION** is a illusion of something that is not moving to look like it is moving - **NORTH**; spring / winter , **SOUTH**; autumn / summer - The location of the star is relative to the earth's **ROTATION AXIS** - Only 88 constellation are named - Ech constellation is collection of stars that are distributed in space in **3D**